THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
TANZANIA MAINLAND
National AIDS Control Programme
Surveillance of HIV and Syphilis Infections
Among Antenatal Clinic Attendees
2005/06
Report Number 3.
November 2006
i
Table of Contents
Contents ......................................................................................................................... Page
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. i
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii
Report Distribution ............................................................................................................ iv
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................v
1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
2.0 Methods..........................................................................................................................3
2.1 Site selection and study population................................................................................3
2.2 Training for the surveillance protocol ...........................................................................3
2.3 Field Supervision ...........................................................................................................4
2.4 Specimen collection and Transportation .......................................................................4
2.5 Syphilis testing and Treatment .......................................................................................4
2.6 HIV testing .....................................................................................................................4
2.7 Quality Assurance ..........................................................................................................5
2.8 Ethical Consideration ....................................................................................................5
2.9 Data Entry and Analysis ................................................................................................5
3.0 Results ............................................................................................................................6
3.1 HIV prevalence ..............................................................................................................6
3.2 Syphilis prevalence ......................................................................................................12
3.3 HIV/Syphilis co-infection .............................................................................................12
3.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................12
4.0 Comparison between Data collected in the year 2001/02 and year 2003/04 ...............14
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................14
4.2 Comparisons between regions, clinics sites and time periods .....................................14
3.3 Disccussion ..................................................................................................................20
5.0 Estimating and projecting HIV prevalence in Tanzania .............................................21
5.1 Background ..................................................................................................................21
5.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................12
5.3 Results ..........................................................................................................................22
Tables .................................................................................................................................23
Annexes..............................................................................................................................53
2
Abbreviations
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ANC
Antenatal Care
AMREF
Africa Medical and Research Foundation
BSS
Behavioural Surveillance Survey
CDC
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
COSTECH
Commission of Science and Technology
DBS
Dried blood spots
ELISA
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
MOH
Ministry of Health
MUCHS
Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences
NACP
National AIDS Control Programme
NIMR
National Institute for Medical Research
QA
Quality Assurance
RPR
Rapid Plasma Reagin
STD
Sexually transmitted diseases
STI
Sexually transmitted infections
UNAIDS
United Nations Programme on AIDS
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
VDRL
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
WHO
World Health Organisation
3
Acknowledgements
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) Tanzania, wishes to acknowledge
with sincere gratitude all those who contributed to the production of this document.
Our thanks go to all health care providers at the regional, district and health care
facility levels who have given so earnestly of their time and energy. Their
contributions made this report possible.
We acknowledge with special gratitude the financial contributions provided by the
international partners towards production of this report. These include the United
States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Joint United Nations
Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS), World Health Organisation (WHO) and United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP). We specifically wish to thank the CDC
for their technical collaboration.
The final report was compiled by:
Dr. Rowland Swai
Programme Manager, NACP
Dr. Geoffrey Somi
Head, Epidemiology, NACP
Prof. Japhet Killewo
Epidemiologist, Muhimbili University College of
Health Sciences (MUCHS)
Prof. Eligius Lyamuya
Microbiologist/Immunologist,
Muhimbili
University
College of Health Sciences (MUCHS)
Prof. Mecky Matee
Microbiologist/Immunologist,
Muhimbili
University
College of Health Sciences (MUCHS)
Dr. Gideon Kwesigabo
Epidemiologist, Muhimbili University College of
Health Sciences (MUCHS)
Dr. T. S. K. Kabalimu
Commission of Science and Technology
Ms. Lucy Ng’ang’a
CDC-Tanzania AIDS Programme, Tanzania
Mr. Raphael Isingo
Statistician, National Institue for Médical Research,
Mwanza Centre
Mr. Joel Ndayongeje
Management Information System Officer, NACP
Dr. Yohana Mapala
Data Manager, NACP
Ms. Thabita
CDC
4
Report Distribution
This report is distributed to all sectors, individuals and agencies concerned with the
fight against HIV/AIDS/STD in Tanzania. The following are already on the
Programme’s mailing list for regular distribution:
Regional Medical Officers
Medical Officers In Charge of Specialised Hospitals
District Medical Officers
Medical Officers In Charge of hospitals
Regional AIDS Control Coordinators
District AIDS Control Coordinators
Departments of the Ministry of Health
United Nations System
U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
Donor Assistance Committee
Members of the Sectoral Technical AIDS Committees
Members of the NACP committees and sub-committees
Members of the National AIDS Committees
National and medical libraries
Sectoral Ministries
Collaborating NGOs
ANC surveillance reports are disseminated by various methods including distribution
of manuals to stakeholders, oral presentations in conferences and workshops and
publications in scientific journals. They are also available at www.nacptz.org, which
is the website of the Tanzania NACP.
Single hard copies may be requested from the address below:
Programme Manager,
National AIDS Control Programme,
Ministry of Health,
P. O. Box 11857,
Tel. (255) 022 211 8581 Fax (255) 022 213 8282, 022 2121624
E-mail: nacp@nacptz.org ,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
This is a report of the findings from the antenatal care clinic-based HIV and syphilis
sero-surveillance conducted in Mainland Tanzania from November 2005 to February
2006. The goal of this surveillance programme is to contribute to the fight against
HIV/AIDS and STIs through provision of relevant data from antenatal clinics in
Tanzania. Consequently, the objective of this annual survey was to determine HIV
and syphilis sero-prevalence as well as trends among antenatal clinic attendees and
examine factors associated with infection.
There were 92 study sites located in 15 regions namely Arusha, Dar es Salaam,
Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Kigoma, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro,
Mtwara, Shinyanga and Tanga. Participating regions in these zones were selected on
the basis of prior participation in ANC surveillance activities, availability of HIV
prevalence data and large population densities. Participating ANC clinics were
selected on the basis of serving large catchment populations.
A total of 31,224 women attending antenatal clinics for the first time for any
pregnancy were enrolled for the surveillance from 92 clinics that had been selected
form 15 regions of Tanzania Mainland. The clinics were instructed to enroll women
for a three-month period from November 2005 to February 2005. For each region
except Lindi and Morogoro where seven sites were selected, six ANC were selected,
two from each of three strata (urban, peri-urban and rural), making a total of 92. After
training of data collectors, blood specimens were drawn from the consenting women
at the clinics for syphilis RPR screening. For HIV anonymous testing, left-over blood
was applied on filter paper cards and left to dry at room temperature for 24 hours.
Results
Of the 31,224 women, 2,546 tested HIV positive resulting in an overall HIV
prevalence of 8.2% (95% CI=7.9-8.5). Regional variations in prevalence ranged
between 3.5% (95% CI = 2.6% - 4.5%) in Kigoma to 18.2% (95% CI = 16.3% 20.2%) in Iringa Age-specific HIV prevalence was highest in women aged 25-34
years (9.9%) compared to those aged 15-24 years (6.8%) and 35+ years (8.1%).
Single women had higher prevalence than married women (8.9% vs 8.1%). Overall,
women with secondary school education or more had the highest HIV prevalence
(9.3%), while women with no education had the lowest prevalence (5.5%).
Prevalence varied by location of the clinic. Women attending clinics located in urban
areas had significantly higher HIV prevalence (9.9%) than those attending clinics
located in rural areas (4.4%). HIV prevalence did not differ with duration of residence
in any of the areas surveyed.
6
In addition to HIV testing, 30,877 women attending antenatal clinics for the first time
for any pregnancy were screened for syphilis infection, and 2,126 were found to be
positive for syphilis resulting in an overall syphilis sero-prevalence of 6.9%
(95%CI=6.6-7.1). Regional prevalence varied between 0.43% (95% CI = 0.16% –
0.9%) for Kilimanjaro and 32.1% (95% CI = 29.0%-34.4%) for Tabora region. Agespecific syphilis prevalence was highest for women aged 35 years and older(7.4%)
and the lowest for the age group 15-24 years(6.5%).
Conclusion
In general, there is a significant downward trend in HIV infection over the three
survey rounds since 2001/02. As the study population continues tyo grow and testing
strategies become improved, random variation in prevalence will tend to disappear
and hence any observed change will represent the true situation in the general
population. In order to increase the representativeness of the selected sites for the
country future surveys should include clinic sites from regions not previously studied.
For the group of pregnant women to continue representing the general population in
the estimation of HIV prevalence trends, efforts should be made to continuously
encourage women to attend antenatal clinics and enjoy the benefits of being screened
for syphilis and getting treatment if found infected, and also get access to HIV
counseling and testing as an entry point to prevention of mother to child HIV
transmission programmes.
7
INTRODUCTION
Formed in 1964, the United Republic of Tanzania is a union between the then
Tanganyika and the islands of Zanzibar. The country is divided into twenty-six
regions, 21 being on the mainland and five on the isles. Physically, Tanzania is the
largest country in East Africa, occupying an approximate area of 945,087 km2, and
sharing borders with eight neighbouring countries that include Kenya and Uganda to
the north; Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, and
Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the South.
According to the 2002 population census, the total population of Tanzania was
34,569,232 with 23% living in urban and 77% living in rural areas. The Tanzanian
population structure is pyramid-like, with a significant proportion of a relatively
young population at the base, 46% being in the age group of 0-14 years. The life
expectancy at birth is 49 years for males and 51 years for females with an annual
population growth rate of 2.9%.
The first AIDS cases in Tanzania were reported in the Kagera region in 1983. In the
late 1980's sentinel surveillance activities in antenatal clinics (ANC) were initiated in
the Kagera region. Subsequently, in the early 1990s, basing on the assumption that
pregnant women attending ANC are representative of the sexually active general
population, the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) developed a protocol for
ANC HIV and syphilis sero-surveillance, and expanded activities to 11 of the then 20
regions of mainland Tanzania. This protocol was implemented until 1999, when the
NACP undertook a comprehensive review that resulted in improved methods for HIV
and syphilis surveillance. The second protocol review was done in 2005.
During 1999 - 2002, HIV and syphilis surveillance in ANC settings was strengthened
through a number of sequential core activities. The first activity comprised analysis
of the existing surveillance system to uncover strengths and weaknesses. This effort
resulted in a report which was used by a multidisciplinary team in a national
HIV/AIDS surveillance consensus workshop to develop the document titled,
“Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation During Mid-Term Plan III, 2000-2002.”
These guidelines describe principles used in HIV/AIDS and syphilis surveillance,
discuss methods of behavioural surveillance among youth, and introduce criteria for
monitoring and evaluating prevention programmes. Using these and other resources,
the NACP revised the protocol for ANC surveillance and came up with new methods
of conducting sentinel surveillance that included the introduction of a 3-month data
collection period to replace the previous system of continuous data collection, the
introduction of a technology of using dried blood spots (DBS) system of filter paper
cards for blood storage and the standardization of HIV testing strategies and quality
assurance systems.
The goal of the surveillance programme is to contribute to the fight against
HIV/AIDS and STIs through provision of relevant data from antenatal clinics in
Tanzania, with an objective of determining HIV and syphilis sero-prevalence among
antenatal clinic attendees and examine factors associated with infection. So far three
rounds of surveillance of HIV and syphilis infections among ANC attendees have
been conducted.
8
The first round was conducted in 2001/2002 at 24 ANC sites in six regions of
Tanzania. These regions were Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya
and Mtwara. The second round was conducted between October 2003 and January
2004 at 57 ANC sites located in ten regions of Tanzania. The four regions that were
added to the list were Kigoma, Lindi, Morogoro and Tanga. The third round, which is
the basis for this report, was conducted between November 2005 and February 2006
at 92 ANC sites in fifteen regions of Tanzania. The five newly introduced regions
were Arusha, Iringa, Shinyanga, Mara and Tabora. Similar to the previous serosurveillance rounds, clinics in selected regions were stratified into three categories of
urban, peri-urban and rural to allow the output to be presented according to these
strata. So far, three data points are available for the 24 sites that were surveyed since
2001/2002. These data points will be used to present HIV and syphilis prevalence
trends.
The information generated from these surveys is vital for determining the
epidemiology of HIV and syphilis in Tanzania. Since the activity is planned to
continue over a long time to come, information generated will be useful for describing
transmission patterns, identifying and monitoring groups at greatest risk for HIV
infection and allowing projections of HIV infections thereby assisting in setting
priorities, designing interventions and evaluating the impact of prevention and care
programmes.
9
METHODS
The third round of a series of sero-surveys among pregnant women attending ANC
clinics in mainland Tanzania was conducted between November 14, 2005 and
February 10, 2006. These surveys were introduced in 2001 and are meant to continue
over time in an attempt to monitor HIV and syphilis infection trends in the general
population.
2.1 Site selection and study population
.
There were a total of 92 ANC from 15 regions that participated in this ANC survey.
A total of 57 sites that were included in the l ast survey round also participated in this
survey. The additional 35 sites were selected to participate in this survey based on the
regional population size while the specific sites in a region were selected based on the
records on number of women attending ANC for the first time during a particular
pregnancy. Regions with higher population densities, based on 2002 population
census, were more likely to be selected. Similarly, sites with a higher number of
women attending ANC for the first time during a particular pregnancy were also more
likely to be selected. The regions that were selected include, Arusha, Dar es Salaam,
Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Kigoma, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro,
Mtwara, Shinyanga, Tabora and Tanga.
The 92 ANC sentinel sites were categorized according to their geographical location.
Urban sentinel sites were clinics located within the city and in the regional
headquarter town while semi-urban sites are clinics located in towns other than the
regional headquarter towns. These are towns situated along major roads, district
headquarter towns or border towns. Rural sites are ANC clinics which are located in
the remote areas where communities either farm or keep livestock and these ANCs
are not usually housed in hospital settings but in rural health centres, rural
dispensaries or are stand-alone clinic.
The study population consisted of all the pregnant women attending the selected ANC
for the first time during a particular pregnancy during the surveillance period of three
months.
2.2 Training for the surveillance protocol
In January 2005, a sentinel surveillance-training workshop was held in Dar es Salaam
to train those who would participate in the collection of the surveillance data.
Trainees with previous experience were trained for 2 days, while new trainees were
trained for 3 days. The trainees included clinic nurses and laboratory personnel of
selected ANC sites, as well as Regional AIDS Control Coordinators (RACCs) and
Regional Laboratory Technologists from the participating regions. The training
content of the workshop included the background and aim of sentinel surveillance, its
implementation, instructions on how to fill the survey instruments, laboratory testing
algorithm for both HIV and syphilis, phlebotomy techniques using the vacutainer
system, and the preparation, storage and shipping of DBS before testing in the
10
laboratory. Role-playing among the trainees reinforced the sequence of steps from
client encounter, to collection of demographic data, blood specimens and their testing.
Laboratory technologists from the Mbeya Referral Hospital, Lindi Regional Hospital
and the Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS), and surveillance
staff from NACP facilitated the workshop using the Kiswahili language to encourage
interaction among the participants, maximize understanding and to minimize
problems of self-expression using English as a foreign language. Since there was a
long duration between the initial training and the time the survey was implemented,
one day refresher training was conducted at each site before initiation of the activity.
2.3 Supportive Supervision
To ensure adequate supportive supervision and quality assurance of field activities,
the NACP assembled a team of laboratory and surveillance staff to monitor ANC staff
and to ensure that the surveillance protocol is adhered to, the DBS preparation and
storage are properly carried out and that the relevant supplies are available at all sites.
During the surveys, the supervisory teams visited each site according to a regular
timetable and documented the supervisory activity by completing a monitoring
checklist. The teams also reviewed the stored DBS and data collection forms to
confirm that collected demographic information was duly filled and available for all
the stored specimens.
During the data collection process, supportive supervision for record-keeping, storage
of DBS, and HIV testing was provided by laboratory experts to 3 zonal centres,
including Mbeya Referral Hospital (MRH), Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and
Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences.
2.4 Data collection and specimen transportation
Consecutive sampling was used to select women at an ANC whose blood was tested
for HIV in the HIV sentinel sero-survey. The first eligible pregnant woman and each
subsequent eligible pregnant woman attending the clinic during the survey thereafter
were included in the survey until the end of the 3 month survey period. At booking, a
woman was routinely given a clinic card number that was also recorded in the clinic
register book. This same clinic card number was put on the top margin of the
surveillance data collection form, on a corresponding vacutainer tube used for blood
collection, and if necessary, on a laboratory request form. The woman was
interviewed and the information was recorded on the surveillance data collection
form.
11
After obtaining consent from the pregnant woman at the clinic, a blood sample was taken for
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) testing. Between 3–5 ml of blood was collected from the
woman using an EDTA-containing vacutainer tube. Plasma was drawn from the tube for the
RPR test. RPR test results were recorded directly on the woman’s clinic card and on the
surveillance data collection form. The remaining blood specimen was then used to prepare
DBS for HIV testing. Since all identifiers were removed from the specimens, consent was not
needed.
ANC staff applied 100l of the blood remnant to each of five circles on a DBS card that was
labeled with the surveillance number and date of preparation. The DBS cards were left to dry
at room temperature, over night.
The same surveillance number was also written on the surveillance data collection form
(Annex 3). At this point the upper part of the surveillance data collection form that contained
the woman’s clinic card number was removed and destroyed (torn up and discarded) in order
to ensure de-linking of the client identifier from the respective HIV data that would be
documented on the surveillance data collection form.
Dried DBS cards were stacked between weighing paper and stored in zip lockable plastic
bags with desiccant (drying) packets and a humidity indicator card together with their
completed data collection forms. Desiccant packs were changed when humidity indicator
cards changed colour from white to pink. Samples were collected continuously for 3 months
between November 14, 2005 and February 10, 2006 from all sites, and data were entered onto
a carbonized duplicate data collection form labeled with the client’s unique surveillance
number. Study variables included age, marital status, parity, educational level, distance from
residence to ANC, and duration of stay at present residence (Annex 3). ANC staff mailed
completed data collection forms and DBS for HIV testing using weekly courier service from
their site to their designated zonal centre. BMC received samples from Kagera, Kigoma,
Mara, Shinyanga and Tabora regions; MRH received samples from Iringa, Lindi, Mbeya,
Morogoro and Tanga regions; and MUCHS received samples from Arusha, Dar es Salaam,
Dodoma, Kilimanjaro and Mtwara regions.
Upon receipt of the samples at the zonal centres, the surveillance numbers for each sample
were recorded in a log book. NACP continuously monitored the volume of DBS received by
zonal centres from each site and contacted sites posting unexpected numbers for
reconciliation
2.5 Syphilis Testing and Treatment
In all study sites RPR test was done on the site. In the majority of rural sites, ANC nurses
performed the test whereas, in most of the urban and peri-urban sites it was carried out in a
laboratory by laboratory staff. Results were recorded directly on the data collection form and
on the woman’s clinic card or laboratory investigation request form. No TPPA or TPHA was
done on the positive RPR samples for confirmation of syphilis serology test results or for
quality control. This means that, the results of syphilis testing must be interpreted with
caution since the high number of false positives will produce a higher prevalence than the
true one. Nevertheless women whose RPR test results were positive were offered treatment
based on the National STD Treatment Guidelines1.
1
Ministry of Health Tanzania, STD Training for Clinicians; User's Manual
1
2.6 HIV testing
The National HIV Reference Laboratory (NHRL) at MUCHS collaborated with the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on developing a DBS HIV testing protocol and
algorithm. HIV testing was conducted by technologists in 3 zonal centres who had previous
experience of DBS HIV testing from the previous round of sentinel survey (2003/4). At the
laboratory, dried blood was eluted from the DBS card and tested using Vironostika HIV
Uni-Form II Ag/Ab ELISA test (Biomerieux, The Netherlands). Specimens with negative
results underwent no further testing and were considered negative. Specimens which were
reactive on the first ELISA underwent a second ELISA test, Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II
Plus O (Biomerieux, The Netherlands). The ELISA algorithm was independently validated
by CDC in Atlanta and by the NHRL at MUCHS. Specimens that were reactive on both
ELISA tests were considered HIV antibody positive. Specimens that reacted negative on the
second test were considered HIV antibody negative.
2.7 Quality Assurance
DBS testing laboratories randomly selected ten per cent of all samples for quality assurance
(QA) testing at the AMREF laboratory in Dar es Salaam, which was designated for the
activity. Every 10th sample starting from number 01 at each site was selected.
2.8 Ethical Considerations
The Ministry of Health awarded ethical clearance to the National HIV Surveillance protocol
during the first round of data collection in 2001-2002. Because HIV test results were not
linked by name and tests were performed on residual blood from routine syphilis screening,
obtaining informed consent was not warranted. All information linking the sample to the
client was removed and DBS HIV testing occurred anonymously.
2.9 Data Entry and Analysis
Laboratory technologists entered HIV test results in laboratory log books and delivered them
to NACP for further processing. The laboratory log books had columns for surveillance
number, date of specimen collection, data collection form number, test results for first
ELISA, test result for second ELISA and final HIV test result. NACP data entry clerks
performed double entry of data into the Epi-Info Programme. The two files were validated
and incorrect entries were corrected.
Data were analysed by a team of researchers from NACP, MUCHS, NIMR, COSTECH and
CDC, initially during a weeklong analysis meeting, followed by several rounds of consensus
gathering and review. ANC HIV and syphilis prevalence rates were calculated according to
age, marital status, parity, educational level, and distance to ANC and duration of stay in
residence. Prevalence was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to guide
interpretation. Data were analysed using the statistical software packages EpiInfo 2002
(database and statistics software for public health professionals, July 2002) and Stata for
windows Version 8.0.
