BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
Topic 7: The Secret of Life: Nucleic acids
1. What are the 2 main functions of nucleic acids?


2. Write the name of components of a nucleotide given
below.
4. Two nucleotides that on each strand bind with
__________ bond and two nucleotides that on the
same strand bind with the ______________ bond.
5. The two strands of a DNA double helix are
antiparallel. This means that _____.
A) the two strands are mirror images
B) only one of the two strands can be used as a
template for replication, since DNA polymerase only
works in one direction
C) one strand is actually composed of RNA
D) one strand runs in the 5’ --> 3’ direction and the
other runs in the 3’ --> 5’ direction
E) they both run in the 3’ --> 5’ direction
6. One strand of a DNA molecule has the base
sequence ATAGGT. The complementary base
sequence on the other strand of DNA will be
_______________.
3. What we call the units (monomers) which make
up the chains of RNA and DNA?
A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Amino acids
D) Fatty acids
E) Nucleotides
4. Which of the following lists the four bases
contained in DNA?
A) cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil
B) adenine, guanine, hemanine, thymine
C) guanine, pyroline, thymine, uracil
D) adenine, guanine, purine, thymine
E) adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
7. Which one of the following accurately reflects
complementary base pairing in the DNA molecule?
A) guanine–cytosine
B) guanine–adenine
C) cytosine–hemanine
D) uracil–thymine
E) adenine–cytosine
8. Which of the following is NOT true about doublestranded DNA?
A) It is helical.
B) It contains phosphodiester linkages.
C) The two strands are said to be complementary.
D) Adenine and uracil are present in equal amounts.
E) The strands run antiparallel.
9. What is the function of Phosphodiester bonds in DNA
structure?
5. Which of the following bases is the purine base?
A) Thymine
B) Cytosine
C) Uracil
D) Pyroline
E) Adenine
6. What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
Write at least 3 differences.
Topic 8: DNA
1. What are the functions of DNA in cell? Write 3
functions.
2. A DNA molecule includes 2000 nucleotides.There
are 300 guanine in this DNA. How many hydrogen
bonds are there in this DNA?
10. Which bonds hold together double strands of DNA?
11. A DNA molecule includes 2000 nucleotides. There
are 300 Guanines.
a) How many cytosines are there?
b)
What is the sum of Adenines and Thyimines?
c)
What is the total number of Hydrogen bonds
found between Guanines and Cytosine?
d)
What is the total number of Hydrogen bonds
found in this DNA molecule?
Answer: 2300
3. One strand of DNA that molecule has a nucleotide
sequence TAACGTA. Its complementary DNA strand
will have a sequence that reads:
A) AUUGCAU
B) CGGTACG
C) ATTGCAT
D) ATGCAAT
E) ATTCGAT
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
12. One strand of DNA has a nucleotide sequence
TAACGTA. Its complementary DNA strand will have
a sequence that reads:
A) AUUGCAU
B) CGGTACG
C) ATTGCAT
D) ATGCAAT
E) ATTCGAT
1. Mach the sentences.
a) mRNA:
b) tRNA :
c) rRNA :
1) ____ transport amino acids from cytoplasm to
ribosome
Topic 9: DNA replication
2) ____ form ribosome’s with proteins
1. Mach the correct sentences with the terms given
below.
a) DNA ligase
b) DNA polymerase
c) DNA Helicase
d) DNA primase
e) RNA primer
3) _____ carry information from DNA to ribosome
1.___unwinds the two DNA strands
2.___Produce RNA primers
3.___builds the new strands in a 5’ to 3’ direction
4.___Links the Okazaki fragments
5.___starts the building of new DNA strands
2. 3’ AATGCGTAT 5’ is the one strand of a DNA
molecule. What is the sequence of the leading and
lagging strand that produced in DNA replication?
2. AAA TTT CCC GGG is the DNA strand.
Which of the following is the mRNA strand
produced from DNA given above?
A) TTT AAA GGG CCC
B) UUU AAA GGG CCC
C) UUU TTT GGG CCC D) TTT AAA CCC GGG
E) AAA TTT CCC GGG
3. The triplets of nucleotides base on the mRNA are
called __________.
The triplets of nucleotide base on the tRNA are called
___________.
4. Where can we find the RNA in a cell?
5. Where can we find the DNA in a cell?
3. What is the aim of DNA replication?
4. Replication process occurs every time from
……of new strand to…….
6. Which of the following brings the amino acids
from different sides of cytoplasm to ribosome?
