Anthony P. Campanella
Giuseppe Garibaldi e la tradizione Garibaldina
Geneva, Comitato dell'Istituto Internazionale di Studi Garibaldini, 1971
Dr. Campanella is author and editor of numerous publications relating to
Garibaldi. His magnum opus, the 1971 two volume bibliography of Garibaldi, is
a cornerstone of Garibaldian studies. The frontispiece of the second volume
displays one of the most famous, most striking images of Garibaldi.
A. Garibaldi in South America. In 1834 Garibaldi, who had absorbed political
influences from Giuseppe Mazzini and from the French Socialist theorist SaintSimon, participated in an unsuccessful attempt at revolution in Piedmont, in
whose navy he then served. Under sentence of death he escaped first to France
and then, in 1836, to South America, where he remained in exile until 1848.
His experiences in South America determined his future career, shaping the
military genius which later enabled him to resist the French and to defeat the
Neapolitans and Austrians.
Isidoro De-Maria, 1815-1906
Anales de la defensa de Montevideo 1842-1851
Montevideo, Imprenta a vapor de el Ferro-Carril, 1883-1887.
Four volumes.
With the destruction of the Uruguayan army at the battle of Arroyo Grande
(December 6, 1842) it was assumed that the country's capital, Montevideo,
would fall to the combined forces of the Argentinian dictator Juan Manuel
Rosas and the former Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe. Responsibility for the
city's defence principally fell to two groups - the newly-freed slaves, who
formed a contingent 5,000 strong, and the community of foreign exiles. As a
leader of the Italian Legion - the first group to adopt the name "Redshirts",
with which he will always be associated - Garibaldi substantially enhanced his
reputation through the defeat of a superior force at the battle of Salto Sant
Antonio (February 1846).
In South America, Garibaldi learned and mastered
the techniques of guerilla warfare which he was to use to great effect against
the armies of the French and Austrians, which lacked effective experience to
counter them. This rare history of the events of the period was written by
the editor of the Montevideo newspaper the Constitucional.
Giuseppe Bandi, 1834-1894
Anita Garibaldi
Firenze, R. Bemporad, 1932
During his service as a captain in the navy of the Rio Grande del Sul, a small
state which attempted unsuccessfully to secede from the Brazilian empire,
Garibaldi eloped with a married woman, Anna Maria ("Anita") Ribero da Silva.
She was to be Garibaldi's companion (the two were bigamously married in 1842)
until her death in 1849, during their flight from Austrian and Papal troops,
subsequent to the collapse of the Roman republic. The dramatically tragic
circumstances of her death placed her firmly in the front rank of the heroes
of the Risorgimento. Bandi's romantic biography, first published in 1889, is
a perennially popular hagiography of Anita Garibaldi.
Map of the Confédération Argentine at République Orientale de l'Uruguay.
From 1836-1840 Garibaldi fought for the Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost
section of the Brazilian empire, then seeking to establish itself as an
independent republic. By tradition, this map was owned by Garibaldi and was
used by him at that time.
Sword;
19th century
This sword is believed to have been presented to Garibaldi by the people of
Montevideo on the occasion of his departure for Italy in June, 1848. The two
sides of the engraved blade bear the inscriptions L'Italia and L'Unione.
B. The 1848 revolutions and the Roman Republic. In April 1848, Garibaldi
returned to Europe with 60 members of his Italian legion. The offer of his
services was declined by Pope Pius IX and by Charles Albert of Savoy, and
instead, until the collapse of the revolutionary movement in Northern Italy,
he fought ably for the city of Milan which, influenced by Mazzini, had adopted
a distinct, republican orientation. Following Pius IX's flight from Rome,
Garibaldi and his volunteers offered their services to the Roman Republic.
His doomed but inspired defence of Rome (April-June 1849) and his retreat to
San Marino and escape from central Italy, during the course of which his wife
died in circumstances both deeply tragic and deeply heroic, established him as
a legend of emerging European liberal nationalism. Garibaldi was now the
"hero of two worlds". The Piedmontese government was unwilling to allow so
potent a symbol of revolution to return home, and Garibaldi remained in exile,
in Tangier, Staten Island and Peru, until 1854, when Cavour, the Piedmontese
prime minister, allowed his return with the purpose of separating him from
Mazzini and the republican faction, and of using his prestige and talents to
further unification of Italy under the auspices of the Piedmontese monarchy.
Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805-1872
Ricordi dei Fratelli Bandiera e dei loro compagni di martirio in Cosenza
Parigi, Dai torchi della Signora Lacombe, 1844
In 1844, the brothers Attilio and Emilio Bandiera and a group of companions
landed on the Sicilian coast in an attempt to trigger a spontaneous uprising
within the kingdom of Naples (also known as the kingdom of the Two Sicilies).
When the hoped-for rebellion failed to materialize they were captured and
shot, together long with seven of their companions. Their death, singing the
chorus "He who dies for his country has lived long enough", placed them in the
first rank of the martyrs of Italian unity. The incident strongly affected
Garibaldi, who in 1860 was spectacularly to make good what they had attempted.
Garibaldi named his second son Ricciotti in honour of one of the young
martyrs (the Campanella Collection contains many items from Ricciotti
Garibaldi's library). Ironically a possible factor in the failure of the
expedition was the indiscretion of Giuseppe Mazzini, compiler of this account,
who, believing that there was no postal censorship in Britain, mailed details
of the plot to another Italian revolutionary in London. The letter was
intercepted by the British government and it was believed (apparently
incorrectly) that its contents were forwarded to the Neapolitan and Austrian
governments.
Il Don Pirlone
Rome, February-March 1849
Issues 130-195 of the rare satirical journal Il Don Pirlone, issued in Rome
under the Roman Republic. Many of the lithographic cartoons are anti-clerical
in nature, but this example represents the Roman Republic, Roman wolf at her
side, heralding the dawn of Italian unity by ringing a bell in the shape of a
cap of liberty. Pope Pius IX and Charles Albert of Savoy, whose son Victor
Emmanuel II was to be king of a united Italy, are among those discomfited by
the bell's sound. The Campanella collection also contains a copy of the 1850,
three-volume second edition of Don Pirlone formerly in the library of Count
Potocki.
Luigi-Carlo Farini, 1812-1866
Lo stato Romano dall'anno 1815 al 1850
Firenze, Felice Le Monnier, 1853.
Terza ed.
In February 1849, Garibaldi, who had led a group of volunteers to Rome, was
elected a deputy of the Roman Assembly. In this capacity he proposed the
establishment of the Roman Republic. Between April and July he led a spirited
defense against French and Neapolitan troops sent to restore papal authority.
Though the resources at Garibaldi's disposal doomed his defense to failure,
the vigor of his resistance ensured a place for the event among the principal
legends of the Risorgimento and established Garibaldi as one of its greatest
leaders.
The liberal politician Luigi-Carlo Farini, author of this work, served in the
1848 administration of Pope Pius IX, but resigned following the establishment
of the Roman Republic. Subsequently, the increasingly reactionary nature of
the restored papal government led to the transfer his allegiance to the House
of Savoy and he became a strong supporter of Cavour's policies. From 1861 to
1863, following the death of Cavour, he served as prime minister of united
Italy.
Luigi Pianciani, 1810-1890
Popoli
Ancona, Sartorj Cherubini, 27 Gennaro, 1849
A recruiting poster issued during the 1848-49 Austro-Sardinian War.
Protocollo della Republica Romana
Roma, Tipographia Romana, 1849
Collection of resolutions passed by various municipalities in support of the
Roman Republic, then being invaded by the French, April & May, 1849.
Notizie del giorno
Macerata, a Mancini, 1849
The Campanella Collection contains an important group of broadsides issued in
the town of Macerata. This bulletin details events of the 1848-49 war between
Austria and Piedmont/Sardinia including details of skirmishes at San Benedetto
del Tronto, and of a prisoner exchange at Rome.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Autograph letter, signed, to Col. Angelo de Masini
Frosinone, 29 Maggio, 1849
Angelo de Masini, also known as Masina, was an Emilian nobleman who commanded
a corps of lancers, formed for the defence of the Roman republic. The corps,
composed principally of aristocrats, was called the "Death Squadron". This
important letter, exhorting Masini's men to fight bravely, was written ten
days after his (Masini's) men abandoned him during a battle with the
Neapolitans, an incident from which he barely escaped with his life. Masini
was killed five days later during a sortie, made against Garibaldi's expressed
orders, in which he attempted to retake the Villa Corsini from the attacking
French army. Masini's body, recovered a month later, was found to contain
seventy bullet wounds.