2
RESULTS
3.1 HIV prevalence
A total of 31,224 antenatal clinic attendees were enrolled in the ANC serosurveillance study
from 90 clinics located in 15 regions of Tanzania between November 14th 2005 and February
10th 2006. The number of enrolled women regionally ranged from 1,290 in Lindi to 3,512 in
Dar es Salaam. A total of 2,546 women tested HIV positive resulting in an overall HIV
prevalence in this population of 8.2% (95% CI = 7.9-8.5%). HIV infection prevalence ranged
from a low of 3.5% (95% CI = 2.6-4.5%) in Kigoma region to a high of 18.2% (95% CI =
16.3-20.2) in Iringa region (Figure 1). HIV prevalence is also presented at the clinic level
(Table 1). Socio-demographic variables associated with HIV prevalence are reported at
reginal level and are shown in Tables 7 to 22.
Of the 90 ANC sites surveyed in this round, 27 (30%) were found to have a prevalence of
HIV infection of 10% or more. These high prevalence sites consisted of five urban clinics in
Dar es Salaam city, two urban, two semi-urban and one rural clinics in Mbeya, two urban,
one semi-urban and one rural clinics in Lindi, one urban clinic in Morogoro, one urban clinic
in Tanga, one urban and one rural clinics in Mara, two urban clinics in Shinyanga, two urban,
two semi-urban and one rural clinics in Iringa and two urban clinics in Tabora (Table 1).
The HIV prevalence differed according to residence ranging between 4.4% for rural clinics,
and 9.9% for urban clinics (p<0.001) (Figure 6).
20
18.2
18
15.9
16
HIV prevalence (%)
14
12
10.9
9.4
10
8
6.1
6
4.7
4
6.1
6.1
6.4
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.2
5.0
3.5
2
Iri
ng
a
M
be
ya
sa
la
am
a
Li
nd
i
ar
es
D
Region
Ta
bo
r
Sh
in
ya
ng
a
M
or
og
or
o
Ta
ng
a
M
ar
a
Ar
us
ha
ar
a
M
tw
m
an
ja
ro
D
od
om
a
Ki
li
Ka
ge
ra
Ki
go
m
a
0
Fig 1: Prevalence of HIV infection among ANC attendees by region, Tanzania 2005/06
3
Table 1: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection by ANC sites, Tanzania 2005/06
Site
Dar es
salaam
Buguruni
Kasorobo
Kigamboni
Oysterbay
Kimara
Kiwalani
Total
HIV
%
prevalen
Positive ce
95% CI
Total
Syphilis
%
prevalenc
e
Positive
95% CI
3512
954
396
571
600
433
558
383
116
40
66
61
41
59
10.9
12.2
10.1
11.6
10.2
9.5
10.6
9.9-11.9
10.2-14.4
7.3-13.5
9.1-14.5
7.9-12.9
6.9-12.6
8.1-13.4
3510
953
396
570
600
433
558
254
3
18
4
17
92
120
7.2
0.31
4.55
0.7
2.83
21.25
21.51
6.40
0.06
2.72
0.19
1.66
17.49
18.17
8.14
0.92
7.09
1.79
4.50
25.41
25.15
Dodoma
Bahi
Handali
Kibaigwa
Makole
Mpwapwa
Wajenzi
1885
268
209
276
478
215
439
115
5
3
23
46
12
26
6.1
1.9
1.4
8.3
9.6
5.6
5.9
5.4-7.7
0.6-4.2
0.3-4.1
5.4-12.2
7.1-12.6
2.9-9.5
4.2-9.1
1850
258
209
274
464
210
435
221
8
55
4
30
19
105
11.95
3.1
26.32
1.46
6.47
9.05
24.14
10.50
1.35
20.48
0.40
4.40
5.54
20.19
13.51
6.02
32.84
3.70
9.10
13.77
28.44
Kagera
Bukoba
Katoro
Kimeya
Nkwenda
Nyamiaga
Rwamisheny
e
2070
515
263
266
495
237
97
30
10
14
14
7
4.7
5.8
3.8
5.3
2.8
3.0
3.8-5.7
4.0-8.2
1.8-6.9
2.9-8.6
1.6-4.7
1.2-6.0
2060
514
263
263
491
235
168
33
39
33
25
25
8.16
6.42
14.83
12.55
5.09
10.64
7.01
4.46
10.76
8.80
3.32
7.00
9.42
8.90
19.71
17.17
7.42
15.30
294
22
7.5
4.7-11.1
294
13
4.42
2.38
7.44
Kilimanjaro
Hedaru
Majengo
Masama
Umbwe
Huruma
Pasua
1426
306
330
164
109
169
348
71
22
23
5
5
5
11
5.0
7.2
7.0
3.0
4.6
3
3.2
3.9-6.2
4.6-10.7
4.5-10.2
1.0-7.0
1.5-10.3
1.0-6.8
1.6-5.6
1403
306
327
155
107
166
342
6
2
0
0
2
1
1
0.43
0.65
0
0
187
0.6
0.29
0.16
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.02
0.01
0.93
2.34
Mbeya
Chimala
Ilembo
Kiwanjampa
ka
Kyela
Igamba
Ruanda
2464
266
177
391
58
9
15.9
21.8
5.1
14.4-17.4
17.0-27.3
2.3-9.4
2463
266
177
74
11
2
3.0
4.14
1.13
2.37
2.08
0.14
3.76
7.28
4.02
675
323
202
821
96
64
36
128
14.2
19.8
17.8
15.6
11.7-17.1
15.6-24.6
12.8-23.8
13.2-18.3
674
323
202
821
18
13
6
24
2.67
4.02
2.97
2.92
1.59
2.16
1.10
1.88
4.19
6.78
6.35
4.32
4
6.59
3.31
1.62
Site
Total
HIV
%
prevalen
Positive ce
95% CI
Total
Positive
Syphilis
%
prevalenc
e
95% CI
Mtwara
Ligula
Mangaka
Nanyamba
Tandahimba
Likombe
Mkunya
1319
339
335
130
186
150
179
81
27
18
3
11
14
8
6.1
8.0
5.4
2.3
5.9
8.0
4.5
4.9-7.6
5.3-11.4
3.2-8.4
0.5-6.5
3.0-10.3
5.2-15.2
1.9-8.6
1302
339
332
130
182
143
176
62
17
20
8
2
7
8
4.76
5.01
6.02
6.15
1.1
5.01
4.55
3.67
2.95
3.72
2.69
0.13
1.99
1.98
6.06
7.91
9.15
11.77
3.91
9.83
8.76
Kigoma
Kibondo
Kiganamo
Kigoma
Keza
Nyakitonto
Ujiji
1451
223
351
272
174
171
260
50
8
4
15
6
3
14
3.5
3.6
1.1
5.5
3.5
1.8
3.5
2.6-4.5
1.6-7.0
0.3-2.9
3.1-8.9
1.3-7.4
0.4-5.0
2.9-8.9
1426
210
351
270
173
168
254
38
5
1
0
30
2
0
2.66
2.8
0.28
0
17.34
1.19
0
1.89
0.78
0.01
0.00
12.02
0.14
0.00
3.64
5.47
1.58
Lindi
Chumo
Mtama
Liwale
Nachingwea
Nyangao
Sokoine
Town clinic
1290
128
154
331
259
165
117
136
121
1
4
38
31
11
17
19
9.38
0.8
2.6
11.5
12.0
6.7
14.5
14.0
7.8-11.1
0.01-4.2
0.7-6.5
8.3-15.4
8.3-16.6
3.4-11.6
8.7-22.2
8.7-21.0
1261
123
154
327
256
162
109
130
62
2
10
9
9
16
10
6
4.92
1.63
6.49
2.75
3.52
9.88
9.17
4.62
3.79
0.20
3.16
1.27
1.62
5.75
4.49
1.71
6.26
5.75
11.62
5.16
6.57
15.54
16.23
9.78
Morogoro
Hembeti
Mkuyuni
Morogoro
St. Francis
Turiani
Gairo
Uhuru
2751
90
178
728
418
157
647
533
197
4
1
57
34
6
33
62
7.2
4.4
0.6
7.8
8.1
3.8
5.1
11.6
6.2-8.2
1.2-11.0
0.01-3.1
6.0-10.0
5.7-11.2
1.4-8.1
3.5-7.1
9.0-14.7
2742
88
178
723
417
157
647
532
178
14
12
22
6
3
84
37
6.49
15.91
6.74
3.04
1.44
1.91
12.98
6.95
5.60
8.98
3.53
1.92
0.53
0.40
10.49
4.94
7.48
25.25
11.48
4.57
3.11
5.48
15.82
9.46
Tanga
Handeni
Kwamkono
Lushoto
Magoma
Makorola
Ngamiani
2270
475
187
335
159
658
456
147
22
6
23
1
47
48
6.5
4.6
3.2
6.9
0.6
7.1
10.5
5.5-7.6
2.9-6.9
1.2-6.8
4.4-10.1
0.01-3.5
5.3-9.4
7.9-13.7
2268
475
187
335
159
656
456
64
19
2
4
6
20
13
2.82
4
1.07
1.19
3.77
3.05
2.85
2.18
2.43
0.13
0.33
1.40
1.87
1.53
3.59
6.18
3.81
3.03
8.03
4.67
4.83
Arusha
3009
183
6.1
5.3-7.0
2955
15
0.51
0.28
0.84
5
23.82
4.23
Site
Ngarenaro
Total
HIV
%
prevalen
Positive ce
95% CI
Total
Syphilis
%
prevalenc
e
Positive
95% CI
1360
825
263
225
149
89
63
8
8
12
6.5
7.6
3.1
3.6
8.1
5.3-8.0
5.9-9.7
1.3-5.9
1.5-6.9
4.2-13.6
1326
825
253
218
149
2
5
7
1
0
0.15
0.61
2.77
0.46
0
0.02
0.20
1.12
0.01
0.00
0.54
1.41
5.62
2.53
-!
187
3
1.6
0.3-4.6
184
0
0
0.00
-
Mara
Nyasho
Bweri
Tarime
Mugumu
Murangi
Utegi
1914
430
141
563
304
296
180
122
51
6
29
9
9
18
6.4
11.9
4.3
5.2
3.0
3.0
10.0
5.3-7.6
9.0-15.3
1.6-9.0
3.5-7.3
1.4-5.5
1.4-5.6
6.0-15.3
1860
423
141
563
260
293
180
96
26
3
26
3
20
23
5.16
4.62
2.13
4.62
1.15
6.83
12.78
4.20
4.05
0.44
3.04
0.24
4.22
8.28
6.27
8.88
6.09
6.69
3.33
10.35
18.55
Shinyanga
Shinyanga
Kambarage
Ushirombo
Kahama
Nkololo
Nindo
2570
166
273
548
632
522
429
174
20
31
44
56
8
15
6.8
120
11.4
8.0
8.9
1.5
3.5
5.8-7.8
7.5-18.0
7.8-15.7
5.9-10.6
6.8-11.4
0.7-3.0
2.0-5.7
2544
162
267
546
622
520
427
213
7
13
23
38
102
30
8.37
4.32
4.87
4.21
6.11
19.62
7.03
7.33
1.75
2.62
2.69
4.36
16.29
4.79
9.52
8.70
8.18
6.25
8.29
23.29
9.88
Iringa
Iringa
Ngome
Kasanga
Mafinga
Njombe
Matamba
1610
492
201
110
352
357
98
293
90
31
19
69
76
8
18.2
18.9
15.4
17.3
19.6
21.3
8.2
16.3-20.2
15.0-22.0
10.7-21.2
10.7-25.7
15.6-24.1
17.2-25.9
3.6-15.4
1601
492
197
110
352
355
95
151
20
14
32
45
33
7
9.43
4.07
7.11
29.09
12.78
9.3
7.37
8.04
2.50
3.94
20.82
9.48
6.49
3.01
10.97
6.21
11.64
38.52
16.73
12.81
14.59
Tabora
Town clinic
Isevya
Igunga
Nzega
Songambele
Ilolanguru
1683
380
263
262
401
208
169
121
41
34
15
22
2
7
7.2
10.8
12.9
5.7
5.5
1.0
4.1
6.0-8.5
7.9-14.4
9.1-17.6
3.2-9.3
3.5-8.2
0.1-3.4
1.7-8.3
1632
379
235
254
392
204
168
524
157
124
70
21
77
75
32.11
41.42
52.77
27.56
5.36
37.75
44.64
29.85
36.42
46.17
22.16
3.35
31.07
36.98
34.43
46.57
59.29
33.49
8.07
44.78
52.50
31,224
2,546
8.2 7.9 – 8.5
30,87
7
2,126
6.9
6.6
7.2
Kaloleni
Karatu
Monduli
Mbuguni
Oldonyo
Sambu
All Regions
6
Fig 2: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among ANC attendees by age
group, Tanzania 2005/06
In all the 15 regions, HIV prevalence was highest among women aged 25 – 34 years
(9.9%), followed by those aged 35 years and above (8.1), while the 15-24 years age
group had the lowest prevalence (6.8%)
Fig 3: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among ANC attendees by marital
status, Tanzania 2005/06
7
HIV prevalence among single women (8.9%) was higher than that of married women
(8.1%) (p>0.07), However the difference was not statistically different (Figure 3).
Fig 4: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among ANC attendees by level of education,
Tanzania 2005/06
HIV prevalence increased with level of education from 5.5% among women with no
education to 8.6% among those with primary education and to 9.3% among those with
secondary education or more. The difference in prevalence between those with no
education and those with primary education was statistically significant. (p<0.001)
(Figure 4).
Fig 5: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among ANC attendees by number of
pregnancies, Tanzania 2005/06
8
The highest HIV prevalence (9.3%) was found in women having between 1 and 2
previous pregnancies while the lowest (5.4%) was found among those having more
than five previous pregnancies.
Fig 6: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among ANC attendees by location of residence,
Tanzania 2005/06
3.2 Syphilis prevalence
A total of 30,877 ANC attendees were tested for syphilis during the study period of
whom 2126 tested positive. The overall syphilis prevalence was therefore 6.9% (95%
CI = 6.6-7.1), ranging from a low of 0.43% (95% CI = 0.16-0.9) in Kilimanjaro
region to a high of 32.1% (95% CI = 29.0-34.4) in Tabora region. Selected sociodemographic variables associated with syphilis infection are reported by clinic, and
are shown in Table 21.
The prevalence of syphilis was highest among attendees from rural clinics 9.7%, than
those from urban clinics 6.3% and lowest among semi-urban clinic attendees 5.9% (p
< 0.001).). The age specific prevalence of syphilis were 6.5% for age group 15-24,
7.3% for age group 25-34 and 7.4% for age group 35-49. The observed differences in
age-specific prevalence were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Figure 2). .
Marital status did not appear to have a significant influence on the prevalence of
syphilis (p > 0.05) (Figure 3). Prevalence increased with the number of previous
pregnancies from 6.3% among those with no previous pregnancies to 9.4% among
those with more than five previous pregnancies (p < 0.001) Figure 5.
As in previous years, women with low education had a higher prevalence of syphilis
than were women in the higher education levels (p<0.0001). Like for HIV infection,
the prevalence of syphilis infection was higher among women residing within 5 Km
from an ANC clinic than those residing more than 5 Km (p < 0.0001). Similarly, there
was no association between syphilis infection and duration of stay at a particular
residence (p > 0.05).
9
35
32.1
30
Syphilis prevalence (%)
25
20
15
12.0
10
6.5
4.8
5
2.7
0.4
4.9
7.2
8.2
8.4
9.4
5.2
3.0
2.8
0.5
Sh
in
ya
ng
a
Iri
ng
a
D
od
om
a
Ta
bo
ra
ag
er
a
K
Li
nd
i
M
ar
a
M
or
og
D
ar
or
es
o
sa
la
am
a
a
tw
ar
M
be
y
M
K
ili
m
an
ja
ro
A
ru
sh
a
K
ig
om
a
Ta
ng
a
0
Region
Fig 6: Prevalence of syphilis infection among ANC attendees by region, Tanzania 2005/06
3.3 HIV and syphilis co-infection
Overall, 0.74% (228/30,877 ) of clinic attendees were co-infected with syphilis and
HIV. The occurrence of syphilis was strongly associated with HIV infection (p <
0.0001).
3.4 Discussion
The HIV prevalence in this surveillance round that covered 15 regions of Tanzania
was 8.2%, with a range of 4.7% in the region with the lowest prevalence to 18.2% in
the region with the highest. This prevalence compares well with that reported in the
last round (8.7%) involving ten regions, implying that the addition of five new regions
in this round did not significantly affect the overall prevalence of HIV infection. This
is due to the fact that four of the five new regions had a prevalence of between 6.1%
and 7.2%.
The prevalence of HIV infection showed strong regional variations with Iringa
(18.2%), Mbeya (15.9%) and Dar es Salaam (10.9%) being the most affected. Like in
the previous two reports, Kagera region continued to record the lowest prevalence of
HIV infection. More than a quarter (28.9%) of the 92 sites had a prevalence of more
than 10%, with most of these sites (57.7%) being in the three regions with the highest
HIV prevalence. Other important findings from these data include a higher HIV
10
prevalence in women living in urban areas, aged between 25-34 years, reporting
higher education level, residing within 5 Km from a particular ANC and having
between 1 and 2 previous pregnancies. The prevalence of HIV infection was not
associated with either marital status or duration of stay in residence.
The overall prevalence of syphilis was 6.7%, with a range of 0.43% in Kilimanjaro to
32.1% in Tabora region. Notable observations from the syphilis data include a higher
syphilis prevalence in women from rural than urban clinics and with high number of
previous pregnancies and no formal education. However, there was no association
with age, marital status or duration of stay at a particular address. As in the previous
rounds, HIV and syphilis co-infections occurred in less than 1% of ANC attendees.
However, the occurrence of the two infections was very strongly associated (p<
0.0001).
11
Trends in HIV prevalence between 2001 and 2006
4.1 Introduction
The aim of the surveillance program is to generate HIV infection prevalence trends so
as to monitor the course of the epidemic in the general population using antenatal
clinic attendees as a sentinel population. To that end the surveillance programme was
intensified in 1999 after realizing that the surveillance system that began in 1990 was
no longer providing the required data. The first round of the intensified survey was
conducted by NACP in 2001/02, the second survey was conducted in 2003/04, and
the third survey in 2005/06. Data from the three survey rounds have generated three
data points, which serve as initial points for describing the HIV infection trends in
future. Details of the methodology adopted in the three surveys are reported in
Chapter 2 of this report as well as in the previous two ANC surveillance reports (2001
- 2002 and 2003/04).
The first survey round involved 24 clinic sites in 6 regions; the second involved 57
sites in 10 regions; and the third survey involved 92 sites in 15 regions. The second
and third survey rounds incorporated all the 24 sites that were surveyed in the first
round, making it possible to relate data of the 24 clinics collected during the three
time periods.
The total population enrolled for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd surveys were 7,275, 17,813 and
31,224 ANC attendees respectively. The Sociodemographic composition of the study
populations of the three survey rounds is shown in Table 2. Only data from these 24
sites was used in the analyses of HIV infection trends and any differences in
prevalence estimates were assessed using the Chi Square test for trend.
4.2 HIV prevalence trends among ANC attendees of all ages during 2001 to 2006
4.2.1 Comparisons between regions, clinics and time periods.
Prevalence estimates were made for every round of survey and included all women
who were recruited into the survey for the respective years. This means that 24 sites
were included in the first, 57 in the second and 92 in the third survey rounds.
Overall these estimates suggested that there is a decline in HIV prevalence, from
9.6% (95% C.I= 8.9, 10.2) in 2001/02 to 8.7% (95% C.I=8.3, 9.1) in 2003/04 to 8.2%
(95% C.I. = 7.9, 8.5) in 2005/06. This finding is statistically significant, with
p=0.001.(See figure 8).
12
Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of the study populations of the three ANC
Surveys
Socio-demographic
2001/ 2002
characteristics
Number Percent
Age group
15-24
3,924
53.9
25-34
2759
37.9
35+
516
7.1
Previous pregnancies
None
1,877
26.8
1 to 2
3,031
43.3
3 to 4
1,379
19.7
5 or more
714
10.2
Level of Education
No formal
1150
15.9
Primary
5575
76.9
Secondary+
528
7.2
Marital Status
Single
969
13.3
Married
6,253
86.0
2003/2004
Number
Percent
2005/2006
Number
Percent
15,901
12,543
2,514
50.9
40.2
8.1
7.381
13,541
6,358
3,164
23.6
43.4
20.4
10.1
5,121
23,550
2,482
16.4
75.4
8.0
3,422
27,563
11.0
88.3
NB. Totals may not be constant in various demographic characteristics due to missing data
13
16
12
10
8
9.6
8.7
8.2
24 sites
57 sites
6
92 sites
(%)
HIV prevalence (%)
14
4
2
0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
Fig 8: Trends of HIV Prevalence among ANC attendees of all ages (2001-2006)
When the point estimates were calculated from the three rounds of surveys using only
the 24 sites that had three data points, a similar trend was observed where the
prevalence declined from 9.7% (95% C.I= 8.9, 10.2) in 2001/02, to 8.8% (95% C.I.=
8.1- 9.4) in 2003/02 and 8.9% (95% C.I. = 8.3- 9.5) in 2005/06. This downward trend
in prevalence was statistically significant at p=0.0001.