A) DNA B) tRNA C) mRNA D) mtDNA E) rRNA
5. The DNA strand being produced continuously in
the 5’ --> 3’ direction is called the _____ strand.
A) Okazaki
B) leading
C) bubble
D) lagging
E) new
Topic 11: Chromatin and Chromosome
6. Two new strands of DNA molecules grow as
bases are added by the enzyme _____.
A) bacterial duplicating complex
B) DNA polymerase
C) DNA replicase
D) Okazaki enzyme
E) polynucleotidase
2. What components are found in the nucleosome?
7. What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?
4. Explain the following terms:
Histone:
1. What is the chromatin?
3. What is the difference between chromatin and
chromosome?
8. Which enzyme unwinds the helical structure of
DNA?
Nucleosome:
10. Explain the following terms:
Chromatin:
- DNA Helicase:
- DNA Polymerase:
- DNA Ligase:
Chromatid:
12. In DNA replication short replication parts in lagging
strand are called as ……………………….
Chromosome:
Topic 10: RNA
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
5. What is the correct sequence from smaller to
bigger?
a- Chromatin
b- DNA
c- Nucleotide
d- Chromosome
e- Gene
f- Chromatid
g- Nucleosome
The correct order: _______________________
E) 46 chromosome are found in the gamete cells
6. An egg cell of human karyotype is symbolized as
_______ and a sperm cell symbolized as ___________
or ____________.
7. Why a cell divides into two? Write 2 reasons.
8. A human somatic cell contains _____
chromosomes.
Answer: 46
7. A nucleosome composes of __________.
Answer: DNA and histone protein
8. The region of a chromosome holding the two
double strands of replicated DNA together is called
_____.
A) chromatin
B) a centriole
C) a centromere
D) a chromatid
E) an aster
9. The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a
chromosome is properly called _____.
A) a chromatid
B) a chloroplast
C) chromatin
D) a chromoplast
E) a chromagen
Topic 12: Cell Karyotype
1. How many chromosomes are found in a human cell?
9. If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24
chromosomes, a grasshopper sperm cell would
contain ____ chromosomes.
Answer:12
10. What are the effects of X and Y chromosomes to
human?
Topic 13: Mitosis
1._____________ is a period from the beginning of one
division to the beginning of the next division
2. DNA replication occurs in ___________.
Answer: S phase
5. Explain the following phases of Cell cycle.
G1:
2. What is the meaning of karyotype?
S:
G2:
3. Explain the following terms.
Haploid chromosomes:
Mitosis:
Sister chromosomes:
6. How many chromosomes are present in a
somatic human cell in G1?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 92
D) 184
E) none of the above
Homologous chromosomes:
7. Sister chromatids separate during ___________.
A) anaphase
B) G1 phase
B) G2 phase
D) metaphase
E) prophase
Diploid chromosomes:
4. If an organism has 34 chromosomes, its gamete
cells are _________________.
A) diploid and have 17 chromosomes.
B) diploid and 34 chromosomes
C) haploid and have 17 chromosomes
D) haploid and 34 chromosomes
E) triploid and 51 chromosomes
5. Which of the following is false for human
karyotype?
A) Have 23 pair of chromosome
B) Have 23 homologous chromosome pairs
C) Have 44 autosome and 2 sex chromosome
D) Contain diploid cells
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
8. In animal cell mitosis, the cleavage furrow forms
during ___________.
A) anaphase
B) G1 phase
C) cytokinesis
D) metaphase
E) prophase
10. If a human muscle cells divide mitotically 4 times,
what will be expected the number of daughter cells
and their chromosome number?
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
7. Fill in the blanks in figure given below.
12. Sister chromosomes are separated from each other
through the each pole in __________ phase.
15. Which of the following is false about mitosis cell
division?
A) Produce 2 cells.
B) Daughter and parent cell are identical
C) Chromosome number remains constant
D) Seen in body cells
E) It decreases chromosome number to haploid (n).
16. "Cytokinesis" refers to _____.
A) division of the entire cell
B) division of the nucleus
C) division of the cell outside the nuclear material
D) reduction in the number of chromosomes
E) cell movement
Topic 14: Meiosis
1. What is the aim of the Meiosis?
2. How many egg cells are produced at the end of
meiosis?
3. Which of the following is not correct for meiosis?
A) It reduces the chromosome numbers into half
B) Four cells form by one meiotic division
C) Occurs only in body cell
D) Occurs in reproductive cells
E) Involves two divisions
4. Why do cells divide in meiosis two times?
5. Which of the following occurs during anaphase I
of meiosis?