Denis Auguste Marie Raffet, 1804-1860
Souvenirs d'Italie.
Expédition de Rome
Paris, Gihaut Frères, 1852
Denis Auguste Marie Raffet is counted among the great 19th century bookillustrators. His two major late works, Souvenirs d'Italie and Voyage dans la
Russie Méridionale (also in the University of South Carolina's collections)
were regarded by many contemporary admirers as the highest achievements of the
lithographic book. Souvenirs d'Italie depicts scenes from actions of the
French expeditionary force despatched by Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, later
Napoléon III, to suppress the Roman Republic and reinstate the government of
Pius IX. Garibaldi's command of the beleaguered Republic's forces established
him as a major figure in the coming fight for Italian unity. Raffet's
Souvenirs is an exceedingly rare work.
Luigi Gualtieri
Memorie di Ugo Bassi, apostolo del vangelo, martire dell'indipendenza Italiana
Bologna, Giacomo Monti,1861
Bassi (1800-1849) was a popular preacher, operating principally from the city
of Bologna. A strong adherent of the 1848 revolution, he initially supported
Pius IX, transferring his allegiance to the Roman republic and to Garibaldi
when the pope's opposition to Liberalism became evident. On the fall of the
republic, Bassi accompanied Garibaldi to San Marino: unlike Garibaldi,
however, he was captured and handed to the Austrians. Falsely charged with
bearing arms, he was executed at Bologna on August 8, 1849. Bassi, among the
most attractive of the 19th century Italian patriots, is described by the 11th
edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica as "a gentle, unselfish soul, who,
although unusually gifted, had an almost childlike nature". The account
concludes: "His execution excited a feeling of horror all over Italy."
Giuseppe La Farina, 1815-1863
Soria d'Italia dal 1815 al 1850
Torino, Societa' Editrice Italiana, 1851-52
Giuseppe La Farina was among the first advocates of Italian unity under the
leadership of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy. He played a prominent role in the
1848 revolution in Sicily, subsequently settling in Turin, where in 1856 he
founded Piccolo corriere d'Italia, which propagated the views of Societa
Nazionale Italiana, of which he became president. La Farina acted as an
intermediary between Cavour and Garibaldi and joined Garibaldi at Palermo in
1860 to speed the process of Italian unity. He was a member of the first
Italian parliament (1860).
Luigi Stefanoni, 1842-1905
Le due repubbliche ed il due dicembre
Milano, R. Levino, 1863
Stefanoni's two volume radical history of the 1848 establishment of the Roman
and French republics and of the overthrow by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte of the
two republics. The wood engravings on the wrappers of the two volumes show,
respectively, the Roman wolf and Gallic cock under the republican Phrigian
cap, and Napoleon III, flanked by imperial flags and surmounted by a crown.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Autograph letter, signed, to Candido Augusto Vecchi
Baltimore MD, December 30, 1853
In this letter Garibaldi announces to Vecchi (1813-1869), his long-time friend
and biographer, his intended return to Italy from the four year exile which
followed the overthrow of the Roman republic. Although addressed from
Baltimore, the letter, which is franked with English stamps, was not mailed
until Garibaldi had reached England on February 11, 1854. After a three month
stay in England, Garibaldi landed at Genoa on May 7.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Cantoni il volontario;
romanzo storico
Milano, Enrico Politti, 1870.
First edition
Garibaldi's 1870 novel Cantoni il volontario is the account of Cantoni, a
fictional figure who joins the author's volunteers in Rome in 1848. In
contrast to his earlier novel Clelia, Garibaldi intersperses descriptions of
actual events through the text and introduces real characters, including his
first wife, Anita, and himself.