At the regional-level, there was no significant variation in HIV prevalence, between
2001 and 2006. However at the facility-level, 5 of the 6 regions each had one site that
had a statistically significant difference in HIV prevalence between 2001 and 2006.
Those sites were Buguruni (Dar es Salaam region), Kimeya (Kagera region), Hedaru
(Kilimanjaro region), Kiwanjampuka (Mbeya) and Tandahimba (Mtwara). Of these
sites, two are urban, two are semi-urban and one is rural (Table 3).
14
Table 3: Comparisons of HIV prevalence among ANC attendees by region during
2001/02, 2003/04 and 2005/06 surveys, Tanzania
2001/02
Region & Sites
Total
Dar es salaam
Buguruni
Kasorobo
Kigamboni
Oysterbay
Positive
2003/04
Prevalence
Total
Positive
Prevalence
Total
2005/06
PrevaPositive lence
pvalue
95% CI
1697
571
280
334
512
218
94
28
40
56
12.8
16.4
10
12
11
2201
884
450
389
478
236
107
43
36
50
10.7
12.1
9.6
9.3
10.5
2521
954
396
571
600
283
116
40
66
61
11.2
12.2
10.1
11.6
10.2
10.0- 12.5
10.2-14.4
7.3-13.5
9.1-14.5
7.9-12.9
0.11
0.02
0.96
0.42
0.91
Dodoma
Bahi
Handali
Kibaigwa
Makole
888
173
204
181
330
54
2
1
20
32
6.1
1.2
0.5
11
9.8
951
181
228
203
339
58
8
1
18
31
6.1
4.4
0.4
8.9
9.1
1231
268
209
276
478
77
5
3
23
46
6.3
1.9
1.4
8.3
9.6
4.6 -7.3
0.6-4.2
0.3-4.1
5.4-12.2
7.1-12.6
0.96
0.10
0.42
0.60
0.96
Kagera
Bukoba
Katoro
Kimeya
Nkwenda
1494
516
333
181
464
84
44
10
11
18
5.6
8.5
3
6.1
3.9
1348
410
245
241
452
54
39
6
2
7
4.0
9.5
2.4
0.8
1.5
1539
515
263
266
495
68
30
10
14
14
4.4
5.8
3.8
5.3
2.8
3.4- 5.6
4.0-8.2
1.8-6.9
2.9-8.6
1.6-4.7
0.10
0.08
0.67
0.00
0.09
965
294
424
133
114
61
16
32
3
10
6.3
5.5
7.6
2.3
8.8
915
221
323
268
103
47
5
22
17
3
5.1
2.3
6.8
6.3
2.9
909
306
330
164
109
55
22
23
5
5
6.1
7.2
7
3.1
4.6
4.5-7.8
4.6-10.7
4.5-10.2
1.0-7.0
1.5-10.3
0.521
0.04
0.91
0.1
0.14
1369
217
211
568
373
219
37
15
102
64
16
17.1
7.1
17.9
17.2
1486
249
188
726
323
241
38
15
137
51
16.2
15.3
8
18.9
15.8
1441
266
177
675
323
227
58
9
96
64
15.8
21.8
5.1
14.2
19.8
13.9-17.7
17.0-27.3
2.3-9.4
11.7-17.1
15.6-24.6
0.95
0.13
0.52
0.05
0.39
862
305
279
125
153
61
38
12
5
6
7.1
12.5
4.3
4
4
979
389
267
176
147
57
37
13
6
1
5.8
9.5
4.9
3.4
0.7
990
339
335
130
186
59
27
18
3
11
6.0
8.0
5.37
2.31
5.91
4.6- 7.6
5.3-11.4
3.2-8.4
0.5-6.5
3.0-10.3
0.48
0.15
0.82
0.73
0.04
Kilimanjaro
Hedaru
Majengo
Masama
Umbwe
Mbeya
Chimala
Ilembo
Kiwanjampaka
Kyela
Mtwara
Ligula
Mangaka
Nanyama
Tandahimba
Overall, the HIV prevalence in 5 of the 6 regions was slightly higher in 2005/06,
compared to 2003/04. One region, Mbeya, had HIV prevalence that was slightly
lower in the third round compared to that in the second round i.e 15.8% in 2005/06
compared to 16.2% in 2003/04 . Fig 9 shows the trends in HIV Prevalence among the
6 regions.
15
18
16
12
Dar es salaam
Dodoma
10
8
Kagera
Kilimanjaro
Mbeya
Mtwara
(%)
Prevalence (%)
14
6
4
2
0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
Fig 9: Trend in HIV Prevalence in 6 regions of Tanzania, 2001-2006
Trends at facility-level by region
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Dar es salaam
Buguruni
Kasorobo
Kigamboni
Oysterbay
(%)
Prevalence (%)
The following 6 charts illustrate the trends in HIV prevalence, for 24 sites that have participated in
the 3 survey rounds, by region.
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
Fig 10: Trends in HIV prevalence in Dar es Salaam region, 2001-2006
In the Dar es Salaam region, there was less variation between the 4 sites, compared to the sites in the
other 5 regions. All the sites in the Dar es Salaam region are categorized as urban sites. Figure 10
16
shows that, Buguruni has the highest prevalence and the biggest decline in HIV prevalence between
2001/02 and 2005/06, which is noted as statistically significant (p=0.02). The graph also shows that
the overall HIV prevalence trend appears to follow a downward direction among the four sites, in the
region.
16
12
Dodoma
Bahi
Handali
Kibaigwa
Makole
10
8
6
4
(%)
Prevalence (%)
14
2
0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
Fig 11: Trends in HIV Prevalence in Dodoma region, 2001-2006
Figure 11 shows that there is some variation in HIV prevalence among the sites in Dodoma region.
Two rural sites have reported HIV prevalence below the regional HIV prevalence and two sites (one
urban and one semi-urban) have reported HIV prevalence above the regional HIV prevalence.
However no sites in the region reported any statistically significant change in HIV prevalence
between 2001-2006.
16
12
Kilimanjaro
Hedaru
Majengo
Masama
Umbwe
10
8
6
4
(%)
Prevalence (%)
14
2
0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
17
Fig 12: Trends in HIV Prevalence in Kilimanjaro region, 2001-2006
Kilimanjaro region shows had variation in HIV prevalence among the sites(see figure 12). Masama
is the only site in the Kilimanjaro that had an increase in HIV prevalence between 2001/02 and
2003/04. However, it is the only site that had decrease in HIV prevalence between 2003/04 and
2005/06. Hedaru, a semi-urban site, had a statistically significant increase in HIV prevalence
between 2001-2006 (p=0.04).
24
22
20
16
Mbeya
Chimala
Ilembo
Kiwanjampaka
Kyela
14
12
10
8
6
(%)
Prevalence (%)
18
4
2
0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
Fig 13: Trends in HIV prevalence in Mbeya region, 2001-2006
In the Mbeya region, Ilembo is the only site that had HIV prevalence among clinic attendees that is
much lower than the other sites and the regional HIV prevalence (see figure 13). Yet it appears to
have similar trend in HIV prevalence as that of Kiwanjampuka. Ilembo is a rural site and
Kiwanjampuka is an urban site.
18
16
14
12
Prevalence (%)
Mtwara
Ligula
Mangaka
Nanyama
Tandahimba
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Survey Year
Fig 14:
Trends in HIV prevalence in Mtwara region, 2001-2006
In the Mtwara region, there is also a significant variation between the 4 sites (see figure 14). In
2001/02 round, three sites had a very similar HIV prevalence, but all three sites had HIV prevalence
less than the regional HIV prevalence. Two of the sites are semi-urban while one rural.
Tandahimba had the largest increase in the HIV prevalence between 2003/04 and 2005/06, which
was statistically significant (p=0.04). Ligula consistently reported an HIV prevalence that was
greater than the regional HIV prevalence but declining with time.
16
12
Kagera
10
Bukoba
(%)
Prevalence (%)
14
8
Katoro
Kimeya
6
Nkwenda
4
2
0
2001-2
2003-4
2005-6
Survey Year
Fig 15: Trends in HIV Prevalence in Kagera region, 2001-2006
In the Kagera region, all the sites reported lower HIV prevalence in 2005/6 as compared to 2001/02
round. Bukoba was the only site that had HIV prevalence that was consistently higher than the
regional HIV prevalence. This is the only site categorized as urban which has high volume of
clients. Three of the sites reported HIV prevalence that was slightly higher in 2005/06 as compared
19
to 2003/04. Kimeya, a rural site, was the only site that had statistically significant decrease in HIV
prevalence (p=0.001) between 2001-2006.
Site
Dar es salaam
Buguruni
Kasorobo
Kigamboni
Oysterbay
Kimara
Kiwalani
HIV 2005-2006
%
Total
Positive prevalence 95% CI
3512
383
10.9
954
116
12.2
396
40
10.1
571
66
11.6
600
61
10.2
433
41
9.5
558
59
10.6
Syphilis 2005-2006
%
Total
Positive prevalence
3510
254
7.2
953
3
0.31
396
18
4.55
570
4
0.7
600
17
2.83
433
92
21.25
558
120
21.51
Dodoma
Bahi
Handali
Kibaigwa
Makole
Mpwapwa
Wajenzi
1770
268
209
276
478
215
413
115
5
3
23
46
12
26
6.1
1.9
1.4
8.3
9.6
5.6
5.9
1850
258
209
274
464
210
435
221
11.95
8 of study3.1
Year
55
26.32
4
1.46
30
6.47
19
9.05
105
24.14
Kagera
Bukoba
Katoro
Kimeya
Nkwenda
Nyamiaga
Rwamishenye
2070
515
263
266
495
237
294
97
30
10
14
14
7
22
4.7
5.8
3.8
5.3
2.8
3
7.5
2060
514
263
263
491
235
294
168
33
39
33
25
25
13
8.16
6.42
14.83
12.55
5.09
10.64
4.42
Kilimanjaro
Hedaru
1426
306
71
22
5
7.2
1403
306
6
2
0.43
0.65
Fig 16: Comparison of HIV Prevalence among ANC attendees according to number of
previous pregnancies between 2001 and 2006
Throughout the nation, there was a decline in HIV prevalence between 2001/2 and 2005/6,
irrespective of the number of previous pregnancies. Generally, the highest magnitude is consistently
observed between 1st and 4th pregnancy. This may be the women who are 25 years and above and
are exposed to repeated risk of HIV exposure through unprotected sex
20
14
Prevalence (%)
12
Year of study
10
2001-2002
2003-2004
2005-2006
8
6
4
2
0
15-24
25-34
35+
Age group
Fig 17: Comparisons of age groups specific HIV Prevalence among ANC attendees between
2001-2006
The age group 25-34 years was at the highest risk of infection for all the three round of survey. The
age specific prevalence was stable for the first two rounds of survey and decreased for the last round
of survey for the age group 15-24. A similar trend was observed for the age group 25-34 years.
4. 2 HIV prevalence trends among ANC attendees aged 15 - 24 years
Due to wide range in prevalence estimates in various locations within a region, the median
prevalence has been presented at a regional level in addition to site specific prevalence estimates.
Since prevalence in the youngest age group (15 - 24 years) represents new infection and hence
approximates incidence, median prevalence data presentation will concentrate on this age group,
table 2.
Fig 18 shows the median prevalence among ANC attendees aged 15-24 years in 6 regions. The
highest median prevanlence over time in descending order is noted in Mbeya, Dar es Salaam and
Kilimanjaro. Kagera was having the lowest prevalence between 2001 -2004 and replaced by
Dodoma in 2005/06.
No specific pattern by site is noted except in Kilimanjaro where there is a tendency of decreasing
prevalence. All pattern however were not statistically significant p=0.1.
21
16.0
Median HIV prevalence %
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2001/02
Mtwara
Mbeya
2003/04
Year of survey
Kilimanjaro Kagera
2005/06
Dodoma
DSM
Fig 18: Region specific trends of median HIV prevalence among ANC attendees aged 15-24
years; Tanzania 2001 - 2006
The urban population consistently had the highest median prevalence while the rural population had
the lowest over time. A tendency for HIV infection to decrease in these two populations is noted
over time. The Semi- urban population prevalence lies between the two without a specific pattern,
implying that the Simi- urban population has chrematistic of the two population interms of risk of
HIV infection. Figure 19
22
9.0
Median HIV prevalence %
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
Year of survey
Urban
Rural
Semi urban
Fig 19: Trend of median HIV prevalence among ANC attendees aged 15-24 years by residence
location; Tanzania 2001 - 2006
23
Table 4: Prevalence of HIV infection among ANC attendees aged 15-24 years by ANC sites
and regions; Tanzania 2001/02 – 2005/06
Region/Site
Dar es Slaam
Buguruni
Kigamboni
MICO Kasorobo
Oyesterbay
Dar es Salaam median
prevalence
Dodoma
Makole
Bahi
Handali
Kibaigwa
Dodoma median
prevalence
Kagera
Bukoba
Kimeya
Nkwenda
Katoro
Kagera median
prevalence
Kilimanjaro
Majengo
Masama
Umbwe
Hedaru
Kilimanjaro median
prevalence
Mbeya
Kiwanja Mpaka
Chimala
Kyela
Ilembo
Mbeya median
prevalence
Mtwara
Ligula
Nanyamba
Mangaka
Tandahimba
Mtwara median
prevalence
2001/02
2003/04
2005/06
12.0
6.1
6.7
7.9
7.3
8.2
9.1
7.7
6.1
8.0
9.4
6.7
4.0
9.7
8.1
9.0
1.5
0.0
5.6
3.6
8.0
4.1
0.9
8.3
6.1
6.9
0.0
1.1
5.1
3.1
6.5
2.7
3.5
1.8
3.1
6.9
0.0
1.3
0.9
1.1
4.4
7.2
1.9
3.5
4.0
6.4
1.3
6.7
4.8
5.6
7.9
9.2
0.0
2.4
5.2
4.8
4.8
0.0
7.6
4.8
13.1
15.6
16.0
5.8
14.4
16.1
8.6
14.0
8.2
11.3
11.2
17.3
18.2
4.3
14.3
7.0
1.5
6.0
3.0
4.5
6.3
3.8
2.9
0.0
3.4
6.6
0.0
4.6
6.2
5.4
In order to obtain estimates of site specific HIV prevalence, crude prevalence’s were caluculated by
site for the three time period. Table 4 shows prevalence estimated for the three points from the 24
participating site. Prevalence ranged from Zero percent in some parts of Dodoma to as high as 18.2
% in some parts of Mbeya.
24
Discussion
Overall this analysis has revealed that there is a statistically significant (p=0.001) decline in HIV
prevalence, from 9.6% (95% C.I= 8.9, 10.2) in 2001/2 to 8.7% (95% C.I=8.3, 9.1) in 2003/4 to 8.2%
(95% C.I.= 7.9, 8.5) in 2005/6 in the 24 sites included surveyed consistently between 2001 to 2006.
The analysis has also shown that there is no significant variation of HIV prevalence, between 20012006 at regional-level. The decline in prevalence noted in the trend analysis is therefore partly
attributable to the significant changes in HIV prevalence that occurred during the period 2001-2006
in some of the facilities in the surveyed sites, including Buguruni (Dar es Salaam region), Kimeya
(Kagera region), Hedaru (Kilimanjaro region), Kiwanjampuka (Mbeya) and Tandahimba (Mtwara).
In addition the HIV prevalence in the 6 regions was lower during 2003/2004 compared to 2001/2002
Prevalence in the age group 15 - 24 years approximates new infection in the general population
since individuals in this age group are just becoming sexually active and almost free from the
disease as they enter this age group. The trend patterns in this age group are either stable or declining
indicating that the rate of new infection is low. Desipe this general national overview however, some
regions still show high rate of infection especially Mbeya region followed by Dar es Ssalaam and
Kilimanjaro. Since the surveillance program currently does not cover the entire country there may be
regions with higher prevalence prevalence estimates beyond those observed in the said 3 regions.
Sinse surveillance is expanding to cover greater parts of the country this problem may be termed
temporary.
The surveillance program using ANC attendees reports the trend of the epidemic in the general
population; specific studies are however required to illustrate the determinate of such trend.
25
ESTIMATING AND PROJECTING HIV PREVALENCE IN TANZANIA
5.1 Background
The WHO, UNAIDS and its partners have developed an Estimations and Projections Package (EPP)
for HIV/AIDS which was updated in 2005. This software is useful for making estimations and
projections of HIV by organizing ANC prevalence data and preparing short-term projections for
HIV infection. The EPP 2005 software uses ANC HIV surveillance data, which have been collected
over time, fits an epidemic curve and generates estimates of HIV prevalence, number living with
HIV and number of new HIV infections. The software allows for calibration of the inputted ANC
surveillance data to match the overall prevalence as measured in large-scale population surveys.
5.2 Methods
The survey data set from ANC clinics covering the period from 1985 to 2003/04 was combined with
that from ANC clinics for 2005/2006. Following this combination, a new work set for the current
estimates was created in the EPP 2005 software. Using this software a generalized epidemic state
was selected and the national epidemic was defined as urban and rural sub-epidemics. The 2006 UN
population estimates for adults aged 15 years and above was applied. This population was divided
into urban and rural in the proportions of 77.4% for rural and 22.6% for urban areas. These rural and
urban population proportions were produced by the 2002 national population census.
The ANC surveillance sites were also categorized into urban and rural areas using standard national
definitions of urban and rural areas. This process produced 48 urban and 53 rural antenatal clinic
sites. With the combined data set it was possible to have data points from 1986 to 2006. These were
then entered into the EPP 2005 urban and rural pages for the estimation.
Each sub-epidemic was run independently by fitting the model to all data and on level fits. The t0,
f0, r and phi were all not fixed to allow the engine to search for the best curve fit. The ANC HIV
prevalence was calibrated using an average of 5.3% for rural and 10.9% for urban HIV prevalence.
These averages were obtained from the 2003 Tanzania HIV Indicator Survey (THIS).
5.3 Results
Urban
National
Rural
Figure 20: Estimated trends in HIV prevalence for the period 1980-2010,
Tanzania, 2003/04
26
Figure 20 depicts three HIV prevalence curves, the urban, national and rural prevalence curves
representing estimates and projections for the period from 1980 to 2010. The urban HIV epidemic
curve shows an increasing trend that reached its peak in 1993 and subsequently levels to a plateau.
The rural curve shows a steeply increasing HIV prevalence trend until 1996 when it reached its peak
that was subsequently followed by a gradually declining trend. The national HIV prevalence curve
depicts a trend between the two urban and rural scenarios.
The prevalence estimates shown in Table 5 complement the prevalence trends observed in Figure 20.
The table also provides estimations of the number of people living with HIV and the number of new
HIV infections each year.
27
Table 5: Estimated HIV infection for the period 1980 - 2010, Tanzania, 2005/06
National
Year
HIV
prevalence
Number HIV
positive
Urban
Population 15
years and
above
1980
0.0
0
12,346,938
1981
0.0
2,056
12,700,607
1982
0.0
4,465
1983
0.1
1984
HIV
prevalence
Number
HIV
positive
Rural
Population
15 years and
above
HIV
prevalence
0
2,997,454
-
0.0
753
3,083,314
13,066,532
0.1
1,869
9,645
13,445,560
0.1
0.2
20,931
13,837,759
1985
0.3
45,341
1986
0.7
1987
Number HIV
positive
Population 15
years and
above
0
9,349,484
0.0
1,303
9,617,293
3,172,148
0.0
2,596
9,894,384
4,562
3,264,157
0.1
5,084
10,181,403
0.3
11,029
3,359,345
0.1
9,902
10,478,414
14,242,595
0.8
26,176
3,457,550
0.2
19,165
10,785,045
96,457
14,660,257
1.7
59,707
3,558,733
0.3
36,749
11,101,523
1.3
195,083
15,091,567
3.4
125,734
3,662,895
0.6
69,349
11,428,672
1988
2.3
358,152
15,535,989
6.1
230,855
3,769,467
1.1
127,297
11,766,522
1989
3.6
576,817
15,992,189
9.1
353,627
3,877,351
1.8
223,190
12,114,838
1990
5.0
820,505
16,457,953
11.4
455,518
3,985,003
2.9
364,987
12,472,950
1991
6.3
1,063,172
16,930,477
12.7
519,126
4,090,880
4.2
544,046
12,839,597
1992
7.4
1,282,312
17,406,812
13.2
551,462
4,193,893
5.5
730,851
13,212,919
1993
8.1
1,455,825
17,884,367
13.2
564,963
4,293,625
6.6
890,862
13,590,742
1994
8.6
1,574,004
18,361,451
13.0
568,711
4,390,340
7.2
1,005,293
13,971,111
1995
8.7
1,642,664
18,837,695
12.7
568,217
4,484,899
7.5
1,074,446
14,352,796
1996
8.7
1,675,047
19,313,294
12.4
566,788
4,578,380
7.5
1,108,259
14,734,914
1997
8.5
1,684,416
19,787,874
12.1
566,402
4,671,643
7.4
1,118,014
15,116,232
1998
8.3
1,681,590
20,264,914
11.9
568,308
4,766,279
7.2
1,113,282
15,498,635
1999
8.1
1,674,800
20,748,445
11.8
573,238
4,863,716
6.9
1,101,562
15,884,729
2000
7.9
1,670,129
21,244,115
11.7
581,489
4,965,392
6.7
1,088,640
16,278,723
2001
7.7
1,671,714
21,753,869
11.7
592,888
5,071,440
6.5
1,078,827
16,682,429
2002
7.6
1,682,003
22,280,202
11.7
606,876
5,181,665
6.3
1,075,127
17,098,537
2003
7.5
1,702,064
22,824,243
11.8
622,650
5,295,196
6.2
1,079,414
17,529,047
2004
7.4
1,731,823
23,386,053
11.8
639,328
5,411,056
6.1
1,092,495
17,974,997
2005
7.4
1,770,383
23,965,353
11.9
656,180
5,528,945
6.0
1,114,203
18,436,409
2006
7.4
1,816,326
24,561,812
11.9
672,778
5,649,217
6.1
1,143,548
18,912,595
2007
7.4
1,867,918
25,175,048
11.9
688,962
5,772,255
6.1
1,178,956
19,402,793
2008
7.5
1,923,315
25,804,857
12.0
704,740
5,898,178
6.1
1,218,576
19,906,679
2009
7.5
1,980,796
26,451,275
12.0
720,215
6,026,920
6.2
1,260,581
20,424,355
2010
7.5
2,038,949
27,114,399
11.9
735,544
6,158,376
6.2
1,303,405
20,956,023
28
Surveillance of Transmitted HIV Drug Resistance among
Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Introduction
It is widely acknowledged that just as is the case with other micro-organisms, exposure of HIV to antiretroviral
drugs over time leads to emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). Indeed, evidence of HIVDR has been
documented from studies done in developed countries where antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been in use for
quite some time. HIVDR strains may be transmitted from one individual to another, posing a problem in ART
in such individuals. In view of this, WHO recommends surveillance of transmitted HIVDR in resource-limited
settings where ART access is being rapidly expanded. The recommended method is the so called threshold
survey, in which up to 47 consecutively collected blood samples are tested for evidence of HIVDR. HIVDR
prevalence is then classified as low (<5%), medium (5-15%), or high (>15%). The recommended target
population is HIV-positive primagravid women under age 25 years attending antenatal clinics (ANC). The
rationale of targeting this age group is that it is likely to have been “recently infected” and therefore
information obtained would reflect recently transmitted HIV strains that have acquired drug resistance. The
survey reported herein was conducted to assess transmitted HIVDR in Dar es Salaam where ART was first
introduced in 1995 and about 11,000 patients currently receive it.