A) Formation of tetrads
B) Separation of homologous chromosomes
C) Crossing over
D) Separation of sister chromatids, with one chromatid
pulled toward each pole
E) Line up of chromosomes along the equatorial plane
6. What is the crossing-over? In which phase does it
occur?
8. At which stage of Meiosis are chromosomes
lined up in one plane in preparation for their
separation to opposite poles of the cell?
A) prophase I
B) metaphase I
C) anaphase I
D) telophase I
E) interphase
9. Which of the following best describes the
meiosis?
A) It is carried out in all tissues that require cell
replacement.
B) It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures
of the organism.
C) It happens in all tissues except the brain and spinal
cord.
D) It is the first stage of mitosis.
10. Which of the following is true for meiosis II?
A) Sister chromatids separate each other
B) Crossing over is observed in prophase II
C) Chromosome number increase during the
metaphase II
D) Meiosis II occurs in somatic cells
E) After the meiosis II daughter cells can divide many
times again.
11. If an organism receives 12 chromosomes from its
father, how many chromosomes can be expected in
its brain cells?
A) 12 B) 24
C) 64
D) 36 E) 38
12. Rice gamete cells contain 12 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes do rice diploid cells have?
A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24
E) 48
13. What is the typical result when a diploid cell
undergoes meiosis?
A) two diploid cells
B) two haploid cells
C) four diploid cells
D) four haploid cells
E) two haploid cells and two diploid cells
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
14. Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation
of ______; meiosis and cytokinesis result in the
formation of ________.
A) four diploid cells ... four haploid cells
B) two diploid cells ... two haploid cells
C) two diploid cells ... four haploid cells
D) two diploid cells ... two diploid cells
E) four haploid cells ... two diploid cells
15. What are the differences between Mitosis and
Meiosis divisions?
16. Why does chromosome number of cells decrease
half of parent cell’s chromosomes?
17. Where do Meiosis divisions occur in the body?
18. What is the effect of crossing-over at the variation of
organism?
Topic 15: Protein Synthesis
1. Why do we need to synthesize proteins?
2. What is the function of DNA in protein synthesis?
3. Which of following carries information coded in
DNA to ribosomes?
A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) rDNA
D) rRNA
E) mtDNA
A) 4
D) 20
B) 8
E) 23
C) 12
8. How many nucleotides are needed to code for a
protein with 450 amino acids?
A) at least 150
B) at least 300
C) at least 450
D) at least 900
E) at least 1,350
9. Which of the following is NOT associated with
RNA?
A) ribose
B) thymine
C) uracil
D) phosphates
E) single-strandedness
10. Which of the following is false about protein
synthesis?
A) before synthesis DNA must be unzipped
B) code of RNA are given by antisense strand of DNA
C) transcription started by RNA polymerase
D) mRNA strand is identical to antisense DNA strand
except, instead of thymine to uracil
E) tRNA can transfer only one type of amino acid
11. Which of the following codons can not code a
functional amino acid?
A) UAC
B) UAA
C) GUG
D) AUG E) UGG
12. I- m-RNA is attached to ribosomes
II- m-RNA moves from the nucleus to cytoplasm
III- t-RNA molecules carring aminoacids arrange
themselves along the mRNA template
IV- m-RNA separates from the DNA strand along which
it was synthesized
V- m-RNA separates from ribosome
Which of the following represent the correct
sequence of the steps listed above, leading to the
formation of a protein in a eukaryotic cell?
A) IV-III-I-II-V
B) I-IV-V-II-III
C) I-IV-III-II-V
D) IV-I-II-V-III
E) IV-II-I-III-V
13. How many amino acids can be synthesized by mRNA formed from one strand of DNA which has 4200
total Hydrogen bond and 300 Adenine in protein
synthesis?
4. Explain the terms of transcription and translation.
5. When RNA is being made, the RNA base ____
always pairs with the base _____ in DNA.
A) U ... T
B) T ... G
C) U ... A
D) A ... U
E) T ... A
6. If the each amino acid is coded by 3 bases (codon)
of 4 bases (ATGC), there must be 64(43) amino acid.
But we have only 20 kind of amino acid.
Write the reason.
14. The DNA code is CGT. What messenger RNA is
made from this?
A) ATU B) GCA C) TCU D) CTA E) UCG
15. The translation process in eukaryotes requires
all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
A) ribosomes
B) RNA polymerase
C) aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzymes
D) transfer RNA
E) AUG codons
7.