C. The Anglo-American literary response to aspirations of Italian Unity. The
cause of Italian unity evoked a strong, sympathetic response in the AngloAmerican literary community. Prominent among these were two expatriate
figures resident in Italy, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Margaret Fuller,
who was married to Angelo Ossoli.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1806-1861
Casa Guidi windows
London, Chapman & Hall, 1851.
First edition
Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband Robert settled in Florence and
sympathized with the Italian nationalist aspirations of many of its
inhabitants, a view representative of the majority of British residents in
northern Italy.
Margaret Fuller, 1810-1850
At home and abroad, or things and thoughts in America and Europe
Boston, Crosby, Nichols & Co.:
London, Sampson Low, Son & Co., 1856
The American writer Margaret Fuller, married to an Italian aristocrat, Angelo
Ossoli, resided in Rome under the 1848 republic and supported Giuseppe
Mazzini. At home and abroad incorporates her first-hand observations of the
period. Of Garibaldi's retreat from Rome on July 2, 1849, she writes: "The
wife of Garibaldi followed him on horseback. He himself was distinguished by
a white tunic; his look was entirely that of a hero of the middle ages, - his
face, still young, for the excitements of his life, though so many, have all
been youthful, and there is no fatigue upon his brow or cheek .... Hard was
the heart, stony and seared the eye, that had no tear for that moment".
D. The 1859 War - prelude to Italian Unity. In 1858, at the invitation of
Cavour and in anticipation of war with Austria, Garibaldi accepted the rank of
major general in the Piedmontese army and assumed responsibility for
leadership of an army of volunteers drawn from the non-Piedmontese regions of
the Italian peninsula. Following the outbreak of war (April 1859),
Garibaldi's Cacciatori delle Alpi ("Alpine huntsmen") captured Varese and
Como. Under the terms of the Villafrancha armistice (July 1859), Austria
ceded the province of Lombardy to Piedmont. A subsidiary consequence of the
peace - Piedmont's cession to France of Nice, Garibaldi's birthplace - enraged
the patriot, who appeared in the Piedmontese parliament to denounce this act.
Francesco Carrano
Il cacciatori delle Alpi commandate dal generale Garibaldi nella guerra del
1859 in Italia
Torino, Unione tipographico-editrice, 1860
In the 1859 war against Austria, Garibaldi, awarded the rank of major general
in the Piedmontese army, led a volunteer force known as the Cacciatori delle
Alpi (Alpine Huntsmen). His forces secured Varese and Como in Lombardy for
Piedmont and stood on the borders of the Austrian South Tyrol at the war's
end. The frontispiece portrait shows Garibaldi in the unusual formality of
his major general's dress uniform.
Charles Adam
La guerre d'Italie
Paris, N.P Philippart, 1859
Following the defeat of the Austrians by the allied French and Piedmontese
armies in the 1859 war, the province of Lombardy was ceded to Piedmont.
Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894
Le congrès, l'Autriche at l'Italie;
révélations sur la crise Italienne
Bruxelles, Fr. van Meenen, 1859
Kossuth, principal Hungarian leader in the 1848-49 revolution, was the only
European nationalist leader of comparable popularity to Garibaldi in western
Europe and the Americas. Unlike Garibaldi, his subsequent career was
anticlimactic and unsuccessful. In 1859, he took advantage of hostilities
between France and Savoy, and Austria, which ended with the ceding of Lombardy
to the kingdom of Savoy, to attempt to raise a Hungarian legion to invade
Austria's Dalmatian territories. This aim was terminated by the Villafranca
armistice of July 11, 1859.
This is the rare first edition of Kossuth's
pamphlet on the Italian situation.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Autograph letter, signed, 12 December, 1859
Copy, in a secretarial hand, of an letter addressed "Mio Caro Panizzi",
evidently addressed to Antonio Panizzi (Sir Anthony Panizzi), Librarian of the
British Museum.
E. 1860 - The Sicilian Campaign and Italian Unification. On May 6, 1860,
Garibaldi sailed from Genoa with a force of slightly more than 1,000
volunteers. The purpose of the expedition was the overthrow of the Bourbon
monarchy of Sicily and Naples and the precipitation, by this act, of
unification of the Italian peninsula. The Piedmontese government, wary of a
venture that it was unable, because of Garibaldi's popularity, to prevent,
withheld support until it became clear with the fall of Palermo that the
project stood an excellent chance of success. A plebiscite which followed the
final defeat of the Bourbon army at Volturno (at which Garibaldi commanded an
army of 30,000 men) indicated overwhelming support for the participation of
Naples and Sicily in a united Italy under the rule of Victor Emmanuel II.