Methods
From 11/2005-2/2006, during the HIV ANC sentinel survey, dried blood spot (DBS) specimens were collected
using remnant specimens from 47 eligible women who consecutively attended ANC for routine syphilis
testing. Testing for HIVDR was done at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA using
standard laboratory procedures.
Results
Among 3, 563 DBS specimens collected, 68 were from women meeting the eligibility criteria. Of these, 60
were confirmed HIV-1 positive. Forty nine of these (82%, 49/60) were positive by RT-PCR and 39 (80%,
39/49) of the RT-PCR positive samples had sequences which were used for resistance analysis. As shown in
the Table 6, HIV subtypes identified from analysis of the 39 samples were A, C and D. Strains arising from
recombination of different HIV subtypes (recombinants) were also identified.
Table 6: HIV subtype distribution among ANC attendees in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
HIV Subtype
A1
C
D
C/A1
CRF08/C
D/CRF10
A1/D
CRF15/A1
N (%)
10 (29.4)
12 (35.3)
4 (11.8)
2 (5.9)
2 (5.9)
2 (5.9)
1 (2.9)
1 (2.9)
All the 39 specimens did not have drug resistance mutations-based on the WHO drug resistance surveillance
mutation list. Conclusion: Results from this survey indicate that at the moment transmitted HIVDR is
not a problem in Tanzania and its prevalence among recently infected pregnant women in Dar es
Salaam is low (<5%).
29
Table 7a. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001/2002
Characteristics
No.
Age group (yrs)
15-24
333
25-34
209
35-49
26
Not stated
3
Median age (yrs)
23
Marital status
Single
108
Married
458
Other
Not stated
5
Previous pregnancies
231
0
251
1-2
75
3-4
14
>5
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Buguruni (Urban)
2003/2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence (%)
2005/2006
No.
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
2001-2002
No.
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
Kasorobo(Urban)
2005/2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prev
alenc
e (%)
2001-2002
No.
HIV
Prev
alenc
e (%)
Kigamboni(Urban)
2005/2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prev
alenc
e (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalenc
e (%)
12
23
19.2
0
513
320
36
15
23
8.2
19.1
8.3
6.7
541
366
46
1
24
9.4
16.4
10.9
0
164
97
18
1
23
6.7
15.5
11.1
0
272
136
40
2
22
7.7
14.7
5
0
202
172
21
1
24
4.0
16.3
19.0
0.0
179
125
25
5
24
6.1
19.2
20
9.1
232
129
26
2
23
9.1
9.3
11.5
0
297
233
38
3
24
6.7
17.6
13.2
0.0
13
17.2
114
769
7.9
12.7
12.7
9.2
146
301
10.3
9.3
68
328
13.2
9.5
96
224
15.6
11.2
3
0
14
0
22.2
8.6
20
50
40.0
11.2
0
9
373
5
2
5
563
1
16.4
11.9
0.0
0.0
63
217
0
55
896
1
2
3
33.3
10
18.7
26.7
21.4
341
396
114
16
17
6.2
15.4
17.5
12.5
17.6
315
492
129
15
3
7.9
14.2
14.7
13.3
0.0
3
179
75
23
150
133
103
59
5
7.3
7.5
12.5
15.3
0
151
154
61
21
2
7.3
13
8.2
0
0
194
254
92
29
2
8.8
12.6
14.1
13.8
0.0
0
7.3
16
13
107
169
98
22
6.5
10.1
14.3
13.6
117
138
55
24
6.8
12.3
20
16.7
571
884
954
280
450
396
334
389
571
93
107
116
28
43
40
40
36
66
10.1
16.4
12.1
12.2
10
9.6
12
9.3
11.6
30
Table 7a. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Oysterbay(Urban)
Kimara(Urban)
Kiwalani(Urban)
Total
Total
Total
2005/2006
2001/2002
2003/2004
2005/2006
10.9
299
6.0
955
8.8
143
16.1
218
15.6
633
13
7.7
40
17.5
89
21
9.5
1
0.0
20
2001/2002
2003/2004
2005/2006
2003/2004
2005/2006
15-24
279
7.9
277
6.1
341
9.7
223
7.6
221
6.3
256
25-34
202
15.8
173
15.6
233
10.7
134
13.4
186
12.4
35-49
20
10
16
18.8
25
12.0
15
0
24
12.5
Not stated
11
9.1
12
25
1
0.0
12
0
2
50
Median age (yrs)
24
2003-2004
Age group (yrs)
24
24
23
24
23
24
8.2
1,901
7.6
18.8
177
3
103
5
15.6
5.7
146
8.2
5.3
64
9.4
1,408
194
9
15.0
13.9
11.1
9.6
451
12.9
11
10.6
0.0
14.3
23
Marital status
Single
140
12.9
31
3.2
158
10.8
68
4.4
64
7.8
70
17.1
101
15.8
407
13.5
Married
366
10.1
446
11
440
10.0
314
10.2
368
9.8
363
11.6
457
9.4
1265
12.7
438
256
6
Other
4
25
1
0.0
4
25
5
20
Not stated
2
50
1
0.0
2
0.0
2
0
21
4.8
9
11.1
3,052
2
7
189
7.9
205
8.3
252
7.9
152
7.9
540
8.5
1,230
7.6
12.1
800
13.1
999
135
1
7.2
232
11.9
3-4
71
12.7
15.3
276
18.8
464
14.7
>5
20
25
81
18.5
125
9.6
79
15.2
1,642
522
110
8
12.4
13.6
13.6
0.0
Previous pregnancies
0
1-2
206
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
41
11.7
14.6
280
56
12.1
10.7
163
38
9.2
10.5
160
196
62
9.4
8.7
9.7
202
299
107
10.4
18.7
251
85
5.4
13.1
6
0
11
9.1
6
0
14
21.4
17
5.9
19
10.5
20
15
1
0.0
25
16
1
0.0
10
20
1
0.0
512
478
600
384
433
433
558
1697
301
8
3512
56
50
61
35
41
54
59
218
325
383
11.0
10.5
10.2
9.1
9.5
12.5
10.6
12.8
10.8
10.9
31
Table 8a. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Dodoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Bahi (Rural)
2003-2004
2001-2002
Characteristics
No.
Agegroup (yrs)
15-24
68
25-34
77
35-48
22
Not stated
6
Median age
(yrs)
27
Marital status
Single
12
Married
159
Other
Not stated
2
Previous pregnancies
1-2
44
2-3
56
3-4
39
>5
34
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
173
Total number
HIV positive
2
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
1.5
1.3
0
0
No
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
98
58
25
4.1
3.4
8
23
8.3
0.6
16
165
0
4.8
1.2
53
66
30
31
1
0
6.1
6.7
6.5
0
Handari (Rural)
2003-2004
2001-2002
No
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
120
100
47
1
0
3
4.3
0
90
73
39
2
0
0
2.6
0
25
0
0
1.8
0
2.9
2005 - 2006
26
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
112
80
36
0.9
0
0
25
13
251
2
2
7.7
1.6
0
0
16
186
0
0.5
2
43
95
65
57
8
0
2.1
3.1
1.8
0
44
58
53
49
2005
2006
No
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No
91
76
40
2
1.1
1.3
2.5
0
107
66
7
1
26
Kibaigwa (Road side)
2003-2004
2005
HIV
HIV
Preva
Prevalen
lence
ce (%)
No.
(%)
No
2001-2002
5.6
19.7
14.3
0
120
70
13
22
0
0.5
0
0
21
188
0
0
0
1.6
0
1
18
161
5.6
11.8
0
21
203
1
3
2
0
0
0
0
2
52
80
44
52
0
1.3
0
0
39
75
52
42
1
2.6
0
3.8
0
0
47
78
34
22
4.3
9
14.7
27.3
7.1
8.6
0
0
53
86
39
21
4
11.3
8.1
10.3
4.8
0
62
127
57
28
2
1.6
11.8
10.5
3.6
0
209
181
203
8
5
1
1
3
19
18
1.4
11
23
28
244
1
3
228
0.4
5.1
14.4
6.5
0
12.5
8
204
0.5
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
40
163
268
1.9
156
90
29
1
23
181
4.4
8.3
10
7.7
2006
276
23
8.9
8.3
32
Table 8b. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Dodoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Characteristics
Agegroup (yrs)
15-24
25-34
35-48
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
Single
Married
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
1-2
2-3
3-4
>5
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Makole (Urban)
2003-2004
Mpwapwa (semi Urban)
2003-2004
2005 2006
HIV
HIV
Preval
Prevale
ence
No.
nce (%)
No
(%)
Wajenzi (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 2006
HIV
HIV
Preval
Preva
ence
lence
No.
(%)
No
(%)
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
Total
2003-2004
HIV
Prev
alenc
No. e (%)
Total
2005- 2006
HIV
Preval
ence
No
(%)
6.9
13.1
10
0
170
117
30
2
24
5.3
7.7
0
50
110
72
25
8
24
4.5
8.3
0
12.5
207
120
23
1
23
10.1
22.5
4.3
0
237
169
30
3
24
2.1
10.1
10
33.3
453
336
87
12
24
883
581
151
6
24
6.7
10.5
3.3
16.7
962
706
201
16
3.7
9.3
5.5
12.5
166
6
48
8.3
25
12
80
2
143
2.1
11.6
396
4.8
311
0
1
11.3
0
100
270
1
5.6
0
183
0
7
4.9
0
0
271
12.2
295
0
1
7.8
0
0
258
135
8
2
3
7.1
0
0
1472
3
14
6.5
0
7.1
160
232
65
20
1
6.9
11.2
10.8
10
0
88
131
62
33
5
5.7
7.6
4.8
3
0
55
82
46
21
11
3.6
8.5
6.5
0
0
121
111
80
30
9
167
133
80
48
11
3
4.5
8.8
14.6
9.1
7.1
8.3
10.6
3.9
0
526
744
365
216
34
3.8
7.5
7.4
5.1
2.9
2001-2002
HIV
Preval
ence
No.
(%)
No.
188
120
19
3
23
176
136
24
3
24
8
11.8
4.2
0
248
199
30
1
24
53
9.4
286
9.1
9
10.8
10.5
0
61
268
9.8
9.7
1
0
115
152
45
18
6.1
12.5
13.3
0
5.4
10.4
16.7
0
0
2006
No
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
107
774
7.5
6.1
1
6
0
0
250
344
171
123
3.6
7.8
6.4
6.2
330
339
478
319
215
351
439
888
32
31
46
19
12
49
26
54
126
9.1
9.6
5.9
5.6
14
12.6
18.8
10
0
5.3
8
4.6
0
478
637
303
181
22
162
1
9.8
111
163
48
14
3
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
2005
13.9
5.9
6.1
1885
115
7.8
6.1
33
Table 8c. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Dodoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
Characteristics
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Education level
65
0
No formal
105
1.9
Primary
2
0
> secondary
1
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
135
1.5
0-5 km
36
0
More than 5 km
2
0
Not stated
Duration living in residence
< 6 months
161
1.2
> 6 months
12
0
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Bahi (Rural)
2003-2004
No
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
86
95
2.3
6.3
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
133
133
2
0
0
3.8
0
0
Handari (Rural)
2003-2004
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
103
99
1
0
2
2005 - 2006
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
111
114
1
2
0.9
0
0
0
99
107
2
1
1
1.9
0
0
2001-2002
No
59
116
5
1
Kibaigwa (Road side)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
5.1
12.9
40
66
133
4
177
4
3.4
50
122
127
19
2.5
1.6
0
201
1
2
0.5
0
0
228
0.4
208
0
1
1.4
0
0
141
39
1
12.1
5.1
0
7
173
1
0
4.6
0
0
266
2
0
1.9
0
23
177
4
0
0.6
0
2
224
2
0
0.4
0
5
202
2
0
1.5
0
0
177
4
11.3
0
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
10.6
8.3
0
100
174
2
0
2
10.9
100
0
138
64
1
8.7
9.4
0
212
64
0
10.8
0
0
2
201
0
9
0
275
1
0
8.4
0
173
181
268
204
228
209
181
203
276
2
8
5
1
1
3
19
18
23
1.2
4.4
1.9
0.5
0.4
1.4
11
8.9
8.3
34
Table 8d. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Dodoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Characteristics
No.
Education level
30
10
No formal
249
9.6
Primary
50
10
> secondary
1
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
107
9.3
0-5 km
220
10
More than 5 km
3
0
Not stated
Duration living in residence
45
8.9
< 6 months
278
10.1
> 6 months
7
0
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
Makole (Urban)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
23
263
53
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
8.7
9.5
7.5
47
352
79
0
316
22
1
9.5
4.5
0
93
245
1
8.6
9.4
0
Mpwapwa(Semi urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
10.6
10.2
6.3
0
89
210
20
1.1
8.6
0
51
141
16
7
193
283
2
9.8
9.5
0
226
93
8.4
0
0
478
0
0
9.6
0
25
294
16
5.1
Wajenzi (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
2
7.8
0
0
41
278
32
164
43
8
5.5
7
0
0
206
9
0
5.8
0
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Preval
ence
No.
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence (%)
Total
2005 - 2006
Total
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
9.8
13.3
25
123
272
43
1
8.9
4.8
4.7
0
257
569
57
5
2.7
7.2
12.3
416
1093
110
2
4.1
8.9
10.9
0
553
1179
144
9
3.6
7.3
6.3
0
340
11
14.4
0
438
0
1
5.9
0
0
584
296
8
5.1
8.1
12.5
1425
194
2
8.2
4.6
0
1337
517
31
6.2
6.2
0
51
300
11.8
14.3
1
437
1
0
5.9
0
68
793
27
5.9
6.4
0
180
1437
4
10
7.5
0
6
1864
15
0
6.2
0
No.
330
339
478
319
215
351
439
888
1621
1885
32
31
46
19
12
49
26
54
126
115
9.8
9.1
9.6
5.9
5.6
13.9
5.9
6.1
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
6.1
7.8
35
Table 9a. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kagera, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Bukoba (urban)
2003-2004
2001-2002
Characteristic
s
Age group (yrs)
15-24
25-34
35-48
Not stated
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No
Prevalence
310
193
10
3
6.5
11.4
20
0
247
153
9
1
6.9
13.7
11.1
0
Median age
(yrs)
23
Marital status
39
Single
470
Married
1
Other
6
Not stated
Previous pregnancies
195
0
228
1-2
78
3-4
15
>5
195
Not stated
Total number
516
tested for HIV
Total number
43
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
23
15.4
8.1
6.2
10.5
10.3
0
6.2
8.5
248
216
51
0
4.4
7.4
5.9
0
25
16
393
0
9.9
1
0
150
181
61
18
6
12.2
13.1
0
Katoro (Semi-urban)
2003-2004
2001-2002
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
PrePrevalence
e
165
134
29
5
1.8
5.2
0
0
115
95
33
2
0.9
3.2
6.1
0
24
25
30
484
0
1
13.3
5.4
0
0
7
321
3.1
5
143
219
89
64
0
5.6
7.3
3.4
4.7
0
23
136
92
82
23
113
115
32
3
25
0
6
233
4
2
0
2.6
0
0
8
253
0
2
4.3
2.2
3.3
3.7
4.3
41
77
65
61
1
0
2.6
3.1
3.3
0
2
94
75
84
8
410
515
333
245
263
39
30
10
6
10
9.5
5.8
3
2.5
36
Table 9b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kagera, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Nkwenda (Rural)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
Characteristics
Age group (yrs)
15-24
258
25-34
165
35-48
40
Not stated
1
Median age
(yrs)
24
Marital status
Single
10
Married
453
Other
1
Not stated
Previous pregnancies
0 104
1-2
162
3-4
106
>5
92
Not stated
104
Total number
tested for HIV
464
Total number
HIV positive
18
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
3.5
4.2
5
0
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
233
178
36
5
1.3
2.2
0
0
24
20
3.5
4.8
2.5
2.8
6.5
4.8
3.9
Nyamiyaga (Semi-urban)
2005 2006
259
180
49
7
1.9
4.4
2
0
24
8
443
0
1.6
1
106
141
103
99
3
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
2005 - 2006
89
71
15
7
105
105
24
3
2.2
1.4
0
14.3
24
2.9
3.8
0
0
24
Rwamishenye (Urban)
2005 2003-2004
2006
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
Total
Total
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
2005 - 2006
196
91
7
2
807
576
95
16
997
683
126
20
8.2
14.3
0
0
22
171
108
13
2
4.7
10.2
23.1
0
23
4.2
7.6
4.2
6.3
24
3.9
6.1
3.2
10
1021
845
187
17
3.9
5.6
4.8
5.9
24
16.7
2.7
0
0
10
168
1
3
10
1.8
0
0
12
223
0
2
0
3.1
0
0
24
272
8.3
9.9
0
6
487
0
2
14
280
0
0
0
7.9
0
0
61
1,420
2
11
14.8
5.2
0
0
70
1742
5
9
4.3
4.8
0
0
75
1984
0
11
6.7
4.6
0
0
1.9
2.8
1
0
0
96
168
118
95
18
1
3
4.2
2.1
5.6
39
64
39
35
5
5.1
3.1
0
0
0
66
77
43
45
6
1.5
3.9
4.7
0
16.7
115
127
43
6
5
7.8
11.8
4.7
16.7
40
122
120
40
7
5
8.2
5.8
10
14.3
0
349
580
323
242
349
5.2
5.7
6.2
5
5.2
502
667
372
269
16
4.6
6.7
3.5
1.5
12.5
484
761
444
341
40
5.6
5.1
4.3
2.9
5
452
495
182
237
296
294
1494
1826
7
14
4
7
29
22
83
87
1.6
2.8
2.2
3.0
9.8
7.5
5.6
2070
97
4.7
4.7
37
Table 9c: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kagera, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Bukoba urban
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
No. nce (%)
Characteristics
Education level
19
0
No formal
428
9.3
Primary
64
6.3
> secondary
5
0
Not stated
Distance from residence to
clinic
482
7.7
0-5 km
More than 5
26
23.1
km
8
12.5
Not stated
Duration living in residence
< 6 months
513
8.6
> 6 months
3
0
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
2003-2004
Katoro (Semi-urban)
2005 - 2006
Kimeya (Rural)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
No.
nce (%)
2003-2004
PrePr
evale
No.
ncee
2005 - 2006
2001-2002
HIV
Preval
No
ence
No
Prevale
nce
12
333
65
16.7
9.6
7.7
14
455
46
0
7.1
5.5
8.7
0
58
270
4
1
5.2
2.6
0
0
85
156
4
3.5
1.9
0
44
214
3
2
0
4.7
0
0
70
109
1
1
366
9.3
335
5.4
207
2.4
116
1.7
122
2.5
44
11.4
179
6.7
119
4.2
126
3.2
141
1
0
7
0
3
0
43
471
1
11.6
5.3
0
330
3
3
0
19
225
1
0
2.7
0
105
303
2
7.6
10.2
0
20052006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
5.7
6.4
0
0
104
135
2
1
0.7
0
121
144
1
0
7.4
3.5
0
0
177
6.2
202
0.5
207
4.8
5
2
0
38
2.6
55
7.3
0
0
2
0
1
0
4
0
1
250
12
0
4
0
1
177
3
0
6.2
0
5
232
4
0
0.9
0
6
259
1
0
5.4
0
516
410
515
333
245
263
181
241
266
43
39
30
10
6
10
11
2
14
8.5
9.5
5.8
3
2.5
3.8
6.1
0.8
5.3
38
Table 9d: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kagera, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
Characteristics
No.
