Coastal Training Program
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/research_and_conservation/arcue/conservation/selected_road_ecology_referen ces
Reviews
Andrews, A. (1990). Fragmentation of Habitat by Roads and Utility Corridors: A
Review. Australian Zoologist 26, 130-141.
Bennett, A. F. (1989). Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review. In
'Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors.', pp 99-118. Eds.D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs (Surry Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton, NSW).
Forman, R. T. T. (1998). Road ecology: A solution for the giant embracing us.
Landscape Ecology 13, iii-v.
Forman, R. T. T., and Alexander, L. E. (1998). Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29, 207-231.
Forman, R. T. T., Friedman, D. S., Fitzhenry, D., Martin, J. D., Chen, A. S., and
Alexander, L. E. (1995). Ecological effects of roads: Toward three summary indices and an overview for North America. pp. 40-54. In 'Habitat Fragmentation and Infrastructure.' Ed. K. Canters (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and
Water Management: Maastricht and The Hague, Netherlands).
Spellerberg, I. F. (1998). Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature review.
Global Ecology & Biogeography Letters 7, 317-333.
Trombulak, S. C., and Frissell, C. A. (2000). Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14, 18-30.
Way, J. M. (1977). Roadside verges and conservation in Britain: a review.
Biological Conservation 12, 65-74.
Barrier Effects of Roads
Burnett, S. E. (1992). Effects of a Rainforest Road on Movements of small
Mammals: Mechanisms and Implications. Wildlife Research 19, 95-104.
Mader, H. J. (1984). Animal Habitat Isolation by Roads and Agricultural Fields.
Biological Conservation 29, 81-96.
May, S. A., and Norton, T. W. (1996). Influence of Fragmentation and
Disturbance on the Potential Impact of Feral Predators on Native Fauna in
Australian Forest Ecosystems. Wildlife Research 23, 387-400.
Rondinini, C. and C. P. Doncaster (2002). Roads as barriers to movement for hedgehogs. Functional
Ecology 16: 504-509.
June 22 nd , 2007 1

Coastal Training Program
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
Vos, C. C., and Chardon, J. P. (1998). Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Road
Density on the Distribution Pattern of the Moor Frog Rana Arvalis .
Journal of
Applied Ecology 35, 44-56.
Pollution
Angold, P. G. (1997). The Impact of a Road Upon Adjacent Heathland Vegetation - Effects On Plant
Species Composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 34, 409-417.
Lagerwerff, J. V., and Specht, A. W. (1970). Contamination of Roadside Soil and Vegetation with
Cadmium, Nickel, Lead and Zinc. Environmental Science and Technology 7, 583-586.
Port, G. R., and Thompson, J. R. (1980). Outbreaks of insect herbivores on plants along motorways in the
United Kingdom.
Journal of Applied Ecology 17, 649-656.
Quarles, H. D., Hanawalt, R. B., and Odum, W. E. (1974). Lead in Small Mammals, Plants and Soil at
Varying Distances from a Highway.
Journal of Applied Ecology 11, 937-949.
Reijnen, R., Foppen, R., and Meeuwsen, H. (1996). The Effects of Traffic On the Density of Breeding
Birds in Dutch Agricultural Grasslands. Biological Conservation 75, 255-260.
Reijnen, R., Foppen, R., Terbraak, C., and Thissen, J. (1995). The Effects of Car Traffic On Breeding
Bird Populations in Woodland. III. Reduction of Density in Relation to the Proximity of Main
Roads.
Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 187-202. van Bohemen, H. D. and W. D. Janssen van de Laak (2003). The Influence of Road Infrastructure and
Traffic on Soil, Water and Air Quality.
Environmental Management 31: 50-68.
Ward, N. I., Brooks, R. R., and Reeves, R. D. (1974). Effect of lead from motor vehicle exhausts on trees along a major thoroughfare in Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Environmental Pollution 6, 149-
158.
Effects of Roads on the Physical Environment
Larsen, M. C., and Parks, J. E. (1997). How Wide Is a Road - the Association of Roads and Mass-
Wasting in a Forested Montane Environment. Earth Surface Processes & Landforms 22, 835-
848.
Dispersal of Plants and Animals via Roads
Amor, R. L., and Stevens, P. L. (1976). Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forest at
Dartmouth, Australia. Weed Research 16, 111-118.
Bates, A. D., and Downward, R. J. (1996). The use of natural vegetation to minimise the occurence of pest plants on roadsides. Municipal Engineering in Australia 23, 13-17.
Lonsdale, W. M., and Lane, A. M. (1994). Tourist Vehicles As Vectors of Weed Seeds in Kakadu-
National-Park, Northern Australia. Biological Conservation 69, 277-283.
May, S. A., and Norton, T. W. (1996). Influence of Fragmentation and Disturbance on the Potential
Impact of Feral Predators On Native Fauna in Australian Forest Ecosystems. Wildlife Research
23, 387-400.
June 22 nd , 2007 2