Giuseppe La Masa, 1825-1881
Della guerra insurrezionale in Italia tendente a conquisare la nazionalita
Torino, a spese dell'Autore, 1856
In the wake of the abortive Mazzinian revolution at Palermo on April 4, 1860,
Cavour contacted La Masa, a moderate Sicilian republican, suggesting that he,
rather than Garibaldi - who Cavour believed to be too strongly influenced by
Mazzini and his followers - should lead an expedition to overthrow the Bourbon
regime in Sicily. In the event, however, Garibaldi led the expedition
himself, preempting Cavour, who did not dare to intervene directly; La Masa
accompanied the expedition as one of its leaders.
Giovanni La Cecilia, 1801-1880
Storia dell'insurrezione Siciliana
Milano, Libreria di Francesco Sanvito, 1860
La Cecilia's two volume account of Garibaldi's Sicilian expedition and the
integration of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the newly unified kingdom
of Italy is one of the earliest histories of these events. The work is
dedicated to Garibaldi "in attestato di antica amicizia e di somma
ammirazione".
Augusto Elia, 1829-1919
Ricordi di un Garibaldino dal 1847-48 al 1900
Roma, Tipo-litographia del genio civile, 1904
Presentation copy, inscribed by the author to Garibaldi's son Ricciotti.
Elia, a seaman from Ancona, commanded the steamer Lombardo on which Nino
Bixio's men embarked for the 1860 expedition to Sicily. He was badly wounded
at the battle of Calatafimi (May 15, 1860) the first significant engagement of
the Sicilian campaign.
Giuseppe Cesare Abba, 1838-1910
Storia dei mille;
narrata ai giovvinetti
Firenze, R. Bemporad, 1906.
Seconda ed.
Abba, a native of Parma, was among the most prolific memoirists of Italian
unification. His journal of the Sicilian campaign and invasion of Naples,
published in English as The diary of one of Garibaldi's Thousand, is a classic
among the accounts of the Risorgimento. Storia dei mille, published in 1906,
is written for young people.
Francesco Crispi, 1818-1901
I mille, da documenti dell'archivo Crispi
Milano, Fratelli Treves, 1911
Crispi, a republican, served prominently in the 1860 Sicilian campaign, acted
as Garibaldi's secretary, and was opposed to the annexation of Naples and
Sicily to the kingdom of Italy. In 1866 he announced himself a monarchist.
His later distinguished political career included service as minister of the
interior (1877-78) and as prime minister (1887-1896). His papers relating to
Garibaldi's Sicilian venture are naturally a prime source for the period.
44.o bulletino di Napoli e Roma
Pisa, Vannucchi, 1860
Broadside of December 12, 1860, containing news of the progress of Garibaldi
and the Thousand. Includes the flight of Francesco II of Naples and
Garibaldi's decision to rest his troops for a few days before continuing the
war of unification.
Vittorio Emanuele II.
Soldati!
Pisa, Stamperia Vannucchi, 1860
Broadside issued in September 1860. An open letter to the Piedmontese army,
reminding its soldiers that they have been sent to restore order in the
Marches (the section of the Papal States on the Eastern Italian coast, invaded
by Victor Emmanuel's troops on September 11) and not to exact revenge.
Album storico artistico Garibaldi nelle Due Sicilie ossia guerra d'Italia nei
1860
Milano, Fratelli Terzaghi, [1861]
A finely produced book, with excellent lithographic illustrations,
commemorating Garibaldi's overthrow of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Shown
here is an heroic representation of Garibaldi's entry into Palermo. The
Campanella Collection contains two copies of this work, one in original parts.
La chiacchiera
Firenze, 12 September, 1860
A satirical broadsheet, whose title translates as "Gossip", published in
Florence. It includes the pro-Garibaldi, anticlerical cartoon, Un banditore
della verita.