No formal
Primary
> secondary
Not stated
173
282
7
2
0-5 km
More than 5 km
Not stated
182
280
2
< 6 months
> 6 months
Not stated
1
462
1
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Nkwenda (Rural)
2003-2004
Nyamiyaga (Semi-urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
HIV
PrevalenNo.
ce (%)
No.
Education level
2.9
152
1.3
162
4.3
293
1.4
323
14.3
5
0
9
0
2
50
1
Distance from residence to clinic
4.4
130
2.3
243
3.6
321
1.2
243
0
1
0
9
Duration living in residence
0
28
3.6
15
3.9
421
1.4
480
0
3
0
0
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
2.5
3.1
0
0
57
118
7
2.9
2.9
0
0
2.9
0
Rwamishenye (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
HIV
Prevale
Prevalenc
nce
No.
e (%)
No.
(%)
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
Total
2003-2004
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
(%)
Total
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
3.5
1.7
0
65
161
11
0
6.2
1.9
0
0
19
240
37
21.1
8.3
13.5
13
231
50
0
7.7
6.9
10
0
320
1,089
76
9
3.8
6.1
6.6
0
429
1275
120
2
3.3
4.9
8.3
50
419
1528
120
3
4.5
4.5
7.5
0
98
82
2
3.1
1.2
0
181
54
2
2.8
3.7
0
295
9.8
1
0
289
3
2
7.3
33.3
0
1,048
427
19
5.8
4.9
5.3
1207
611
8
6
2.5
0
1377
675
18
4.6
4.9
0
14
167
1
21.4
0.6
0
9
226
2
0
3.1
0
61
235
6.6
10.6
32
262
0
3.1
8
0
2
1,482
10
0
5.6
0
232
1583
11
6.9
4.5
0
106
1948
16
5.7
4.7
0
464
452
495
182
237
296
294
1494
1826
2070
18
7
14
4
7
29
22
83
87
97
3.9
1.6
2.8
2.2
3
9.8
7.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
39
Table 10a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mtwara, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Ligula (Urban)
2001-2002
Characteristics
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Mangaka (Semi-urban)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
No
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
208
6.3
167
6.6
146
13.7
144
8.3
30
10
26
15.4
5
20
2
0
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
2001-2002
No.
2003-2004
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Nanyamba (Rural)
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
Prevalen
ce
137
2.9
153
4.6
100
6
133
6
29
10.3
47
6.4
1
0
2
0
No.
2001-2002
No
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
2005 -2006
HIV
Preval
ence
No.
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
80
3.7
58
0
71
4.2
50
4
22
0
17
5.9
3
0
5
0
Age group (yrs)
158
117
28
2
15-24
25-34
35-48
Not stated
Median age
(yrs)
7.0
19.7
10.7
100
24
24
25
133
97
46
3
6
4.1
0
0
25
24
25
66
46
12
1
1.5
8.7
0
0
24
25
25
Marital status
58
247
Single
Married
13.8
12.1
63
6.3
8
12.5
325
9.8
302
7.6
23
4.3
Other
Not stated
35
243
1
100
6
33.3
1
126
3.2
116
3.4
171
11.7
157
10.2
63
11.1
45
8.9
14
21.4
14
14.3
76
93
54
56
15
20
7
14.3
14.3
2.9
31
19.4
3
0
234
3
319
5.3
3
0
0
2
0
10
5.3
6.5
3.7
0
64
1.6
97
49
51
6
25
144
8
4.2
10
1
0
63
3.2
4.1
126
5.6
10.2
81
4.9
5.9
63
7.9
9
67
32
17
11.1
3
3.1
5.9
0
2
0
12
8.3
15
0
164
3
113
2.7
0
0
2
0
Previous pregnancies
0
1-2
2-4
>5
112
124
54
15
6.3
13.7
22.2
13.3
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
305
Total number
HIV positive
38
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
279
389
267
335
12
37
0
2
0
74
8.1
61
1.6
38
0
44
2.3
24
0
22
4.5
5
0
1
0
125
339
176
130
6
3
5
27
13
12.5
35
18
4.3
9.5
8.0
4.8
5.4
4.0
3.4
2.3
40
Table 10b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mtwara, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Characteristics
Age group (yrs)
15-24
25-34
35-48
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
Single
Married
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
0
1-2
2-4
>5
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
(%)
66
46
12
1
25
1.5
8.7
0
0
8
144
0
4.2
1
0
43
64
30
16
4.7
3.1
6.7
0
Tandahimba (Semi-urban)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
76
50
16
5
24
0
0
0
20
26
121
0
0.8
34
77
24
10
2
0
1.3
0
0
0
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Likombe (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
3
5.7
7.7
76
55
17
2
24
5.3
12.7
17.6
0
74
42
17
2
24
0
4.8
0
0
74
82
22
1
25
2.7
7.3
0
0
424
332
99
7
25
5.2
10.5
3
20
674
462
127
16
24
3.4
7.4
5.5
12.5
609
543
154
13
4.8
7.4
7.8
0
4.7
11.1
0
33.3
22
113
4.5
0.9
18
158
2
1
5.6
4.4
0
0
126
733
11.9
6.3
184
1091
7.6
4.7
3
0
4
25
105
1159
33
22
5.7
6
3
18.2
7.1
8.7
11.1
18.2
0
39
57
22
14
3
58
83
28
8
2
5.2
4.8
3.6
0
0
240
348
170
104
5.8
7.8
10
2.9
351
547
229
119
33
1.7
6.8
5.7
6.7
9.1
317
576
274
127
25
4.4
7.1
5.5
7.9
4
6.2
6.3
4
0
18
168
0
0
11.1
5.4
0
0
30
134
6.7
3.7
1
0
43
99
5
3
50
80
40
9
7
6
8.8
2.5
0
0
53
71
33
6
2
1.9
4.2
3
33.3
0
28
69
36
11
6
22
0
3.5
0
0
0
153
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Total
2005 -2006
99
53
13
81
79
25
1
26
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Total
2003-2004
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
(%)
No.
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Mkunya (Rural)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
862
147
186
165
150
135
179
1279
6
1319
61
1
11
7
14
2
8
66
4
81
7.1
0.7
5.9
4.2
9.3
1.5
4.5
5.1
6.1
41
Table 10c: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mtwara, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
Characteristics
Education level
No formal
57
8.8
Primary
216
13.4
> secondary
32
12.5
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
290
12.8
More than 5 km
14
7.1
Not stated
1
0
Duration living in residence
< 6 months
56
8.9
> 6 months
248
13.3
Not stated
1
0
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Ligula (Urban)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
No
ce (%)
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
Mangaka (Semi-urban)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No
ce (%)
Nanyamba (Rural)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
82
271
36
9.8
9.6
8.3
63
227
49
0
7.9
6.6
14.3
0
91
181
7
4.4
3.9
14.3
97
165
5
0
7.9
0
100
223
8
4
2
6.7
12.5
0
47
73
5
2.1
5.5
0
101
69
6
4
2.9
0
65
58
6
1
4.6
0
0
0
353
35
1
9.9
5.7
0
332
6
1
7.8
16.7
0
124
154
1
7.3
1.9
0
162
105
4.9
4.8
283
49
3
6
2
0
97
27
1
5.2
0
0
164
12
3
8.3
129
0
1
2.3
0
0
65
320
4
6.2
10.3
0
0
334
5
0
8.1
0
277
2
4.3
0
267
4.9
7
321
7
0
5.6
0
11
112
2
9.1
3.6
0
17
157
2
5.9
3.2
0
3
123
4
0
2.4
0
305
279
389
125
339
267
38
335
12
37
27
13
12.5
18
4.3
9.5
8
176
130
6
3
5
4
4.8
5.4
3.4
2.3
42
Table 10: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mtwara, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Characteristics
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
(%)
Education level
No formal
68
4.4
Primary
75
4
> secondary
8
0
Not stated
2
0
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
128
4.7
More than 5 km
23
0
Not stated
2
0
Duration living in residence
< 6 months
3
0
> 6 months
149
4
Not stated
1
0
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Tandahimba (Semi-urban)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
42
99
6
1
0
96
51
13
130
4
0
Likombe (Urban)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
6
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
Mkunya (Rural)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
nce
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Total
2003-2004
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
(%)
Total
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
50
129
6
1
6.2
0
0
33
126
5
1
0
5.6
0
0
44
100
6
0
4.5
12
0
0
56
76
3
1.8
1.3
0
54
122
3
0
3.7
4.9
0
0
263
545
52
2
4.9
7.9
9.6
0
411
806
61
1
3.2
6.2
4.9
0
376
859
78
6
4.5
6.5
10.3
0
1
0
163
23
0
6.1
4.3
0
157
4
4
4.5
0
0
148
1
1
9.5
0
0
110
24
1
1.8
0
0
159
19
1
5
0
0
639
218
5
8.9
1.8
0
1042
231
6
5.6
3.5
0
1214
98
7
6.4
3.1
0
0
0.8
0
0
183
3
0
6
0
25
138
2
0
5.1
0
0
148
2
0
8.8
50
16
118
1
0
1.7
0
0
174
5
0
4.6
0
70
786
6
8.6
7
0
136
1130
13
3.7
5.4
0
10
1283
26
0
6.2
3.8
153
862
147
186
165
150
135
179
1279
6
1319
61
1
11
7
14
2
8
66
4
81
7.1
0.7
5.9
4.2
9.3
1.5
4.5
5.1
6.1
43
Table 11a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
Characteristics
Age group (yrs)
15-24
126
25-34
131
35-48
37
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
25
Marital status
Single
20
Married
274
Other
Not stated
Previous pregnancies
0
77
1-2
95
3-4
78
>5
44
Not stated
Total number
294
tested for HIV
Total number
16
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
4.8
6.9
2.7
-
Hedaru (Road side)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
No
ce (%)
125
79
15
2.4
2.5
0
24
10
5.1
6.5
3.2
7.7
4.5
5.5
11
210
13
109
63
33
3
0
2.4
0
3.7
1.6
0
0
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalen
No
ce (%)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce
131
142
31
2
25
7.6
8.5
0
0
235
164
19
6
24
6.4
9.8
5.3
0
25
280
0
1
4
7.5
0
0
60
364
10
7.1
23
141
97
42
3
4.3
6.4
12.4
0
0
149
203
57
15
Majengo (Urban)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
202
109
12
7.9
4.6
8.3
23
4.7
8.9
10.5
6.7
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
166
140
21
3
24
4.8
10
4.8
0
3.2
7.4
0
0
5.3
6.4
11.9
7.1
0
33
287
6.1
7
1
0
31
298
0
1
138
133
36
8
8
5.1
10.5
2.8
0
0
113
140
59
14
4
2001-2002
HIV
Prevale
No
nce
75
50
80
48
58
26
1
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
1.3
4
0
-
119
122
24
3
25
9.2
4.9
0
0
63
77
22
2
25
4.8
1.3
4.5
0
10
1.6
19
247
10.5
6.1
2
0
9
155
0
0
0
3.2
0
0
66
134
52
9
7
9.1
6.7
3.9
0
0
33
102
27
0
2
3
3.9
0
0
0
24
10
123
Masama (Rural)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce (%)
No.
0
3.4
3.8
0
221
306
424
323
330
133
268
164
5
22
32
22
23
3
17
5
2.3
7.2
7.6
6.8
7
2.3
6.3
3
44
Table 11a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06:
2001-2002
Characteristics
Agegroup (yrs)
15-24
25-34
35-48
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
Single
Married
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
0
1-2
3-4
>5
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
No.
HIV
Prevalenc
e (%)
Umbwe (Rural)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prev
alenc
No.
e (%)
Pasua (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
No.
0
6.7
0
41
46
22
0
26
0
6.5
9.1
0
196
111
11
5
23
8.7
6.3
18.2
0
176
142
27
3
24
4
2.8
0
0
69
94
25
3
27
4.4
5.3
0
0
56
71
36
6
28
1.8
5.6
0
0
481
401
76
7
24
5.2
8.5
2.6
759
560
97
13
24
6.6
5
3.1
0
633
618
159
16
4.6
6.1
2.5
0
102
863
9.8
5.9
157
1261
4
7
7
5.6
0
0
151
1269
1
5
3.3
5.2
0
0
4.3
7.3
8.3
4.1
400
612
260
111
46
6.3
6.9
4.6
0.9
2.2
271
669
338
124
24
3.3
5.4
7.1
0.8
4.2
50
1429
6.7
12.5
0
0
12
102
8.3
8.8
4
97
1
1
25
2.1
0
0
9
100
0
0
0
5
0
0
56
263
1
3
5.4
8.8
0
0
55
289
1
3
3.6
3.1
0
0
34
157
8.8
3.2
22
147
0
0
4.5
2.7
0
0
3.8
14
9.7
0
20
40
23
18
2
5
0
8.7
0
0
20
46
29
13
1
0
6.5
6.9
0
0
114
132
46
13
18
7
9.9
6.5
7.7
5.6
49
190
85
16
8
2
4.7
1.2
0
0
49
64
40
30
8
6.1
3.1
7.5
0
0
33
50
41
39
6
0
4
4.9
0
16.7
26
43
31
14
25
300
399
192
74
114
103
109
323
348
191
169
965
10
3
5
26
11
8
5
61
8.8
Total
2005 - 2006
48
45
10
45
56
12
1
27
2.9
4.6
8.1
3.2
4.2
3.0
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Total
2003-2004
HIV
Preval
ence
No.
(%)
No.
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Huruma (semi Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
HIV
Prevale
Prevale
nce
No.
nce (%) No.
(%)
1426
81
6.3
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
71
5.7
5.0
45
Table 11c: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
Characteristics
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Education level
No formal
16
0
Primary
275
5.8
> secondary
2
0
Not stated
1
0
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
203
4.9
More than 5 km
90
6.7
Not stated
1
0
Duration living in
residence
< 6 months
1
100
> 6 months
293
5.1
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Hedaru (Road side)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
2001-2002
No
Prevale
nce
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
27
188
5
1
0
2.7
0
0
44
252
10
0
4.5
7.9
0
0
5
359
60
0
113
104
4
1.8
2.9
0
214
91
1
8.4
4.4
0
1
218
2
0
2.3
0
0
301
5
0
7.3
0
2005 -2006
2001-2002
Masama (Rural)
2003-2004
No.
Prevalence
No.
20
7.5
6.7
13
264
46
0
15.4
6.4
3
0
5
285
39
1
0
7.4
5.1
0
0
119
14
0
0
2.5
0
0
19
227
20
2
5.3
6.2
5
1
1
146
17
0
0
3.4
0
0
361
63
6.9
11.1
295
28
0
6.4
10.7
0
3.3
27
0
7.6
0
0
131
1
1
2.3
0
0
264
3
1
6.4
0
0
161
2
1
3.1
0
0
97
325
2
7.2
7.4
50
55
268
0
10.9
6
0
0
328
2
0
7
0
6
127
16.7
1.6
3
264
1
33.3
6.1
0
0
162
2
0
2.5
50
No
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevale
nce
No.
(%)
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce
Majengo (Urban)
2003-2004
294
221
306
424
323
330
133
268
164
5
22
32
22
23
3
17
5
16
5.5
2.3
7.2
7.6
6.8
7.0
2.3
6.3
3.1
3
46
Table 11d: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
Characteristics
Education level
3
0
No formal
107
8.4
Primary
4
25
> secondary
Not stated
0
Distance from residence to
clinic
108
8.3
0-5 km
6
16.7
More than 5
km
0
Not stated
Duration living in residence
3
0
< 6 months
111
9
> 6 months
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
Umbwe (Rural)
2003-2004
HIV
Preval
ence
No.
(%)
2005 -2006
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Pasua (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
HIV
Preval
Preva
ence
lence
No.
(%)
No.
(%)
Huruma (semi Urban)
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
HIV
Preval
Preva
ence
lence
No.
(%)
No.
(%)
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Preval
ence
No.
(%)
Total
2005 -2006
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
4
93
6
1
3.3
0
0
2
103
4
0
4.9
0
0
9
273
40
0
11.1
8.1
7.5
0
5
297
46
0
0
2.7
6.5
0
0
174
16
1
0
3.5
12.5
0
2
158
9
0
0
3.2
0
0
24
860
80
1
4.2
6.4
6.3
72
1218
133
6
5.6
5.5
6.8
16.7
59
1241
125
1
3.4
5.2
4
0
96
3.1
106
4.7
298
8.1
341
3.2
136
3.7
153
3.3
803
160
5.9
8.7
1202
5.8
1278
5.2
7
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
17
8
11.8
0
7
0
0
0
55
0
5.5
0
16
0
0
0
2
214
13
5.1
0
146
2
2.7
0
2
101
0
3
0
109
0
0
4.6
0
12
296
15
8.3
8.5
0
0
343
5
0
3.2
0
12
176
3
0
4.6
0
0
169
0
0
3
0
107
856
2
8.4
6
85
1323
21
9.4
5.5
0
0
1412
14
0
5
7.1
50
1429
1426
81
71
0
0
114
103
109
323
348
191
169
965
10
3
5
26
11
8
5
61
8.8
Total
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
2.9
4.6
8.1
3.2
4.2
3.0
6.3
5.0
5.7
47
Table 12a. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mbeya, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Characteristics
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
Agegroup (yrs)
15-24
122
25-34
74
35-48
16
Not stated
5
Median age (yrs)
23
Marital status
Single
18
Married
197
Other
0
Not stated
2
Previous pregnancies
0
66
1-2
87
3-4
45
>5
19
Not stated
Total number
217
tested for HIV
Total number
37
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
Chimala (Road side)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
HIV
Prevalenc
Prevalence
No
e (%)
No.
(%)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce
Ilembo (Rural)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalenc
No.
e (%)
2001-2002
No
HIV
Prevalence
Kiwanjampaka(Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
HIV
Prevalence
Prevalence
No.
(%)
No.
(%)
15.6
23
6.3
0
116
109
23
1
25
8.6
21.1
21.7
0
104
129
31
2
26
17.3
27.9
12.9
0
103
93
12
3
25
5.9
7.5
8.3
0
110
64
10
4
23
8.3
9.4
0
0
94
72
9
2
24
4.3
4.2
22.2
0
335
199
25
9
23
13.1
24.6
24
25
422
273
26
5
23
16.1
23.1
15.4
40
366
268
39
2
24
11.2
19
10.3
0
0
18.3
0
50
22
227
0
0
22.7
15
0
0
21
241
4
0
19
22
25
0
10
197
0
4
20
6.6
0
0
11
177
0
0
18.2
7.9
0
0
6
170
1
0
16.7
4.7
0
0
71
496
1
15.5
18.1
0
38
684
1
3
13.2
19.4
0
0
78
595
0
2
15.4
14.1
0
0
13.6
20.7
20
5..3
54
108
55
28
4
1.9
20.4
21.8
14.3
0
57
114
60
32
3
12.3
27.2
26.7
6.3
66.7
4.4
11.6
8
0
56
61
49
20
2
7.1
11.5
8.2
5
0
50
70
28
25
0
4
5.7
0
12
0
12.5
20.6
24
10.5
258
311
125
23
9
13.2
23.8
21.6
13.1
0
215
328
109
14
9
11.6
18.3
9.2
7.1
0
17.1
64
69
50
28
216
233
100
19
249
266
211
188
177
568
726
675
39
58
15
16
9
102
138
96
15.7
21.8
7.1
8.5
5.1
17.9
19.0
14.2
48
Table 12b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mbeya, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
2001-2002
Characteristics
Age group
(yrs)
15-24
25-34
35-48
Not stated
Median age
(yrs)
Marital status
Single
Married
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
0
1-2
3-4
>5
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
239
113
17
4
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
16
22.1
5.9
0
22
53
308
8
4
132
180
55
6
Kyela Border)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
222
86
13
2
14
21
15.4
0
22
2005 - 2006
Igamba(Rural)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
198
111
12
2
18.2
22.5
25
0
139
77
9
3
9.4
13
11.1
0
23
24
No.
122
64
16
0
Ruanda (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
18.9
14.1
25
0
450
238
21
19
14.2
17.7
4.8
5.3
22.5
23
No.
452
315
41
13
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
15.3
17.1
12.2
0
24
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prev
alen
ce
No.
(%)
799
479
70
21
13.4
20.5
12.9
11.1
23
Total
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
1459
847
102
34
13.6
19.6
14.7
11.8
1336
959
148
21
14.3
18.6
14.9
0
No.