Coastal Training Program
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
Port, G. R., and Thompson, J. R. (1980). Outbreaks of insect herbivores on plants along motorways in the
United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Ecology 17, 649-656.
Schmidt, W. (1989). Plant dispersal by motor cars. Vegetatio 80, 147-152.
Smith, J. M. B. (1985). Exotic Trees and Shrubs Along a Roadside Transect Between Sydney and
Brisbane. Australian Geographer 16, 264-271.
Vermeulen, H. J. W. and P. F. M. Opdam (1995). Effectiveness of roadside verges as dispersal corridors for small ground-dwelling animals: A simulation study. Landscape & Urban Planning 31(1-3):
233-248.
Road Planning and Management
Cuperus, R., Canters, K. J., Udo de Haes, H. A., and Friedman, D. S. (1999). Guidelines for ecological compensation associated with highways. Biological Conservation 90, 41-51.
Forman, R. T. T. (1999). Horizontal processes, roads, suburbs, societal objectives, and landscape ecology.
In 'Landscape ecological analysis: Issues and applications.', pp 35-53. Eds.J. M. Klopatek and R.
H. Gardner (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY.).
Forman, R. T. T. (2000). Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United
States.
Conservation Biology 14, 31-35.
Forman, R. T. T., and Deblinger, R. D. (1998). The ecological road-effect zone for transportation planning and a Massachusetts Highway example. In 'Proceedings of the International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation.', pp 78-96. Eds.G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, and
J. Berry (Florida Department of Transportation: Tallahassee, FL.).
Forman, R. T. T., and Hersperger, A. M. (1996). Road ecology and density in different landscapes, with international planning and mitigation solutions. In 'Trends in addressing transportation related wildlife mortality.', pp 1-22. Eds.G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, and J. Berry (Florida
Department of Transportation: Tallahassee, FL.).
Effects of Roads on Fauna
Adams, L. W., and Geis, A. D. (1983). Effects of Roads on Small Mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology
20, 403-415.
Adams, L. W. (1984). Small mammal use of an interstate highway median strip. Journal of Applied
Ecology 21, 175-178.
Bellamy, P. E., Shore, R. F., Ardeshir, D., Treweek, J. R. and Sparks, T.H. (2000). Road verges as habitat for small mammals in Britain. Mammal Review 30: 131-139.
Clevenger, A. P., B. Chruszcz, et al. (2003). Spatial patterns and factors influencing small vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biological Conservation 109: 15-26.
Fahrig, L., Pedlar, J. H., Pope, S. E., Taylor, P. D., and Wegner, J. F. (1995). Effect of Road Traffic on
Amphibian Density.
Biological Conservation 73, 177-182.
June 22 nd , 2007 3

Coastal Training Program
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
Free, J. B., Gennard, D., Stevenson, J. H., and Williams, I. H. (1975). Beneficial insects present on a motorway verge. Biological Conservation 8, 61-72.
Kuitunen, M., Rossi, E., and Stenroos, A. (1998). Do highways influence density of land birds?
Environmental Management 22, 297-302.
Laursen, K. (1981). Birds on roadside verges and the effect of mowing on frequency and distribution.
Biological Conservation 20, 59-68.
Munguira, M. L., and Thomas, J. A. (1992). Use of road verges by butterfly and burnet populations, and the effect of roads on adult dispersal and mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 316-329.
Oxley, D. J., Fenton, M. B., and Carmody, G. R. (1974). The effects of roads on populations of small mammals.
Journal of Applied Ecology 11, 51-59.
Reijnen, R., Foppen, R., and Meeuwsen, H. (1996). The Effects of Traffic on the Density of Breeding
Birds in Dutch Agricultural Grasslands. Biological Conservation 75, 255-260.
Reijnen, R., Foppen, R., Terbraak, C., and Thissen, J. (1995). The Effects of Car Traffic on Breeding Bird
Populations in Woodland. III. Reduction of Density in Relation to the Proximity of Main Roads.
Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 187-202. van der Zande, A. N., ter Kers, W. J., and van der Weijden, W. J. (1980). The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat - evidence of a long-distance effect.
Biological Conservation 18, 299-321.
Vestjens, W. J. M. (1973). Wildlife Mortality on a Road in New South Wales. Emu 13, 107-112.
Vos, C. C., and Chardon, J. P. (1998). Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Road Density on the
Distribution Pattern of the Moor Frog Rana Arvalis. Journal of Applied Ecology 35, 44-56.
Yanes, M., M. Velasco Jose, et al. (1995). Permeability of roads and railways to vertebrates: The importance of culverts. Biological Conservation 71(3): 217-222.
Miscellaneous
Angold, P. G. (1997). The Impact of a Road Upon Adjacent Heathland Vegetation - Effects On Plant
Species Composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 34, 409-417.
Burkey, T. V. (1993). Edge Effects in Seed and Egg Predation at Two Neotropical Rainforest Sites.
Biological Conservation 66, 139-143.
Findlay, C. S., and Bourdages, J. (2000). Response time of wetland biodiversity to road construction on adjacent lands. Conservation Biology 14, 86-94.
Forman, R. T. T., and Deblinger, R. D. (2000). The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14, 36-46.
June 22 nd , 2007 4

Coastal Training Program
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
Lindenmayer, D. B., Pope, M. L., and Cunningham, R. B. (1999). Roads and nest predation: An experimental study in a modified forest environment. Emu 99, 148-152.
June 22 nd , 2007 5