5' TACAGCGCTGGC 3'
The above sequence of DNA is part of a gene.
How many amino acids are coded for by this
segment?
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
Topic 1: Reproduction: A) Asexual Reproduction
1. What are the types of asexual reproduction?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Yeasts reproduce by means of ____________.
A) Budding
B) Fission
C) Spores
D) Regeneration E) Sexually
3. What is the name of
process given aside?
A) Binary fission
B) Sporulation
C) Regeneration
D) Meiosis
E) Tissue culture
12.
What is the type of reproduction given above?
A) Stem grafting B) Stolon
C) Rhizomes
D) Tuber
E) Cutting
13. Which of the following organisms can
reproduce by regeneration?
A) Bacteria
B) Starfish
C) Elephants
D) Bat
E) Lizard
14. What is the meaning of tissue culture?
4. _____________________ is the production of
offspring from a single parent by simple division.
15. How is the tissue culture applied?
5. Which organisms can reproduce by means of binary
fission?
6. Which of the following organisms can reproduce
by spores?
A) Fish
B) Pine
C) Mushroom
D) Starfish
E) Birds
16. What is the bud grafting? Explain.
7. What is the meaning of vegetative propagation?
Topic 2: B) Sexual Reproduction
1. Why does sexual reproduction differ from
asexual reproduction?




8. Write the types of vegetative propagation.
a)
b)
c)
9. What is the name of reproduction type given
below?
2. Which of the followings is not a type of sexual
reproduction?
A) Conjugation
B) Metagenesis
C) Oogamy
D) Sporulation
E) Heterogamy
3. Metagenesis is the alternation of generations and
involves the regular alternation between sexual and
asexual reproductive phases during the life cycle of an
organism.
Which of the following organisms has metagenesis
in its life cycle?
A) Stem grafting B) Stolon
D) Tuber
E) Cutting
C) Rhizomes
A) Mosquito
D) Ants
10. Which of the following reproduces by stolons?
A) Tomato
B) Potato
C) Strawberry
D) Cherry
E) Banana
B) Frog
E) Bees
4. Write the types of Sexual reproduction due to
gametes size?
11. Which of the following can reproduce by means
of tubers?
A) Melon
B) Apple
C) Banana
D) Potato
E) Wheat
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
C) Plasmodium
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
5. Which of the following organisms can reproduce
by parthenogenesis?
A) Plant
B) Ants
C) Tigers
D) Fish
E) jelly fish
Anther:
6. What is the parthenogenesis?
Receptacle:
Filament:
Egg:
7. What is the main difference between Isogamy and
Heterogmay?
8. What is the Oogamy? Which organisms have it?
4. Which of the following parts of flowers produces
pollens?
A) Sepal
B) Petal
C) Anther
D) Pistil
E) Receptacle
5. Which of the flower parts surrounds and protects
other parts of flower while a flower is developing?
A) Sepal
B) Petal
C) Stamen:
D) Pistil
E) Receptacle
Topic 4: Steps of Plant Reproduction
9. What is the meaning of metagenesis?
1. Order the steps of plant reproduction?
1) Gametogenesis
A.
B.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Topic 3: Plant Reproduction
1. Which of the followings is not an example of nonflowering plants?
A) Mosses
B) Liverworts
C) Pine
D) Horsetails
E) Fern
2. Label the parts of flower given below.
2. Define the following terms:
Spermatogenesis:
Oogenesis:
Pollination:
Ovule:
Cotyledon:
3. Explain the spermatogenesis process by drawing.
3. Write the functions of flower parts given below.
Sepal:
4. What is the main difference between cross and selfpollination?
Petal:
Ovary:
5. Why do plants prefer cross pollination?
Style:
Stigma:
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
6. Explain the Double Fertilization process that occurs
in the flowers.
3. The site of leaf production is termed a/an
______________ and the length of stem in between
each is termed a/an __________________ .
4. What is the seed dormancy?
7. Match the structures present at fertilization and
the structures they develop into as follows:
a- Egg
___ Fruit
b- Ovary wall
___ Embryo
c- Ovule
___ Seed
d- Polar cells
___ Endosperm
8. In the process of pollination, pollen grains are
transferred from the _____ to the _____.
A) ovary ... Anther
B) stigma ... Ovary
C) anther ... Sepal
D) carpel ... Stigma
E) anther ... Stigma
9 Classify fruits according to their structure and
give one example for each one.
a)
b)
c)
d)
10. Which part of seed forms the root system of
plant?