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
23
18.9
16.6
37.5
0
47
273
1
2
19.2
15.4
0
0
32
291
0
0
21.9
19.6
0
0
8
219
0
1
12.5
10.5
0
0
6
196
0
0
16.7
17.9
0
0
23
700
0
5
21.7
15.9
0
0
62
758
0
1
12.9
15.8
0
0
152
1198
9
10
15.1
15.9
33.3
10
149
2280
2
11
18.1
15.7
0
0
205
2251
5
3
16.1
15.9
20
0
12.9
21.7
12.7
16.7
125
152
34
6
6
13.6
13.8
32.4
33.3
0
97
172
45
3
6
14.4
22.7
22.2
0
16.7
52
105
43
16
12
3.9
10.5
14
12.5
25
60
76
37
21
8
21.7
15.8
18.9
14.3
12.5
294
315
94
13
12
12.9
19.1
14.9
7.7
25
264
386
125
13
33
12.5
16.8
18.4
15.4
15.2
478
569
250
72
11.7
19.9
17.6
5.6
839
152
400
106
45
11.4
18.5
18.8
12.3
13.3
743
1146
404
108
63
12.7
18.4
16.3
10.2
14.3
373
323
323
228
202
728
821
1369
2442
2464
64
51
64
24
36
116
128
218
384
391
17.2
15.8
19.8
10.5
17.8
15.9
15.6
16
15.9
15.7
49
Table 12c: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mbeya, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Characteristics
Education level
No formal
Primary
> secondary
Not stated
Distance from
residence to clinic
0-5 km
More than 5 km
Not stated
Duration living in
residence
< 6 months
> 6 months
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
30
173
13
1
30
15.6
0
100
Chimala (Road side)
2003-2004
No
Prevale
nce
61
178
10
13.1
16.9
10
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
2001-2002
HIV
Prevalen
No.
ce
49
205
12
0
16.3
24.4
0
0
40
164
6
1
7.5
7.3
0
Ilembo (Rural)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalence
No.
(%)
Kiwanjampaka (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
HIV
HIV
HIV
Prevalen
Prevalen
Prevalence No.
ce
No.
ce (%)
2001-2002
No.
Prevalence
29
156
3
6.9
9
0
32
144
1
0
12.5
2.8
100
0
58
449
61
13.3
18
19.7
20
577
129
10
18.5
22.5
42
540
93
0
7.1
15.7
8.6
0
0
No
113
102
2
16.8
16.7
50
120
129
249
15
16.3
15.7
222
43
1
20.7
27.9
0
125
78
8
6.4
9
0
126
60
2
10.3
5
0
145
41
1
5.5
3.2
0
404
150
14
17.8
18
14.3
719
1
6
19.2
0
0
667
6
2
14.2
16.7
0
10
207
20
16.9
15
232
2
13.3
15.5
50
20
246
0
30
21.1
0
5
200
6
0
7
16.7
11
171
6
18.2
6.4
50
7
167
3
14.3
4.8
0
64
503
1
15.6
18.1
0
23
701
2
13
19
100
1
674
0
0
14.2
0
217
249
266
211
188
177
568
726
675
39
58
15
16
9
102
138
96
37
17.1
15.7
21.8
7.1
8.5
5.1
17.9
19
14.2
50
Table 12d. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mbeya, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Igamba(Rural)
Kyela Border)
2001-2002
2003-2004
Characteristics
Education level
No formal
Primary
> secondary
Not stated
Distance from
residence to clinic
0-5 km
More than 5 km
Not stated
Duration living in
residence
< 6 months
> 6 months
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
8
335
30
25
17.9
6.7
6
284
32
358
12
3
17.6
8.3
0
2
370
1
0
17..3
0
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
0
16.2
15.6
1
298
23
1
317
0
6
15.8
0
16.7
53
268
2
13.2
16.4
0
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
0
19.8
21.7
0
9
214
4
1
321
0
2
19.6
0
50
20
302
1
15
20.2
0
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
11.1
10.3
25
0
9
189
3
1
161
61
6
11.2
9.8
0
12
213
3
25
9.9
0
Ruanda (Urban)
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
Total
2001-2002
HIV
Prev
alenc
No.
e (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
11.1
18.5
0
0
23
591
112
2
13
16.9
11.6
0
45
674
102
0
20
15.4
14.7
0
136
1121
110
2
186
18
0
19.6
0
0
711
11
6
15.9
18.2
1
819
1
1
15.6
0
0
12
186
4
8.3
18.8
0
16
653
6
14.5
16.1
16.7
41
79
1
12.2
15.8
0
Total
2003-2004
Total
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
16.2
16.1
12.7
50
148
2000
290
4
10.8
16
16.9
0
178
2050
234
2
14
16.4
12.4
0
1000
342
27
16.2
15.2
11.1
2154
262
26
16.3
12.2
7.7
2358
99
7
15.9
14.1
14.3
81
1280
8
14.8
15.9
12.5
183
2238
21
14.8
15.6
33.3
101
2354
9
15.8
15.9
0
373
323
323
228
202
728
821
1369
2442
2464
64
51
64
24
36
116
128
218
384
391
17.2
15.8
19.8
10.5
17.8
15.9
15.6
16
15.7
15.9
51
Table 13a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Tamga Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Handeni
Kwamkono (Rural)
Lushoto
(Semi-urban)
(Semi-urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
Characteristics
No.
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
No
Prevalence
15-24
202
5.4
209
2.4
82
6.1
71
4.2
94
3.2
127
25-34
147
9.5
212
6.1
65
4.6
88
3.4
127
6.3
167
9.6
35-48
43
14
49
8.2
19
0
27
0
23
8.7
38
10.5
Not stated
11
9.1
5
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
Median age
(yrs)
24
Agegroup
(yrs)
25
25
25
26
2.4
26
Marital status
Single
23
4.3
12
0
19
10.5
7
0
22
9.1
12
0
Married
379
8.2
461
4.8
149
4
179
3.4
223
4.9
320
7.2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
11.8
24
8.3
51
2
84
2.4
Other
Not stated
Previous pregnancies
0
103
8.7
102
2.9
34
1-2
143
8.4
188
5.3
51
2
54
3.7
124
3.2
149
6.7
3-4
90
5.6
125
4
46
2.2
46
0
54
11.1
82
11
>5
54
9.3
58
6.9
30
6.7
47
4.3
11
9.1
19
5.3
Not stated
13
7.7
2
0
7
0
16
0
6
16.7
1
100
Total number
tested for HIV
403
Total number
HIV positive
32
475
168
8
187
246
335
13
52
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
7.9
4.6
4.7
3.2
5.3
6.9
53
Table 13b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Tanga, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Magoma
Makolola
(Rural)
2003-2004
Ngamiani (Urban)
Total
Total
2003-2004
2005 - 2006
(Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
15-24
68
0
53
1.9
286
4.9
336
6.3
296
16.9
220
7.7
1028
8.1
25-34
75
1.3
88
0
201
9
273
7.3
213
21.6
205
12.7
828
10.9
35-48
20
5
18
0
34
8.8
42
11.9
31
9.7
24
8.3
170
8.8
Not stated
12
0
0
0
24
4.2
7
14.3
7
14.3
7
42.9
58
5.2
Median age
(yrs)
25
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Characteristics
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Age group (yrs)
26
24
24
24
1016
1033
198
23
4.9
7.6
7.6
17.4
166
2079
0
25
7.2
6.3
0
12
482
986
549
220
33
6.4
6.4
7.8
4.1
3
25
Marital status
Single
12
0
15
6.7
63
6.3
59
8.5
83
22.9
61
9.8
222
12.6
Married
162
1.2
143
0
480
6.7
597
7
461
17.6
379
10.3
1854
8.8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
16
18.8
5
0
0
13
7.7
141
2.8
184
7.6
170
16.5
75
12
534
8.6
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
0
35
1-2
69
0
44
0
267
7.5
324
4.9
281
20.3
227
11
935
10.1
3-4
47
4.3
56
0
98
10.2
118
12.7
70
17.1
122
11.5
405
8.9
>5
23
0
45
0
19
5.3
24
8.3
18
11.1
27
0
155
7.1
Not stated
1
0
1
0
20
5
8
0
8
12.5
5
0
55
7.3
Total number
tested for HIV
175
159
545
658
547
456
2084
2270
Total number
HIV positive
2
1
36
47
100
48
191
147
54
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
1.1
0.6
6.6
7.1
18.3
10.5
6.5
9.2
55
Table 13c: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Tanga, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Handeni (Semi-urban)
Characteristics
Kwamkono (Rural)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Lushoto (Semi-urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
No .
Prevalence
No formal
83
6
79
1.3
48
2.1
54
1.9
14
7.1
15
6.7
Primary
308
7.8
376
5.1
118
5.9
130
3.8
216
4.6
285
6.3
> secondary
12
25
20
10
2
0
3
0
16
12.5
35
11.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Education level
Not stated
Distance from
residence to
clinic
0-5 km
258
9.7
212
6.6
137
4.4
158
3.8
205
5.9
227
8.4
More than 5 km
140
5
260
3.1
30
6.7
26
0
40
2.5
104
2.9
5
0
3
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
4
25
< 6 months
37
8.1
9
11.1
7
0
7
28.6
18
11.1
21
4.8
> 6 months
365
7.9
466
4.5
161
5
180
2.2
223
4.9
312
7.1
Not stated
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
2
0
Not stated
Duration living
in residence
Total number
tested for HIV
403
475
168
187
246
335
Total number
HIV positive
32
22
8
6
13
23
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
7.9
4.6
4.7
3.2
5.3
6.9
56
57
Table 13d: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Tanga, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Magoma (Rural)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No formal
55
1.8
33
Primary
Characteristics
Makolola (Urban)
No.
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
0
72
9.7
Ngamiani (Urban)
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
30
No.
2003-2004
Total
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
6.7
17
29.4
19
0
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
Education level
6.9
230
2.2
9.3
7
6.7
0
116
0.9
118
0.8
437
6.2
562
7.7
475
18.1
400
11.3
289
167
0
> secondary
3
0
8
0
34
5.9
63
3.2
51
17.6
36
8.3
118
13.6
Not stated
1
0
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
1
0
7
0
1871
165
4
0-5 km
96
2.1
43
2.3
494
6.7
622
7.2
422
19.4
454
10.4
161
2
9.9
1716
7.7
More than 5 km
79
0
115
0
45
6.7
31
6.5
119
15.1
2
50
453
6.8
1
0
6
0
5
0
6
0
0
0
19
0
538
16
2.6
6.3
2
0
48
6.3
76
9.2
86
19.8
53
7.5
12.8
168
8.9
8.8
9.3
2094
8
6.3
0
Distance from
residence to
clinic
Not stated
Duration living
in residence
< 6 months
> 6 months
168
1.2
154
0.6
471
6.6
580
6.9
452
17.9
402
10.9
196
184
0
Not stated
7
0
3
0
26
7.7
2
0
9
22.2
1
0
48
Total number
tested for HIV
175
Total number
HIV positive
2
159
1
545
658
547
456
208
4
2270
36
47
100
456
191
147
58
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
1.1
0.6
6.6
7.1
18.3
10.5
6.5
9.2
59
Table 14a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kigoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Kibondo (Semi urban)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
15-24
116
25-34
77
35-48
Kiganamo (Semi urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
0.9
103
1.9
150
4
3.3
96
5.2
136
2.2
22
9.1
23
4.3
35
5.7
Not stated
2
50
1
0
5
0
Median age (yrs)
24
Characteristics
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Kigoma (Urban)
2005 -2006
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
184
1.1
173
6.9
135
6.7
138
0
106
6.6
118
4.2
28
3.6
21
9.5
17
5.9
1
100
1
0
2
0
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
Age group (yrs)
25.8
25
24.9
23
24.6
Marital status
Single
7
0
9
11.1
46
2.2
56
0
30
6.7
13
7.7
Married
210
3.3
214
3.3
276
3.3
291
1.4
271
7
259
5.4
Other
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
0
0
0
0
2
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
1.8
51
0
85
4.7
99
1
93
8.6
79
6.3
1-2
84
1.2
78
5.1
128
3.1
131
0.8
105
7.6
103
3.9
2-3
37
8.1
49
2
54
1.9
72
1.4
65
3.1
58
6.9
>5
38
5.3
40
7.5
44
4.6
35
2.9
36
8.3
28
3.6
Not stated
2
0
5
0
15
0
14
0
2
0
4
25
No formal
45
4.4
28
0
30
0
37
2.7
67
10.5
60
5
Primary
161
3.1
174
4
272
4
288
1
204
5.4
184
6
> secondary
10
0
20
5
22
0
25
0
3
0
28
3.6
Education level
60
Table 14a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kigoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Kibondo (Semi urban)
2003-2004
Characteristics
Not stated
Distance from
residence to clinic
0-5 km
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
0
Kiganamo (Semi urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
0
1
0
2
0
Kigoma (Urban)
2005 -2006
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
1
0
0
0
0
0
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
208
3.4
204
3.9
308
3.3
351
1.1
279
6.1
259
4.6
More than 5 km
9
0
19
0
11
9.1
0
0
20
15
12
25
Not stated
Duration living in
residence
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
2
50
1
0
< 6 months
17
0
0
0
9
11.1
0
0
25
8
1
100
> 6 months
198
3.5
217
3.7
311
3.2
346
1.2
275
6.9
268
5.2
Not stated
1
0
6
0
6
0
5
0
1
0
3
0
Total number tested
for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
217
223
326
351
301
272
7
8
11
4
21
15
3.2
3.6
3.4
1.1
7
5.5
61
Table 14b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kigoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Nyakitonto (Rural)
2003-2004
Characteristics
No.
Ujiji (Urban)
2005 -2006
HIV
No.
Prevalenc
e (%)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
2005 -2006
HIV
No.
Prevalen
ce (%)
Keza
Total
Total
2005 -2006
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
No.
Prevalence
(%)
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Age group (yrs)
15-24
59
5.1
94
0
201
6
157
3.8
63
3.2
699
4.9
25-34
61
3.3
58
3.4
114
9.7
89
7.9
82
3.7
494
5.3
35-48
43
2.3
19
5.3
21
4.8
13
7.7
29
3.4
142
5.6
Not stated
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
14
7.1
Median age (yrs)
26
25.4
23
23.5
27.6
736
581
129
5
2.9
3.8
4.7
20
98
1345
4
4
4.1
3.3
25
0
378
494
313
234
32
2.4
2.4
5.8
4.3
3.1
250
1115
84
2
4.8
3.1
3.6
0
24
Marital status
Single
11
9.1
9
11.1
34
14.7
8
0
3
33.3
128
7.1
Married
149
3.4
160
1.3
307
6.7
250
5.2
171
2.9
1213
4.9
Other
3
0
2
0
0
0
2
50
0
0
5
20
Not stated
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
25
8
46
0
106
7.6
86
3.5
17
0
365
6.3
1-2
41
4.9
52
1.9
112
8.9
88
1.1
42
2.4
470
5.3
2-3
40
2.5
32
0
59
5.1
58
17.2
44
4.5
255
3.9
>5
54
1.9
37
5.4
52
5.8
26
0
68
4.4
224
4.9
Not stated
3
0
4
0
13
0
2
0
3
0
35
0
No formal
48
0
35
0
75
6.7
47
10.6
43
7
266
5.3
Primary
114
5.3
132
2.3
253
7.1
206
3.9
131
2.3
1004
5.1
> secondary
1
0
4
0
13
7.7
7
14.3
0
0
76
5.3
Not stated
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
Previous pregnancies
Education level
Distance from residence
62
Table 14b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Kigoma, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Nyakitonto (Rural)
2003-2004
Characteristics
No.
Ujiji (Urban)
2005 -2006
HIV
No.
Prevalenc
e (%)
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
2005 -2006
HIV
No.
Prevalen
ce (%)
Keza
Total
Total
2005 -2006
2003-2004
2005 -2006
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
No.
Prevalence
(%)
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
to clinic
0-5 km
120
3.3
171
1.8
337
7.1
260
5.4
172
2.9
1252
5
More than 5 km
38
5.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
50
78
7.7
Not stated
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
19
5.3
Duration living in
residence
< 6 months
5
0
0
0
32
6.3
3
0
0
0
88
5.7
> 6 months
156
3.9
170
1.8
307
7.2
254
5.5
173
3.5
1248
5.1
Not stated
2
0
1
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
13
0
Total number tested for
HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV prevalence
(%) per site
163
171
342
260
174
1349
6
3
24
14
6
69
3.7
1.8
7
5.4
3.5
1417
33
1
3.2
12.1
0
4
1428
19
25
3.4
0
1451
50
5.1
3.5
63
Table 15a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Lindi, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Chumo
2003-2004
Characteristics
No
Liwale (Rural)
2005 - 2006
(%)HIV
No.
Prevalence
2003-2004
(%)HIV
Prevalence
No
Nachingwea (Semi-urban)
2005 - 2006
(%)HIV No.
Prevalence
2003-2004
(%)HIV
Prevalence
No.
2005 - 2006
(%)HIV No.
Prevalence
(%)HIV
Prevalence
Age group (yrs)
15-24
71
1.4
51
0
163
1.2
170
11.2
127
6.3
132
12.9
25-34
49
4.1
55
0
99
5.1
130
12.3
82
14.6
98
12.2
35-48
21
4.8
20
5
40
2.5
29
10.3
17
11.8
26
7.7
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
24
27.2
23.5
25
23
25.2
Marital status
Single
37
2.7
21
0
67
0
81
13.6
39
7.7
51
7.8
Married
103
2.9
104
1
235
3.4
244
10.2
188
10.1
206
13.1
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Not stated
Previous pregnancies
1
0
3
0
0
0
6
33.3
0
0
1
0
0
20
0
20
0
87
1.2
79
11.4
79
6.3
76
6.6
1-2
38
2.6
37
0
105
1.9
133
12.8
94
8.5
112
15.2
3-4
32
3.1
20
0
53
7.6
60
10
37
21.6
54
14.8
>5
47
4.3
50
2
56
1.8
55
10.9
15
6.7
13
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
4
0
2
0
4
25
No formal
87
3.5
82
1.2
56
1.8
117
12.8
40
12.5
67
10.4
Primary
54
1.9
45
0
233
2.6
205
11.2
176
8.5
182
12.6
> secondary
0
0
1
0
13
7.7
7
0
11
18.2
10
10
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0-5 km
59
3.4
69
0
179
3.4
188
10.6
178
11.8
209
11.5
More than 5 km
79
2.5
57
1.8
122
1.6
142
12
48
2.1
48
14.6
Not stated
Duration living in residence
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
100
1
0
2
0
< 6 months
6
0
7
0
15
0
3
0
32
6.3
20
5
> 6 months
134
3
118
0.8
287
2.8
324
11.7
195
10.3
238
12.6
1
0
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
Not stated
Education level
Not stated
64
Total number tested for HIV
Total number HIV positive
Overall HIV prevalence (%) per site
141
128
4
1
2.8
0.8
302
331
227
259
8
38
22
31
2.7
11.5
9.7
12.0
65
Table 15b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Lindi, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Nyang’ao
Ntama
2005 - 2006
Characteristics
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Sokoine (Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Town clinic (Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prev
alen
ce
(%)
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Total
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
15-24
69
0
115
5.2
68
2.9
69
7.3
63
9.5
62
11.3
78
10.3
607
4.8
25-34
58
3.4
86
4.7
75
10.7
39
25.7
41
19.5
38
21.1
52
17.3
393
10.4
35-48
27
7.4
32
6.3
18
5.6
9
11.1
13
23.1
10
20
6
33.3
129
7
Not stated
Median age
(yrs)
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
3
33.3
0
0
6
16.7
No.
No.
No.
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
HIV
Prevelen
ce (%)
No.
Age group (yrs)
26.7
26.5
23
24.7
23
24.1
631
509
139
11
8.2
10.8
10.1
0
372
904
1
13
9.1
9.4
0
15.4
335
509
240
182
24
6.9
11.8
11.3
5.5
4.2
424
777
81
8
8.5
9.9
9.9
0
24
Marital status
Single
35
2.9
44
6.8
89
5.6
11
9.9
58
15.5
37
8.1
37
10.8
235
4.7
Married
119
2.5
189
4.8
75
8
108
13.9
58
13.8
76
19.7
98
15.3
899
7.7
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
36
0
69
4.4
31
9.7
40
5
38
5.3
35
5.7
55
7.3
330
3.9
1-2
62
3.2
84
6
55
5.5
54
16.7
49
24.5
57
15.8
61
14.8
432
7.8
3-4
30
6.7
49
6.1
40
7.5
13
15.4
19
10.5
10
40
17
35.3
194
11.3
>5
26
0
24
0
27
7.4
6
16.7
8
12.5
8
25
3
0
156
4.5
Not stated
Education
level
0
0
7
14.3
12
0
6
33.3
3
0
3
33.3
0
0
23
17.4
No formal
57
1.8
66
4.5
48
8.3
27
11.1
36
16.7
19
21.1
17
11.8
295
6.4
Primary
87
3.4
155
5.8
105
6.7
70
15.7
62
14.5
17
16.5
91
13.2
767
7.2
> secondary
10
0
12
0
7
0
22
9.1
18
11.1
15
6.7
28
17.9
73
8.2
Not stated
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
66
Table 15b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Lindi, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Nyang’ao
Ntama
2005 - 2006
Characteristics
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Sokoine (Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Town clinic (Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prev
alen
ce
(%)
No.