La cicala politica
Milano, 8 September, 1861
This issue of the broadsheet La cicala politica ("giornale umoristico con
caricature") contains a double-spread lithograph commemorating the first
anniversary of Garibaldi's entry into Naples. Symbolic scenes include
Garibaldi's overthrow of the throne of Francesco II and his offering the
crowns of Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II (center left and right). In
the vignette at the foot of the sheet Garibaldi is shown in repose at Caprera.
Gaetano Ghivizzani, d. 1903
Nel giorno onomastico di Giuseppe Garibaldi al popolo Italiano;
Ode
Firenze, Tip. Spiombi, 19 Marzo 1862
Broadside ode celebrating Garibaldi, typical of the numerous popular effusions
in his honour.
G. H. Costa
Le général Garibaldi; ou, Rome et Venise;
mazurka militaire
Turin, Giudici et Strada, [ca. 1860]
Mazurka, composed by G.H. Costa, Captain of the Naples National Guard, and
dedicated to a Miss Mary Smith. The piece, with its romantic title-page
vignette of Garibaldi, is representative of the wave of adulation directed
towards the general in the wake of the heroic achievements of the Thousand in
Naples and Sicily.
F.
The 1864 visit to London
The Campanella Collection contains a substantial group of 400 letters,
invitations and tributes addressed to Garibaldi during his triumphant visit to
England in the spring of 1864. Three items are displayed here.
a. Autograph letter, signed, from Luigi Migliavacca, a Paris-based Italian
pastry cook
Paris, March 14, 1864
Migliavacca informs Garibaldi that his four-year-old son is named in his
honour, and exhorts the general to take up his sword in the cause of the
liberation of Venice. He also sends, as a gift, a sample of his pastries.
b. An engraved invitation from the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers to a
dinner given in honour of Garibaldi on April 21, 1864. The invitation is
addressed to Garibaldi's secretary and companion on this London visit,
Giuseppe Guerzoni.
c. Autograph letter from James Tennant, the noted British mineralogist,
inviting General Garibaldi to visit the Regent's park Zoo of the London
Zoological Society on April 17, 1864. The letter is of added interest as
still including Mr. Tennant's business card and the slip of admission to the
Zoological garden.
G. 1861-1870; the completion of Italian Unification. In 1862 Garibaldi
attempted to use a volunteer army, supposedly raised for an attack on the
Balkan Habsburg territories, to seize the remaining papal states. The Italian
government intervened immediately to prevent the move, which would have
brought them into direct conflict with the French defenders of Rome, and
Garibaldi was defeated, wounded and captured (though soon released) at the
battle of Aspromonte. In 1866 he participated creditably in the campaign
against Austria which resulted in the transfer of the province of Venezia to
the Italian crown. In 1870, following the collapse of the regime of Napoleon
III, and the annexation by Italy of the papal states, Garibaldi fought his
final campaign, defending France against the invading Germans.
Pietro Ripari
Storia medica della grave ferita toccata in Aspromonte dal Generale Garibaldi
Milano, Gaetano Bozza, 1863
In 1862, perhaps at the request of Victor Emmanuel II (accounts vary
strongly), Garibaldi recruited a volunteer army in Sicily, supposedly with the
purpose of invading Austrian-held territories in the Balkans to annex these
and the province of Venezia to the Italian kingdom. Instead, Garibaldi
crossed to the mainland with the intention of invading and annexing Rome. To
preserve relations with the French, whose troops defended the remaining papal
territories, the Italian government ordered the interception of Garibaldi's
force, which was engaged and defeated at Aspromonte on August 29. In the
course of battle, Garibaldi was wounded in the thigh and foot. Ripari's
pamphlet describes his wounds.
Giacomo Lombroso
Dal Volturno ad Aspromonte;
due anni di storia Italiana
Milano, Gaetano Fravega e Antonio Filippini, 1865
Popular account of Italian history during the two year period between
Garibaldi's final, great defeat of the Neapolitan army at Volturno (October 1,
1860) and his own defeat by Italian troops at the battle of Aspromonte (August
29, 1862). Shown is a woodcut of the wounded Garibaldi at Aspromonte.