A) Testa
B) Radicle
C) Seed coat
D) Endosperm
E) Plumule
5. What are the node and internode?
6. Which of the followings is not requirement of the
plant germinations?
A) The dormancy of seed must be broken
B) Water must be present in a sufficient amount to be
absorbed by testa
C) Light must be present for photosynthesis
D) Oxygen must be available for respiration
E) The temperature must be high enough for seed
enzyme
7. Primary growth refers to __________.
A) seed dormancy.
B) an increase in the length of plant
C) an increase in the diameter of a stem
D) growth produced by lateral meristems
E) production of fruits
8. The seed contains all of the following Except
______.
A) An embryo
B) Store food
C) Sufficient water for germination
D) Integuments
E) Seed coat
Topic 6: Animal Reproduction
11. Which of the following fruits belongs to the
group of accessory fruits?
A) Lemon
B) Orange
C) Melon
D) Strawberry
E) Fig
12. After fertilization, the _____ develops into a
seed and the _____ develops into a fruit.
A) ovule ... Ovary
B) pollen grain ... Ovule
C) ovary ... Ovule
D) egg ... Ovule
E) egg ... Ovary
Topic 5: Plant Development
1. What conditions must be available for respiration
of the germinating seed?

1. Explain reproduction in honey bees.
2. Which of the following species of animals
reproduces by parthenogenesis?
A) Flat worms
B) Sea stars
C) Hydra
D) Honey bee
D) Squid
3. How sponges reproduce sexually?


4. What is the meaning of hermaphroditic organisms?
Explain it.

2. Which of the following hormones is about control
of plant growth?
A) Auxins
B) Endocrine
C) Insulin
D) Adrenaline
E) Thyroxin
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
5. In a bee colony or hive, there are three types of
members: Worker, Drones and a Queen. The workers
and queen are female, whereas the drones are male.
Which of these organisms is haploid (n)?
A) Drones
B) Adult Queen
C) Young Female
D) Worker
E) The larva of fertilized egg
Topic 8: Animal Development
1. What is the zygote?
6. Write the gender (sex) of organisms given below
in the bee colony.
2. What are the steps of animal development?





Queen:
3. What is the aim of fertilization?
Drones:
Workers:
7. What are the differences of internal and external
fertilizations?
8. Which organisms reproduce by external fertilization?
4. How many sperm cells can enter into an egg cell?
Why?
5. Which of the following structures is used to drill
coat of the egg cell during fertilization?
A) Tail
B) Acrosome
C) Pollen
D) Nucleus
E) Mitosis
Topic 7: Vertebrate Reproductive System
6. Zygote divides repeatedly until 32 cells are formed,
this process is known as a ___________.
1. What are the functions of testes and ovary in
Vertebrate Reproductive System?
7. Many successive divisions later, a ball of cells forms,
known as a ___________.
8. Write the names of stages of animal development to
below of their picture?
2. What are the external and internal fertilizations?
Give example for each of them.
____________________
_____________
_________________
_________________
3. Which of the following organisms reproduces
externally?
A) Chicken
B) Whale
C) Frog
D) Tiger
E) Rat
4. How do fish reproduce?
5. The fertilization of an egg by a single sperm forms a
_______________.
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
9. In which development process the embryonic
layers are produced?
A) Blastula
B) Fertilization
C) Cleavage
D) Gastrulation
E) Morula
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION and DEVELOPMENT
Topic 9: Differentiation and Organogenesis
1. What are the different embryonic layers to form
different tissues and organs?



2. Which of the following organs is formed by
Mesoderm?
A) Brain
B) Gland
C) Kidney
D) Lungs
E) Pharynx
4. Which of the following is a watery substance
which supports the embryo during embryological
development?
A) Chorion
B) Placenta
C) Amnion
D) Allantois E) Vitellus
5. Explain the following embryonic tissues.
Ectoderm:
Endoderm:
Mesoderm:
6. Write the across of organs or organ systems that
develop from which embryonic tissue.
Brain:
Ectoderm
Bones:
________
Kidney:
________
Liver:
________
Lung:
________
Heart:
________
Spinal Cord:
________
7. In the given diagram below, process B is known
as
A) Differentiation
C) Spermatogenesis
E) Meiosis
B) Oogenesis
D) Germination
Date: ____/_____________/ 2011
Signature: _____________________