HIV
Preva
lence
(%)
Total
2005 - 2006
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
0-5 km
More than 5
km
95
2.1
130
4.6
146
6.8
113
13.2
98
15.3
111
16.2
135
14.1
770
8.8
940
9.6
58
3.4
103
5.8
18
5.6
4
25
19
10.5
1
0
0
0
357
3.4
Not stated
Duration
living in
residence
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
8
0
342
8
8.8
12.5
< 6 months
6
0
9
0
4
0
12
0
9
11.1
22
4.6
17
0
96
3.1
> 6 months
147
2.7
223
5.4
151
7.3
94
13.8
107
15
91
18.7
117
16.2
124
7.2
Not stated
1
0
1
0
10
0
13
23.1
1
0
0
0
2
0
15
20
66
1202
22
3
9.9
0
No.
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
HIV
Prevelen
ce (%)
No.
Distance from
residence to
clinic
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
154
4
2.6
233
165
119
117
113
136
1135
12
11
16
17
18
19
80
5.2
6.7
13.5
14.5
15.9
14
1290
121
9.4
7.1
67
Table 16a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Morogoro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Gairo
Characteristics
Hembeti (Rural)
2005 - 2006
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
2003-2004
Mkuyuni (Rural)
2005 - 2006
No
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
Morogoro RCH (Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalenc
e (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Age group (yrs)
15-24
341
3.2
54
1.9
50
2
83
0
82
0
264
9.9
368
6
25-34
243
5.8
30
3.3
29
6.9
71
1
74
0
235
14
301
9.3
35-48
58
13.8
14
0
10
10
19
2
22
4.5
38
10.5
59
11.9
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
22
4.6
0
0
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
24.5
24
24.6
25
25.7
25
25.1
Marital status
Single
93
7.5
13
0
12
8.3
17
0
27
0
62
14.5
124
10.5
Married
544
4.6
85
2.4
78
3.8
155
1.9
151
0.7
496
10.9
604
7.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
100
0
0
10
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
112
5
22
0
14
0
37
0
24
0
176
9.1
246
5.3
1-2
252
4.8
40
5
36
5.6
65
0
70
0
262
11.5
342
9.9
2-3
149
6
15
0
20
0
47
0
45
0
92
14.1
116
7.8
>5
74
7
20
0
16
6.3
23
13
28
3.6
11
18.2
23
4.3
Not stated
60
3
2
0
4
25
1
0
1
0
18
16.7
1
0
No formal
289
2.8
38
0
34
5.9
87
2.3
70
1.4
33
18.2
64
4.7
Primary
345
7
58
3.5
56
3.6
86
1.2
107
0
451
10.4
513
8
10
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
74
13.5
151
8.6
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
100
0
0
Other
Not stated
Previous pregnancies
Education level
> secondary
Not stated
68
Table 16a: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Morogoro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
Gairo
Characteristics
Ditance from
residence to clinic
0-5 km
More than 5 km
Hembeti (Rural)
2005 - 2006
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
2003-2004
Mkuyuni (Rural)
2005 - 2006
No
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
2003-2004
HIV
Preva
lence
No.
(%)
Morogoro RCH (Urban)
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalenc
e (%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
606
5
83
2.4
87
4.6
137
2.2
161
0.6
532
11.1
684
8.2
38
7.9
13
0
3
0
35
0
17
0
26
19.2
41
2.4
Not stated
Duration living in
residence
3
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
< 6 months
3
0
1
0
2
50
6
0
5
0
0
0
112
7.1
> 6 months
639
5
96
2.1
87
3.4
167
1.8
173
0.6
543
11.1
616
8
5
20
2
0
1
0
173
1.7
0
0
16
25
0
0
Not stated
Total number tested
for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
647
33
5.1
99
90
173
178
559
728
2
4
3
1
64
57
2.1
4.4
1.7
0.6
11.5
7.8
69
Table 16b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Morogoro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
St. Francis
Turiani
2005 - 2006
2005 - 2006
Characteristics
Uhuru (Urban)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
Total
2005 - 2006
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
2003-2004
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Age group (yrs)
15-24
232
6.5
67
4.5
480
7.7
275
8
881
7.3
25-34
125
9.7
65
4.6
273
12.8
213
15.5
609
11.5
35-48
27
14.8
20
0
44
13.6
40
17.5
115
10.4
4
0
5
0
2
0
5
0
25
4
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
24.3
25.8
23
24.8
1415
1080
236
20
52
8.8
11.9
0
447
2289
0
15
8.1
7
0
6.7
724
1217
517
207
86
5.4
8.3
7.5
6.3
5.8
584
1897
263
7
3.6
8.1
8.4
14.3
24
Marital status
Single
112
4.5
12
8.3
127
11.8
67
13.4
219
11
Married
303
9.6
145
3.4
670
9.4
464
11.4
1406
8.7
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Not stated
3
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
4
25
0
136
6.6
30
3.3
287
5.9
152
7.2
522
6.3
1-2
187
7.5
59
8.5
365
12.6
271
12.5
732
10.7
2-3
61
11.5
46
0
102
9.8
80
17.5
256
9
>5
25
8
20
0
30
10
21
14.3
84
9.5
Not stated
9
22.2
2
0
15
13.3
9
0
36
13.9
No formal
47
2.1
25
4
99
9.1
55
9.1
257
6.6
Primary
343
8.7
123
4.1
648
9.7
410
12.4
1243
9.1
> secondary
25
8
9
0
51
11.8
67
9
127
12.6
Not stated
3
33.3
0
0
1
0
1
0
3
33.3
Previous pregnancies
Education level
70
Table 16b: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Morogoro, Tanzania, 2001/02 - 2005/06
St. Francis
Turiani
2005 - 2006
2005 - 2006
Characteristics
Uhuru (Urban)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Total
2005 - 2006
2003-2004
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
2005 - 2006
No.
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
398
8
157
3.8
796
9.8
527
11.6
1548
9.2
More than 5 km
12
16.7
0
0
2
0
1
0
76
6.6
Not stated
8
0
0
0
1
0
5
20
6
0
< 6 months
27
3.7
0
0
0
0
11
0
7
0
> 6 months
386
8.3
155
3.9
796
9.8
516
11
1602
8.9
Not stated
5
20
2
0
3
0
6
16.7
21
9.1
2620
112
19
7.3
5.4
5.3
160
2572
19
6.3
7.2
15.8
Duration living in residence
Total number tested for HIV
Total number HIV positive
Overall HIV prevalence (%) per
site
418
157
799
533
1630
34
6
78
62
147
8.1
3.8
9.8
11.6
2751
197
7.2
9
71
Table 17: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Arusha,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Kaloleni
Karatu HC
Mbuguni
Monduli
Ngarenaro
Olsambu
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalenc
e (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Numb
er
Tested
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
15-24
356
5.9
107
3.7
61
4.9
118
3.4
750
5.5
25-34
409
8.6
125
3.2
68
10.3
81
4.9
554
35-49
54
11.1
30
0.0
17
5.9
20
0.0
Not stated
6
16.7
1
0.0
3
33.3
6
Single
127
1.6
26
3.8
10
7.2
Married
697
8.8
237
3.0
139
20.0
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
97
3.1
1,489
5.1
7.6
77
0.0
1,314
7.0
55
10.9
13
0.0
189
6.9
0.0
1
0.0
17
11.8
15
13.3
118
3.4
4
25.0
300
4.0
209
2.9
1238
6.9
182
1.1
2,702
6.3
Number
Tested
Age group (yrs)
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
-
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
1
0.0
0
37
5.4
1-2
514
7.0
118
3-4
203
9.9
>5
40
Not stated
31
1
0.0
4
0.0
1
0.0
7
0.0
10
0.0
63
1.6
3
0.0
58
3.4
171
2.9
3.4
65
10.8
98
6.1
901
6.1
60
1.7
1,756
6.2
83
4.8
47
8.5
28
0.0
381
7.1
46
0.0
788
7.0
12.5
58
0.0
25
4.0
28
3.6
56
10.7
16
0.0
223
5.8
0.0
4
0.0
2
0.0
8
0.0
19
5.3
0.0
1.4
72
Table 17: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Arusha,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Kaloleni
Karatu HC
Mbuguni
Monduli
Ngarenaro
Olsambu
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalenc
e (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Numb
er
Tested
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
7
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
71
Education level
32
9.4
1
0.0
3
0.0
83
2.4
32
3.1
116
0.0
267
2.2
7.0
244
3.3
144
8.3
127
3.9
1234
6.7
69
4.3
2,446
6.3
> secondary
9.8
17
0.0
2
0.0
15
6.7
92
4.3
2
0.0
292
7.2
Not stated
1
Distance from residence to clinic
778
0-5 km
45
More than 5 km
2
Not stated
Duration living in residence
0.0
1
0.0
2
50.0
4
25.0
7.6
172
4.1
121
8.3
154
5.2
1314
6.8
124
2.4
2,663
6.6
8.9
90
1.1
28
7.1
68
0.0
44
0.0
63
0.0
338
2.1
0.0
1
0.0
3
0.0
2
0.0
8
0.0
1
0.0
2,971
6.1
37
8.1
No formal
628
Primary
164
< 6 months
1
0.0
814
> 6 months
7.6
262
2.7
139
7.9
219
3.7
1350
6.6
9.1
1
100.0
9
11.1
6
0.0
10
0.0
187
1.6
11
Not stated
Total number tested
for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
825
263
149
225
1360
8
12
8
89
187
3,009
63
7.6
3.0
8.1
3.6
3
6.5
1.6
6.1
73
Table 18: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Iringa,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Iringa
Kasanga
Mafinga
Matamba
Ngome
Njombe
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
-
Age group (yrs)
15-24
245
14.7
54
20.4
200
18.0
50
6.0
102
14.7
197
15.7
848
15.6
25-34
208
21.6
39
15.4
118
22.0
41
12.2
88
17.0
135
31.9
629
22.3
35-49
19
15.8
16
12.5
21
19.0
6
0.0
10
10.0
14
7.1
86
12.8
Not stated
20
30.0
1
0.0
13
23.1
1
0.0
1
0.0
11
9.1
47
21.3
Single
85
18.8
11
18.2
53
11.3
7
28.6
31
19.4
54
18.5
241
17.4
Married
407
18.2
99
17.2
296
20.6
91
6.6
170
14.7
300
22.0
1,363
18.3
2
0.0
2
50.0
1
0.0
4
0.0
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
Other
Not stated
3
66.7
Previous
pregnancies
-
0
73
13.7
25
20.0
111
11.7
23
4.3
62
9.7
15
20.0
309
12.3
1-2
282
15.6
44
11.4
153
21.6
40
10.0
82
19.5
151
23.2
752
18.2
3-4
97
28.9
28
21.4
44
38.6
26
7.7
32
21.9
34
32.4
261
27.2
>5
22
13.6
11
27.3
20
20.0
8
12.5
7
0.0
6
33.3
74
17.2
Not stated
18
27.8
2
0.0
24
8.3
1
0.0
18
11.1
16.6
15.9
74
Table 18: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Iringa,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Iringa
Kasanga
Mafinga
Matamba
Ngome
Njombe
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
151
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
214
Education level
No formal
Primary
> secondary
14
35.7
24
33.3
384
17.7
80
12.5
94
18.1
5
20.0
1
0.0
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
More than 5 km
477
18.4
93
15.1
12
16.7
15
33.3
3
0.0
2
0.0
Not stated
Duration living in residence
12
302
33
5
336
11
5
4
86
7
1
16.7
21.5
6.1
0.0
96
2
19.6
9.1
5
158
36
2
25.0
7.0
14.3
0.0
195
6
7.3
50.0
> 6 months
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
18.3
95
17.9
1
0.0
15
13.3
492
343
9
90
8
19.5
22.2
352
110
14.6
22.2
0.0
329
26
2
15.9
0.0
40.0
1
194
6
< 6 months
491
18
300
38
1
0.0
6.7
25.0
98
27.8
21.0
21.1
0.0
21.9
15.4
0.0
0.0
340
17
15.5
16.7
201
21.5
17.6
357
77
1,310
213
10
1,526
72
12
1
1,553
56
-
27.3
17.9
17.4
0.0
18.2
18.1
16.7
0.0
18.2
17.9
1,610
90
69
19
18.3
17.3
8
19.6
31
8.2
76
15.4
293
21.3
18.2
75
Table 19: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mara,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Bweri
Mugumu
Murangi
Nyasho
Tarime
Utegi
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
15-24
72
25-34
35-49
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
0.0
160
1.9
128
56
10.7
116
4.3
13
0.0
26
Numb
er
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
HIV
Prevale
nce
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
2.3
237
11.0
310
5.5
107
11.2
1,014
6.0
136
3.7
157
11.5
212
4.7
51
11.8
728
6.9
3.8
30
0.0
28
21.4
37
5.4
21
0.0
155
5.8
2
0.0
2
50.0
8
12.5
4
0.0
1
0.0
17
-
11.8
Number
Tested
Age group (yrs)
Not stated
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
Single
18
16.7
22
0.0
18
5.6
62
8.1
8
0.0
8
62.5
136
10.3
Married
120
2.5
278
3.2
277
2.9
362
12.4
547
5.3
164
7.9
1,748
6.1
Other
2
0.0
0
0.0
1
0.0
1
0.0
4
0.0
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
1
0.0
4
0.0
7
0.0
26
3.8
0
29
0.0
56
1.8
33
6.1
83
3.6
121
5.0
29
13.8
351
4.6
1-2
52
3.8
112
5.4
98
1.0
178
17.4
180
6.1
62
8.1
682
8.2
3-4
32
12.5
67
1.5
79
5.1
107
9.3
144
5.6
38
13.2
467
6.9
>5
28
0.0
67
1.5
84
1.2
45
13.3
103
3.9
39
5.1
0.0
2
50.0
17
5.9
15
0.0
366
48
3.8
2
Not stated
6
16.7
8
0.0
-
16.7
76
8.3
Table 19: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Mara,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Bweri
Mugumu
Murangi
Nyasho
Tarime
Utegi
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Numb
er
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevale
nce
(%)
12
33.3
167
1,603
140
4
4.2
6.3
9.3
25
10.4
17.4
0.0
1,445
460
9
6.2
7.0
0.0
Education level
8
0.0
46
4.3
120
4.2
233
2.6
13
7.7
24
4.2
1
0.0
No formal
Primary
> secondary
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
141
4.3
218
More than 5 km
84
Not stated
Duration living in
residence
2
< 6 months
10
0.0
9
> 6 months
131
4.6
295
13
278
5
2.8
3.6
0.0
11.1
2.7
11
368
48
3
0.0
3.2
0.0
247
48
1
3.6
0.0
0.0
336
92
2
3
293
0.0
3.1
76
353
1
Not stated
Total number tested
for HIV
Total number HIV
positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%) per
site
82
433
48
18.2
11.7
10.4
5.3
13.3
0.0
2.4
4.8
12.5
7
171
2
341
218
4
5.3
5.0
0.0
162
18
51
512
3.9
5.3
10
170
14.3
9.9
0.0
9.9
11.1
10.0
10
159
1,754
1
5.0
6.5
0.0
141
296
304
9
9
6
4.3
430
3.0
563
51
3.0
180
29
11.9
1,914
18
5.2
122
10.0
6.4
77
Table 20: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Shinyanga,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Kahama
Kambarage
Nindo
Nkololo
Shinyanga
Ushirombo
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Numb
er
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
-
Age group (yrs)
15-24
346
6.6
151
7.9
229
2.6
250
1.6
93
12.9
330
7.3
1,399
5.8
25-34
241
10.4
100
15.0
154
5.2
219
1.8
66
10.6
180
10.6
960
8.1
35-49
43
18.6
21
19.0
42
2.4
49
0.0
6
16.7
34
2.9
195
7.7
Not stated
2
0.0
1
0.0
4
0.0
4
0.0
1
0.0
4
0.0
16
0.0
Single
64
10.9
27
11.1
13
0.0
6
0.0
28
3.6
7
0.0
145
7.6
Married
561
8.7
243
11.5
416
3.6
513
1.6
136
14.0
537
8.3
2,406
6.8
Other
1
0.0
3
0.0
2
0.0
6
0.0
Not stated
6
0.0
0
165
5.5
80
6.3
87
1-2
282
9.2
118
15.3
3-4
117
11.1
55
>5
55
14.5
Not stated
13
0.0
Median age (yrs)
Marital status
4
0.0
13
0.0
2.0
177
7.9
648
5.1
77
19.5
178
8.4
998
8.2
1.9
32
12.5
110
8.2
526
7.0
126
0.8
7
0.0
7.5
0.0
1
0.0
373
25
5.9
4
80
3
3
0.0
3.4
90
1.1
49
149
2.7
194
2.1
7.3
104
4.8
108
19
21.1
86
3.5
1
0.0
3
0.0
Previous pregnancies
0.0
0.0
78
Table 20: HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Shinyanga,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
Kahama
Kambarage
Nindo
Nkololo
Shinyanga
Ushirombo
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
HIV
Preval
ence
(%)
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
5.9
23
0.0
248
4.8
354
2.0
12
16.7
140
10.0
828
4.6
9.3
213
12.2
180
1.7
164
0.6
130
13.8
397
7.1
1,619
7.8
6.5
37
13.5
1
0.0
2
0.0
23
0.0
10
20.0
119
8.4
2
0.0
1
0.0
1
0.0
4
0.0
165
11.5
296
8.4
1,753
7.5
246
7.7
801
5.1
6
0.0
16
12.5
Number
Tested
Number
Tested
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalen
ce (%)
Numb
er
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Education level
51
No formal
535
Primary
46
> secondary
Not stated
Distance from residence to clinic
523
0-5 km
9.2
105
More than 5 km
7.6
4
Not stated
0.0
Duration living in residence
53
< 6 months
9.4
579
> 6 months
8.8
250
11.6
324
2.5
195
1.0
22
4.5
103
6.8
325
1.8
1
100.0
2
0.0
2
0.0
1
50
10.0
11
9.1
7
0.0
33
6.1
49
8.2
203
8.4
223
11.7
418
3.3
511
1.6
132
13.6
498
8.0
2,361
6.6
4
0.0
1
0.0
1
0.0
6
0.0
Not stated
Total number
tested for HIV
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence (%)
per site
100.0
632
429
273
522
166
548
2,570
56
15
31
8.9
11.4
8
3.5
20
1.5
44
12.0
174
8.0
6.8
79
Table 22:. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Tabora,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
1
Ilolangulu
Isevya
Nzega
Songambele
Town Clinic
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
15-24
130
5.4
90
2.2
138
11.6
217
6.5
112
1.8
204
9.3
891
6.7
25-34
103
6.8
56
8.9
105
16.2
144
4.9
80
0.0
142
12.0
630
8.4
35-49
27
3.7
20
0.0
18
5.6
34
2.9
13
0.0
32
15.6
144
5.6
Not stated
Median age
(yrs)
Marital status
2
0.0
3
0.0
2
0.0
6
0.0
3
0.0
2
0.0
Single
9
22.2
13
7.7
36
11.1
53
9.4
6
16.7
17
5.9
134
10.4
Married
251
5.2
156
3.8
225
13.3
347
4.9
199
0.5
362
11.0
1,540
6.9
Other
Not stated
Previous
pregnancies
1
0.0
2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
2
1
2
0
71
5.6
31
0.0
74
12.2
97
4.1
29
0.0
110
8.2
412
6.3
1-2
74
6.8
59
1.7
107
12.1
141
7.8
82
2.4
146
13.0
609
8.4
3-4
58
5.2
33
12.1
56
19.6
86
7.0
39
0.0
78
11.5
350
9.4
>5
55
5.5
42