Eugen Kvaternik, 1825-1871
Autograph letter, signed, April 1864
This exceedingly important three-page letter of April 1864 is addressed to
Garibaldi by the Croat nationalist Eugen Kvaternik (1825-1871). Kvaternik, a
father of modern Croat nationalism, was an organizer of the 1871 Rakovica
revolt, which attempted to establish Croatian independence. Kvaternik was
killed by Austrian troops during the suppression of the revolt.
Album della guerra 1866
Milano; Venezia; Firenze,
Edoardo Sonzogno, [1867]
When war broke out with Austria in 1866 the Italian government was able to use
Garibaldi openly in the hostilities. He was given a command in the Tyrol and
fought well in the campaign that resulted in the acquisition from the
Austrians of the province of Venezia. Show here is a woodcut of Garibaldi as
a general.
Memorie alla casalinga di un Garibaldino.
Guerra nel Tirolo, 1866
Livorno, Francesco Tellini, [1867]
The memoirs of one of the volunteers who fought with Garibaldi in the 1866 war
against Austria, which resulted in the annexation of Venezia to the Italian
kingdom. The original front wrapper of the book, bound into the volume,
displays a woodcut of one of Garibaldi's volunteers.
Guerre de 1870-1871; état-major de Garibaldi
[France, ca. 1871]
Garibaldi's last campaign was in 1870-71, when he fought on behalf of the
French republic against the invading Prussian forces and was elected to the
French National Assembly at Bordeaux - Nice, Garibaldi's birthplace, had been
part of the French empire at the time of his birth, and had reverted to this
status with its cession by Piedmont in 1859. This French chromolithograph of
the period shows Garibaldi in uniform, flanked by his sons Menotti and
Ricciotti and by two supporting staff officers.
Garibaldi et ses volontaires combattant les Prussiens
In 1870, after the collapse of Napoleon III's empire (an event which
facilitated the final phase of 19th century Italian unification, the
annexation of the French-defended Papal States) Garibaldi led a contingent of
Italian volunteers in defence of the newly-declared French third republic,
scoring successes against the invading Prussians at Chatillon, Autun and
Dijon. In recognition of these actions he was elected to the French National
Assembly. This heroic chromolithograph represents Garibaldi in action against
the Prussians.
H.
Autobiographies and Biographies of Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
The life of General Garibaldi, translated from his private papers .... by
Theodore Dwight
New York, A.S. Barnes and Burr, 1859
The memoirs of Garibaldi have a curious history, appearing in his lifetime
with four separate but related texts in four different languages (see entry on
the text of the Dumas version - next item). This earliest version, edited and
translated into English from Garibaldi's manuscript by Theodore Dwight (17961866), was first published in New York in 1859.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Mémoires de Garibaldi, traduits sur le manuscrit original par Alexandre Dumas
Paris, Michel Lévy Fréres, 1860
Garibaldi's memoirs present complex textual problems. Four basic texts exist:
that first published at New York in 1859 in English translation by Theodore
Dwight; the German edition of Garibaldi's mistress Elpis Melena, which
substantially collates with Dwight's version; Garibaldi's own version, first
published in 1872, and the edition prepared by Alexandre Dumas, published in
French in 1860. The Dumas text contains detailed descriptions of events not
found in other versions and leading authorities, notably G.M. Trevelyan, have
dismissed them as inventions, though opinion still varies on this point.
Garibaldi first came to the attention of Dumas during the 1847 defence of
Montevideo; the famous novelist later did much to advance his reputation.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi
London, Walter Smith & Innes, 1889.
Three volumes
This copy of Werner's translation of Garibaldi's Autobiography was owned by
the great British historian George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-1962), a leading
biographer of Garibaldi and historian of the Risorgimento. Trevelyan was a
major influence in inspiring Dr. Campanella to his studies of the Italian
liberator. This set of books, which contains numerous annotations in
Trevelyan's hand, was the gift of Trevelyan to Dr. Campanella.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Garibaldi's memoirs from his manuscript, personal notes and authentic
assembled and published by Elpis Melena
sources
Edited with an introduction and annotations by Anthony P. Campanella
Sarasota FL, International institute of Garibaldian Studies, 1981
A number of important contributions to the study of Garibaldi have been
prepared and published under the auspices of the International Institute of
Garibaldian Studies. The Anglo-German writer Elpis Melena (1818-1899),
admirer and sometime mistress of Garibaldi, edited and published in German
translation the fourth and final version of Garibaldi's memoirs in 1861. The
text is of great significance, both as Garibaldi's last, most complete draft,
and for the extent to which Melena's closeness to the great man is reflected
in her editing and annotations. Dr. Campanella's 1981 edition is the first
publication of this important text in English.
