References
Asher, R.E.,ed. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. New York:
Pergamon Press. Vol 8.
Beckman, Mary. 1986. Stress and Non-Stress Accent. Dordrecht: Fortis.
Bergem, Dick R. van. 1993. “Acoustic vowel reduction as a function of sentence accent,
word stress, and word class,” Speech Communication 12.1-23.
Black, John W. 1949. Natural frequency, duration, and intensity of vowels in reading.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 14.216-221.
Crystal, David. 1992. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.
Cambridge: Blockwell Publishers.
Engstrand, Olle. 1988. Articulatory correlates of stress and speaking rate in Swedish
VCV utterances. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83.1863-1875.
Fourakis, Marios. 1991. Tempo, stress and vowel reduction in American English.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90.1816-1827.
Fry, D.B. 1955. Duration and Intensity as Physical Correlates of Linguistic Stress.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27.765-8.
Greenberg, Steven G. 1997. The Switchboard Transcription Project in Research Report
#24, 1996 Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Summer Research
Workshop Technical Report Series. Center for Language and Speech Processing, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (56 pp. http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~steveng).
Greenberg, Steven G. and Shawn Chang and Joy Hollenback. 2000. An introduction to
the diagnostic evaluation of the Switchboard corpus automatic speech recognition
systems. Proceedings of NIST Speech Transcription Workshop. College Park, MD.
Hitchcock, Leah and Greenberg, Steven G. 2001. Vowel height is intimately associated
with stress accent in spontaneous American English discourse. Submitted to Eurospeech
2001.
Koopmans-van Beinum, 1987. Vowel reduction and stress. Speech Communication
6.217-229.
Kuijk, D. van, and Boves, L. 1999. Acoustic characteristics of lexical stress in continuous
telephone speech. Speech Communication 27.95-111.
Lehiste, Ilse. 1996. Suprasegmental features of speech. in Principles of Experimental
Phonetics, N. Lass (ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, 226-244.
Lehiste, Ilse and Gordon Peterson. 1959. Vowel Amplitude and Phonemic Stress in
American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 31.428-435.
Lindblom, Bjorn. 1963. A spectrographic study of vowel reduction. Journal of the
Acoustical Society of America 35.1773-1781.
Peterson, G.E. and Ilse Lehiste. 1960. Duration of syllable nuclei in English. Journal of
the Acoustical Society of America 32.693-703.
Silipo, Rosaria, and Greenberg, Steven G. 1999. Automatic transcription of prosodic
prominence for spontaneous English discourse. Proceedings of the XIVth International
Cong. Of Phonetic Science 2351-2354.
Silipo, Rosaria, and Greenberg, Steven G. 2000. Prosodic stress revisited: Reassessing
the role of fundamental frequency. Proceedings of the NIST Speech Transcription
Workshop College Park, MD.
Silipo, Rosaria, and Greenberg, Steven G. 2000. Automatic Detection of Prosodic Stress
in American English Discourse. Technical Report TR-00-001 (29 pages). International
Computer Science Institute. Berkeley, CA. (available from
http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/techreports/2000).
Vanderslice, Ralph and Peter Ladefoged. 1972. Binary suprasegmental features and
transformational word-accentuation rules. Language 48.819-838.