4.8
24
4.2
43
2.3
53
0.0
42
7.1
259
3.9
Not stated
4
0.0
4
0.0
2
0.0
34
0.0
5
0.0
4
25.0
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Age group
(yrs)
18
3
6
53
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
80
Table 22:. HIV prevalence among ANC attendees, Tabora,Tanzania,2005/06
Characteristics
1
Ilolangulu
Isevya
Nzega
Songambele
Town Clinic
Total
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
2005/2006
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
No formal
100
9.0
58
3.4
36
13.9
117
6.8
157
0.6
24
0.0
492
5.1
Primary
> secondary
Not stated
154
6
2
3.9
0.0
0.0
108
3
4.6
0.0
210
16
1
13.3
6.3
0.0
257
25
2
5.1
4.0
0.0
51
2.0
331
24
1
11.2
16.7
0.0
1,111
74
6
-
8.1
8.1
0.0
262
13.0
299
6.0
23
4.3
377
10.6
1,174
9.1
0.0
97
5
3.1
20.0
182
3
0.5
0.0
2
1
50.0
0.0
492
17
2.6
5.9
13.0
0.0
2
395
4
0.0
13.0
0.0
3
1,663
17
-
0.0
7.3
0.0
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Number
Tested
HIV
Prevalence
(%)
Education
level
Distance from residence to clinic
0-5 km
More than 5
km
Not stated
93
9.7
120
4.2
165
4
3.6
0.0
46
3
4.3
0.0
1
168
0.0
4.2
1
Duration living in residence
< 6 months
> 6 months
Not stated
259
3
Total number
tested for HIV
262
Total number
HIV positive
Overall HIV
prevalence
(%) per site
15
5.8
0.0
262
1
263
169
5.7
401
34
7
4.1
203
5
208
22
12.9
376
4
1.0
0.0
380
2
5.5
10.9
0.0
1,683
41
1.0
12110.8
7.2
81
Table 22: Prevalence of Syphilis by site and age group
Age
25 – 34
15 – 24
#
Syphilis
Prevalence
(%)
#
35 - 49
Syphilis
Prevalen
ce (%)
Syphilis
Prevale
nce (%)
Not stated
Number
Prevela
nce
(%)
Numb
er
Dar es Salaam
Buguruni
Kasorobo
Kigamboni
Kimara
Kiwalani
Oysterbay
Total
Dodoma
Bahi
Handali
Kibaigwa
Makole
Mpwapwa
Wajenzi
Total
Kagera
Bukoba
Katoro
Kimeya
Nkwenda
Nyamiyaga
Rwamishenye
Total
Kigoma
Keza
Kibondo
Kiganamo
Kigoma
Nyakitonto
Ujiji
Total
HIV Serostatus
Negative
Positive
Syphilis
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Syphilis
Prevalen
ce (%)
Number
No formal
education
Syphilis
Prevale
nce (%)
Number
Syphilis
Prevalence
840
332
456
351
462
501
2942
0.4
4.5
0.4
21.1
20.8
2.6
6.9
69
24
68
59
63
67
350
0
0
0
23.7
30.2
6
10.6
0.6
5
1
21.3
20.7
4.4
7.4
366
172
233
186
218
233
1408
0
4.1
0.4
18.3
23.9
0.9
6.8
46
21
38
24
40
25
194
0
4.8
0
41.7
12.5
0
8.2
1
1
3
2
1
1
9
0
0
0
50
100
0
22.2
837
356
504
392
499
539
3127
0.2
5.1
0.6
20.9
21.4
3
7.3
116
40
66
41
59
61
383
0.9
0
1.5
24.4
22
1.6
6.8
116
91
156
243
108
236
950
3.4
28.6
1.9
6.2
13
23.7
12.4
96
76
88
191
71
166
688
1
30.3
1.1
6.3
4.2
25.3
11.9
45
40
29
29
24
30
197
6.7
12.5
0
10.3
4.2
20
9.1
1
2
1
1
7
3
15
0
50
0
0
14.3
33.3
20
253
206
251
420
198
410
1738
3.2
26.7
1.2
7.1
9.1
23.7
12.1
5
3
23
44
12
25
112
0
0
4.3
0
8.3
32
8.9
129
99
99
46
50
122
545
3.9
26.3
1
10.9
18
22.1
13.4
127
107
173
341
138
269
1155
2.4
26.2
1.7
5.6
7.2
23.8
11
2
2
2
77
15
43
141
0
50
0
7.8
0
32.6
14.9
248
113
124
255
104
171
1015
6.5
13.3
12.1
3.5
11.5
3.5
7.2
215
115
121
180
104
108
843
6.5
14.8
13.2
8.3
10.6
6.5
9.5
51
32
17
49
24
13
186
5.9
18.8
11.8
2
8.3
0
7.5
0
3
0
7
3
2
16
0
33.3
0
0
0
0
6.3
484
253
249
477
228
272
1963
6.4
14.6
12.4
5.2
10.5
2.9
7.9
30
10
14
6.7
20
14.3
14.3
18.2
16.5
2.5
7.8
15.4
9.9
454
214
141
321
160
231
1521
6.6
14.5
9.2
6.2
12.5
3.9
8.1
46
3
1
9
11
50
120
2.2
0
0
11.1
0
4
3.3
63
98
184
134
93
155
727
9.5
1
0.5
0
1.1
0
1.2
81
89
138
117
56
85
566
23.5
4.5
0
0
1.8
0
4.2
29
22
28
17
19
13
128
17.2
0
0
0
0
0
3.9
0
1
1
2
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.6
0
0
0
2.9
4.6
2.4
130
163
288
183
129
201
1094
19.2
3.1
0.3
0
0.8
0
2.9
0
19
25
28
4
7
83
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
2
0.3
0
0.6
0
2.6
14
7
22
97
0
14.3
22.7
12.4
14
44
121
160
64
13
416
6
8
4
15
3
13
49
0
12.5
0
0
33.3
0
4.1
43
27
37
59
35
46
247
0
7.5
4.4
17.4
15.2
0
6.5
Numbe
r
Numb
er
Syphili
s
Preval
ence
(%)
540
202
296
221
299
341
1899
167
202
347
255
165
241
1377
44
40
45
23
33
32
217
Level of Education
Primary
Secondary and abo
82
Kilimanjaro
Hedaru
Huruma
Majengo
Masama
Pasua
Umbwe
Total
131
55
164
60
172
41
623
0.8
1.8
0
0
0.6
0
0.5
142
70
139
72
140
45
608
0.7
0
0
0
0
4.4
0.5
31
35
21
21
27
21
156
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
2
3
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
284
161
305
150
331
102
1333
0.7
0.6
0
0
0.3
2
0.5
Chumo
Mtama
Liwale
Nachingwea
Nyangao
Sokoine
Town Clinic
Total
48
69
170
131
67
60
75
620
0
1.4
2.4
2.3
4.5
8.3
1.3
2.7
54
58
127
96
74
36
49
494
3.7
10.3
3.1
4.2
14.9
13.9
10.2
7.5
19
27
28
26
17
13
6
136
0
11.1
3.6
3.8
11.8
0
0
5.1
2
0
2
3
4
0
0
11
0
0
0
33.3
0
0
0
9.1
122
150
290
227
151
93
111
1144
0.6
6.7
3.1
3.5
7.9
7.5
5.4
4.7
Chimala
Igamba
Ilembo
Kiwanjampaka
Kyela
Ruanda
Total
104
122
94
366
198
452
1336
3.8
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.7
129
64
72
268
111
315
959
4.7
3.1
0
3
7.2
2.9
3.4
31
16
9
38
12
41
147
3.2
6.3
0
2.6
0
4.9
3.4
2
0
2
2
2
13
21
0
0
0
0
0
7.7
4.8
208
166
168
578
259
693
2072
Gairo
Hembeti
Mukuyuni
Morogoro
Uhuru
St. Francis
Turiani
Total
341
50
82
365
274
231
67
1410
15.2
22.2
4.1
3.3
9.4
2.6
4.6
7.7
58
10
22
58
40
27
20
235
13.8
30
4.5
0
10
0
0
6.8
5
1
0
0
5
4
5
20
20
100
0
0
0
0
0
10
614
3.3
4.7
0.9
0
5.5
243
27
74
300
213
155
65
1077
Ligula
Likombe
Mangaka
Mkunya
Nanyamba
Tandahimba
167
73
153
72
58
79
2.4
2.7
3.9
2.8
3.4
1.3
144
51
130
81
50
77
6.3
7.8
8.5
6.2
12
1.3
26
17
47
22
17
25
11.5
5.9
6.4
4.5
0
0
2
2
2
1
5
1
50
0
0
0
0
0
312
129
314
168
127
171
22
5
22
5
11
5
70
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
44
2
5
1
5
2
59
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
252
155
282
138
291
101
1219
0.8
0.6
0
0
0.3
2
0.5
10
9
39
16
46
4
124
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
37
29
11
16
19
117
0
0
0
3.4
36.4
18.8
0
6.8
78
57
115
67
46
33
15
411
2.6
3.5
1.7
7.5
4.3
12.1
0
4.1
44
87
203
179
104
58
89
764
0
6.9
3.4
2.2
12.5
6.9
5.6
5.1
1
10
7
10
7
17
26
78
0
20
0
0
0
5.9
3.8
5.1
2.9
3
0
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.3
58
36
9
96
64
128
391
8.6
2.8
22.2
5.2
10.9
4.7
6.6
49
9
32
42
1
45
178
4.1
11.1
0
4.8
0
4.4
3.9
205
189
144
539
298
674
2049
4.4
2.6
1.4
3
4
2.8
3.1
12
3
1
93
23
102
234
0
0
0
0
4.3
2.9
1.7
12.5
15.3
6.8
3.1
7
1.3
1.3
6.4
33
3
1
56
62
34
6
195
21.2
33.3
0
1.8
6.5
2.9
16.7
7.7
289
32
70
62
55
47
25
580
11.4
15.6
10
3.2
7.3
0
4
9
345
56
107
510
409
342
123
1892
13.9
16.1
4.7
2.7
7.1
1.8
1.6
6
10
0
1
151
67
25
9
263
20
0
0
4
6
0
0
4.6
4.8
3.9
5.7
4.2
5.5
1.2
27
14
18
8
3
11
7.4
14.3
11.1
12.5
33.3
0
63
43
98
54
65
49
12.7
7
3.1
1.9
6.2
0
227
94
222
119
58
226
4
4.3
6.8
5.9
6.9
0.8
49
6
8
3
6
6
0
0
25
0
0
16.7
Lindi
Mbeya
2.6
Morogoro
11.1
8
9.8
85
177
667
470
383
151
2547
Mtwara
83
Total
602
2.8
533
6.8
154
5.2
13
7.7
1221
4.4
81
9.9
372
5.1
846
4.7
78
3.8
Handeni
Kwamkono
Lushoto
Magoma
Makolola
Ngamiani
Total
209
71
127
53
335
220
1015
3.3
1.4
0.8
5.7
3
3.2
2.9
212
88
167
88
272
205
1032
3.8
1.1
1.8
3.4
3.7
2
2.8
49
27
38
18
42
24
198
8.2
0
0
0
0
8.3
3
5
1
3
0
7
7
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
453
181
312
158
611
408
2123
4
1.1
1.3
3.8
2.6
2
2.5
22
6
23
1
45
48
145
4.5
0
0
0
8.9
10.4
69
79
54
15
33
30
19
230
2.5
0
6.7
0
6.7
0
2.2
376
130
285
118
561
400
1870
4.3
1.5
1.1
4.2
3
2.8
2.9
20
3
35
8
62
36
164
5
0
0
12.5
1.6
5.6
3
Ngarenaro
Kaloleni
Karatu
Monduli
Mbuguni
Oldonyo
Sambu
total
734
356
104
116
61
97
0.1
0.3
3.8
0.9
0
0
538
409
122
76
68
74
0.2
0.5
2.5
0
0
0
53
54
26
20
17
13
0
3.7
0
0
0
0
1
6
1
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1237
762
245
211
137
181
0.1
0.7
2
0.5
0
0
89
63
8
7
12
3
1.1
0
25
0
0
0
32
32
1
80
3
114
0
6.3
0
0
0
0
1202
628
235
123
144
68
0.2
0.3
3
0.8
0
0
90
164
17
15
2
2
0
0.6
0
0
0
0
1468
0.5
1287
0.5
183
1.1
17
0
2773
0.4
182
1.6
262
0.8
2400
0.5
290
0.3
Shinyanga
Kambarage
Ushirombo
Kahama
Nkololo
Nindo
total
53
149
328
344
249
228
1386
11
2.7
4
4.7
21.3
3.5
7.1
66
98
180
234
218
153
949
3
7.1
5
7.7
17.9
11.1
9.7
6
20
34
42
49
42
193
0
10
2.9
9.5
18.4
9.5
10.4
1
1
4
2
4
4
16
0
0
0
0
25
25
12.5
142
238
502
567
512
412
2373
4.9
4.2
3.8
5.5
19.7
4.2
8.3
20
29
44
55
8
15
171
0
10.3
9.1
12.7
12.5
0
8.8
12
23
139
51
353
246
824
16.7
17.4
4.3
9.8
19.5
8.1
12.9
127
208
396
526
163
180
1600
3.9
4.3
4.3
6.3
19.6
5.6
6.6
22
36
10
45
2
1
116
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Town clinic
Isevya
Igunga
Nzega
Songambele
Ilolanguru
Total
204
121
125
212
109
90
861
42.2
49.6
24
5.2
33.9
44.4
30.7
141
96
102
140
80
55
614
39.7
53.1
25.3
4.3
41.3
47.3
33.9
32
17
26
34
13
20
142
46.9
76.5
15.4
11.8
38.5
45
35.2
2
1
1
6
2
3
15
0
0
0
0
100
0
13.3
338
203
239
371
202
161
1514
41.7
52.2
28
5.4
37.6
43.5
31.7
41
32
15
21
2
7
118
39
56.3
20
4.8
50
71.4
37.3
24
33
94
114
153
57
475
29.2
45.5
24.5
6.1
39.2
42
28.6
331
187
152
251
51
108
1080
41.7
55.1
30.3
4.8
33.3
45.4
33.8
23
14
6
25
0
3
71
52.2
42.9
16.7
8
0
66.7
32.4
Iringa
Ngome
Kasanga
Mafinga
Njombe
Matamba
total
245
99
54
200
196
47
841
3.7
7.1
83.3
14
10.2
6.4
10.1
208
87
39
118
135
41
628
4.3
6.9
28.2
11.9
8.1
9.8
8.8
19
10
16
21
14
6
86
10.5
10
18.8
14.3
7.1
0
11.6
20
1
1
13
10
1
46
0
0
0
0
10
0
2.2
402
166
91
283
279
87
1308
4
5.4
24.2
12
8.6
5.7
8.4
90
31
19
69
76
8
293
4.4
16.1
52.6
15.9
11.8
25
14
14
5
24
12
18
4
77
0
0
37.5
25
22.2
25
22.1
384
156
80
302
299
84
1305
5.2
8.3
27.5
12.6
8.7
7.1
9.6
94
34
5
33
37
6
209
0
2.9
0
9.1
8.1
0
3.3
Tanga
Arusha
Shinyanga
Tabora
Iringa
84
Mara
Nyasho
Bweri
Tarime
Mugumu
Murangi
Utegi
total
232
72
310
140
128
107
989
5.2
2.8
5.2
0.7
6.3
14
5.5
155
56
212
97
134
51
705
4.5
1.8
4.2
1
8.2
13.7
5.1
28
13
37
22
30
21
151
7.1
0
2.7
4.5
3.3
4.8
4
8
0
4
1
1
1
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
372
135
534
252
285
162
1740
4.6
2.2
4.7
1.2
6.3
13.6
5.1
51
6
29
8
8
18
120
7.8
0
3.4
0
25
3.4
6.7
11
8
82
38
13
7
159
9.1
0
8.5
2.6
7.7
14.3
6.9
361
120
433
200
275
171
1560
5.3
2.5
3.9
1
6.5
12.9
5.2
48
13
48
21
5
2
137
All
Total enrolees
Total RPR +
Syphilis
Prevalence %
85
2.1
0
4.2
0
20
0
2.9
Annex 3: Data collection form for ANC sero-surveillance, Tanzania.
Clinic card number ___________________________
(Remove this part after assigning surveillance number)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MINISTRY OF HEALTH TANZANIA
ANC SURVEILLANCE
DATA COLLECTION FORM
1. Surveillance number __________________________________
2. Date of specimen collection (dd/mm/yy) ________________________________
3. Clinic Name ___________________________ District: ____________________
4. Age of the woman (years) ____________________
5. Marital status (circle)
1. Single
2. Married
3. Other, specify_____________________________________
6. Number of previous pregnancies: __________________
7. Education status of the woman (circle)
1. No formal education
2. Adult education
3. Primary
4. Secondary
5. Post secondary (e.g. collage, university)
8. Estimate distance in Kilometres from the woman’s residence to the Clinic (circle)
1. 0 to 5Km
2. More than 5 km
9. How long have you lived in that area of your residence? (years) ___________
LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
L1. RPR (circle)
1. Positive
L2. First Serology (circle)
1. Positive
L3. Second Serology (circle) 1. Positive
2. Negative
2. Negative
2. Negative
L4. Final serology result (circle) 1. Positive 2. Negative
86
Annex
Table 1: Kilimanjaro region
Type
Name of ANC
Majengo Health Centre
Urban
District location
Moshi Municipality
Pasua Health Centre
Urban
Moshi Municipality
Umbwe Health Centre
Rural
Moshi Rural District
Masama (Modio) Health Centre
Rural
Hai District
Hedaru dispensary
Semi-Urban (Roadside)
Same District
Huruma Hospital MCH Clinic
Semi-urban
Rombo District
Table 2: Dodoma region
Name of ANC
Makole Urban Health Centre
Type
Urban
District location
Dodoma Municipality
Wajenzi MCH Clinic
Urban
Dodoma Municipality
Bahi Government Dispensary
Rural
Dodoma Rural District
Handali Rural Health Centre
Rural
Dodoma Rural District
Kibaigwa Dispensary
Roadside
Kongwa District
Mpwapwa Hospital MCH Clinic
Semi-urban
Mpwapwa District
Table 3: Kagera region
Name of ANC
Type
District location
Bukoba Regional Hospital
Urban
Bukoba Township
Rwamisheni Health Centre.
Urban
Bukoba Township
Katoro Health Centre
Semi-urban
Bukoba Rural District
Nyamiaga Dispensary
Semi-urban
Ngara District
Kimeya Health Centre
Rural
Muleba District
Nkwenda Health Centre
Rural
Karagwe
87
Table 4: Mtwara region
Name of ANC
Type
District location
Ligula Hospital
Urban
Mtwara Township
Likombe Dispensary
Urban
Mtwara Township
Nanyamba Health Centre
Rural
Mtwara rural District
Mkunya Dispensary
Rural
Newala
Tandahimba Health Centre
Semi-urban
Tandahimba District
Mangaka Dispensary
Semi-urban
Masasi District
Table 5: Mbeya region
Name of ANC
Type
District location
Kiwanjampaka Health Centre
Urban
Mbeya Municipality
Ruanda Health Centre
Urban
Mbeya Municipality
Chimala Mission Hospital
Roadside
Mbarali District
Ilembo Rural Health Centre
Rural
Mbeya Rural District
Igamba Dispensary
Rural
Mbozi District
Kyela District Hospital
Border
Kyela District
Table 6: Dar es Salaam region
Facility
Type
District location
Kigamboni Health Centre
Urban
Temeke District
Kasorobo MCH Clinic
Urban
Temeke District
Buguruni Dispensary
Urban
Ilala District
Kiwalani Dispensary
Urban
Ilala District
Oyesterbay MCH Clinic
Urban
Kinondoni district
Kimara Dispensary
Urban
Kinondoni
Type
Urban
District location
Morogoro Municipality
Urban
Semi-urban
Morogoro Municipality
Kilombero district
Semi-urban
Rural
Rural
Rural
Kilosa district
Morogoro rural district
Mvomero district
Mvomero district
Table 7: Morogoro region
Facility
Morogoro regional hospital
MCH Clinic
Uhuru Health Centre
St. Francis hospital MCH
Clinic
Gairo Health Centre
Makuyuni Dispensary
Hembeti Dispensary*
Turiani dispensary*
88
*Two ANCs combined to make one surveillance site
Table 8: Kigoma region
Facility
Type
District location
Ujiji Dispensary
Urban
Kigoma Town Council
Kigoma Dispensary
Urban
Kigoma Town Council
Kiganamo Health Centre
Semi-urban
Kasulu District
Kibondo MCH Clinic
Semi-urban
Kibondo District
Nyakitonto Health Centre
Rural
Kasulu District
Keza Mission Dispensary
Rural
Kibondo District
Table 9: Lindi region
Name of ANC
Town Clinic
Sokoine MCH
Liwale Rural Health Centre
Nyangao MCH
Nachingwea Hospital
Chumo MCH
Mtama Dispensary
Type
Urban
Urban
District location
Lindi Urban
Lindi Urban
Rural
Semi-urban
Semi-urban
Rural
Rural
Liwale
Lindi Rural
Nachingwea
Kilwa
Lindi rural
Type
Urban
Urban
District location
Tanga Urban
Tanga Urban
Semi-urban
Semi-urban
Rural
Rural
Lushoto
Handeni
Handeni
Korogwe
Table 10: Tanga region
Name of ANC
Bombo Hospital
Makorora Health Centre
Lushoto Hospital
Handeni MCH
Kwamkono MCH
Magoma MCH
89
Antenatal Clinic
Type
Location/District
ARUSHA REGION
Ngarenaro Clinic
Urban
Arusha Municipality
Kaloleni Health Centre
Urban
Arusha Municipality
Karatu Health Centre
Semi-urban
Karatu District
Monduli District Hospital
Semi-urban
Monduli District
Mbuguni Health Centre
Rural
Arumeru District
Oldonyo Sambu Dispensary
Rural
Arumeru District
Nyasho Health Centre
Urban
Musoma Urban
Bweri Dispensary
Urban
Musoma Urban
Tarime district Hospital
Semi-urban
Tarime District
Mugumu MCH B
Semi-urban
Serengeti
Murangi Health centre
Rural
Musoma Rural
Utegi Dispensary
Rural
Tarime
SHINYANGA REGION
Regional Hospital
Urban
Shinyanga
Kambarage Clinic
Urban
Syinyanga
Ushirombo Clinic
Semi Urban
Bukombe District
Kahama district Hospital
Semi Urban
Kahama District
Nkololo Dispensary
Rural
Bariadi District
Nindo Health centre
Rural
Kishapu district
IRINGA REGION
Iringa regional Hospital
Urban
Iringa Urban
Ngome Health Centre
Urban
Iringa Urban
Mafinga district Hospital
Semi Urban
Mufindi
Njombe Health Centre
Semi Urban
Njombe
Kasanga dispensary
Rural
Mufindi
MARA REGION
90
Matamba Rural HC
Rural
Makete
TABORA REGION
Town clinic
Urban
Tabora Urban
Isevya Dispensary
Urban
Tabora Urban
Igunga District Hospital
Semi Urban
Igunga
Nzega district hospital
Semi urban
Nzega
Songambele village
Rural
Urambo
Ilolanguru dispensary
Rural
UYUI
91