19th century books on Garibaldi
The popularity and hero-worship of Garibaldi in the 19th century Englishspeaking world, is reflected in the inexpensive but attractively-packaged
popular biographies published at that time. The Campanella collection
contains a number of examples, among them W.B. Brooke's Out with Garibaldi
(cover title Campaigns and exploits of Garibaldi) a Ward & Lock yellowback of
1861, published in the wake of the Sicilian expedition, and Howard Blackett's
1882 Life of Giuseppe Garibaldi, with its attractive chromolithographic
frontispiece and added title-page.
Howard Blackett
The life and times of Garibaldi, the Italian hero and patriot
London, Tyne Publishing Co., [1880?]
Blackett's large, elaborately-illustrated tribute is among the most
expensively produced English language biographies of Garibaldi. The finely
executed, romantic chromolithographs are splendid exemplars of the late-19th
century vision of the heroic liberator.
Jessie White Mario, 1832-1906
Garibaldi e i suoi tempi
Milano, Fratelli Treves, 1884
Mario's biography was among the most lavishly illustrated biographies
published after Garibaldi's death. Shown here is a dramatic rendition of the
first meeting of Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1882), the great Italian
republican theorist and leader. The meeting supposedly took place in the
autumn of 1833, though controversy exists as to whether it actually occurred.
However, both Mazzini and Garibaldi acknowledged the meeting, and the author
of this book, an Englishwoman married to an Italian revolutionary, was a
friend of both men.
I.
Garibaldi family collection
The Campanella Collection contains a substantial group of books from the
libraries of Garibaldi and of his son Ricciotti. It also contains this copy
of D'Annunzio's Hinc spes, inscribed to Garibaldi's grandson Peppino.
Gabriele D'Annunzio, 1863-1938
Ode alla nazione Serba ["Hinc spes"]
Venezia, a spese dell'autore, 1915
This copy of Ode alla nazione Serba (Ode to the Serb nation), written at the
time of the Austrian/German invasion of Serbia during the Great War, is
inscribed by D'Annunzio, with typical panache, to Garibaldi's grandson and
namesake Peppino.
J.
Comemorative numismatica in the Campanella Collection
The Italian art historian Annie-Paule Quinsac writes of the Garibaldian medals
in the Campanella Collection that: "In its completeness, the collection is an
extremely rare example of the overall corpus of the numismatic production
connected with the cult of Giuseppe Garibaldi .... The coins, medals and
decorations range from 1849 to the 1960's. They are made of gold, silver,
plated metal, pewter, copper and other alloys (there is even an example of dry
lava). Only a few are not in mint condition. They range from relatively
common (about 150) to rare (about 180) to extremely rare (circa 50)." Dr.
Quinsac also observes that the Campanella collection contains more than 50% of
the holdings of the world's largest collection, that of the Risorgimento
Museum, Milan. She observes that this is "an extraordinary result for any
private collection. There are to my knowledge no other comparable collections
in the US."
K.
Miscellaneous portraits of Garibaldi and his family
a.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882
Chromolithographic portrait, 1866.
Garibaldi.
b.
An attractive, well-executed portrait of
Alabaster portrait bust of Garibaldi
Late 19th century
c.
Garibaldi at the Battle of Milazzo, 1860
Commemorative plate of Garibaldi at Milazzo (here spelt Melazzo) executed at
the Richard Factory, San Christophoro, Milan, shortly after Julius Richard
assumed sole proprietorship of the factory in 1870. The company now trades
under the well-known "Richard-Ginori" trademark.
d.
Famiglia Garibaldi
Milano, G. Cozzi, [ca. 1880]
Lithograph of Garibaldi, his third wife, Francesca Armosina, and his six
children.