Table 1: SELECT ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES ZOONOSIS Diarrhea; gram negative sepsis AGENT Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella spp.,Shigella spp.,Campbylobacter spp. Escherichia spp. Pneumonia; skin and other abscesses; pharyngitis with immunological sequelae; endocarditis and septicemia Gram positive cocci: Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. Tuberculosis Mycobacteria spp. Herpes B Virus Encephalitis Cercopithecines herpesvirus 1 Viral Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Hepatitis Papova viruses including SV 40 Hepatitis B virus (HBV, Hepadnaviridae) ROUTE of TRANSMISSION Fecal-oral; best prevented by careful handwashing; especially hazardous to immunocompromised individuals Oral, parenteral, best prevented by careful handwashing; hazardous to immunocompromised and splenectomized individuals Aerosol; best prevention is aggresive TB surveillance program. Masks may lower probability of human to NHP transmission. Bite, scratch, splash exposure of mucous membranes. A minority of cases without documented route of exposure. Late recrudescence of dormant infection reported in one case. Aerosol transmission has not been documented. Prevention: Avoidance of contact with macaque saliva. Careful restraint; vigilance; protocols for dealing with scratches and bites established in advance. High index of suspicion in cases of idiopathic febrile illness in animal workers. Only of concern in immunosuppressed individuals. Parenteral innoculation (HBV). Sharps precautions, vaccination possible. Hepatitis A virus (HAV, Picornaviridae) Fecal-oral (HAV). Measles Rubeola virus Monkeypox, Yaba, BEMP Polio Pox viruses Polio virus Aerosol. Immunization of workers, possibly NHPs, recommended. Direct contact. Fecal-oral. ZOONOSIS AGENT Retrovirus infection (Possible immunosuppression) Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Influenza Dermatomycosis (Ringworm) Histoplasmosis Cryptococcosis meningitis Paramyxoviruses Trichophyton spp. Pneumocystis carinii infection Amoebic Dysentery Malaria Pneumocystis carinii Histoplasma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans Entamoeba histolytica Plasmodia spp. ROUTE of TRANSMISSION Parenteral inoculation, possibly mucous membrane contamination. Sharps precautions, gloves. Fecal-oral, respiratory. Direct contact. Aerosol from contaminated soil. Aerosol from contaminated soil. Immunologically compromised humans are especially vulnerable. Aerosol. Only of concern in immusuppressed individuals. Fecal-oral. Arthropod borne. Table 2: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL IN NONHUMAN PRIMATE AREAS ACTIVITY PPE REQUIREMENTS View animals in the colony room No contact with the animals or cages or area surfaces Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe covers, street clothes covering. Adequate hand washing performed prior to entry and upon leaving the area and after any of the following listed activities. Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing. Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves. Hand washing. Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing. Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing. Mucous membrane protection for high risk situations, dedicated clothing, dedicated shoes/covers, and disposable light gloves; dust-mist masks, if approved by EHS. Hand washing. Mucous membrane protection as appropriate, street clothes covering and appropriate gloves. Mucous membrane protection as appropriate, dedicated area shoes/shoe covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing. Protection appropriate for non-animal aspects of research Contact with a restraint device holding an awake NHP Transfer alert NHP using a stand-off method such as pole/collar technique or transfer cage Handling (e.g., hand catching or restraining) of an alert NHP Physical contact with an anesthetized NHP Cleaning cages Physical contact with restrained alert NHP Physical contact with infant NHP Perform portions of experiments or procedures in a laboratory or fully sanitized facility area that do not involve physical contact with NHP or with body fluids Handling awake New World Species Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, street clothes covering, protective gloves appropriate for the species and size of animal being handled. Hand washing. *Mucous membrane protection selected based on potential for splash hazard. The level of mucous membrane protection should be detailed in facility SOP’s. Examples of high risk situations include any procedures which may aerosolize NHP wastes or body fluids, e.g., hosing down animal rooms, dental work or tracheal intubation, especially of macaques. Lower risks are associated with fully restrained animals, anesthetized animals (however, ketamine HCl increases salivation which can be a major source of potential B virus contamination in macaques), and increased distance from animals. In very low risk situations, e.g., entering hallways through which animals in restraint devices may briefly pass, mucous membrane protection may not be required. Table 3: SELECT ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF RODENTS AND RABBITS ZOONOSIS AGENT SPECIES ROUTE of TRANSMISSION Rat Bite Fever Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus Rodents Leptospirosis Leptospira spp. Rodent/Rabbit Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis LCM virus Rodents Korean Hemorrhagic Fever Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Hanta viruses Trichophyton sp. Microsporum sp. Hymenolepis nana Pneumocystis carinii Rodents Rodent/Rabbit Bites (S. minus) Aerosol, direct contact with urine, water or soil. Aerosol, bites, direct contact, fecaloral. Aerosol, direct contact, fecal-oral Direct contact Rodents Rodent/Rabbit Fecal-oral Aerosol Tapeworm Pneumocystis carinii Infection Bites, fecal-oral (S. moniliformis) Table 4: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL IN RODENT AND RABBIT AREAS ACTIVITY Enter colony room for brief visual inspection Contact with Primary Enclosures Direct contact with animals Cage cleaning or change out PPE REQUIREMENTS Street clothes covering or uniform Street clothes covering or uniform, disposable gloves Street clothes covering or uniform, disposable gloves, face mask Street clothes covering or uniform, disposable gloves, surgical type face mask Table 5: SELECT ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF FISH AND AMPHIBIANS ZOONOSIS Mycobacteriosis Salmonellosis Vibriosis AGENT Mycobacterium xenopi, fortuitum, marinum, chelonei Salmonella spp. Vibrio vulnificus SPECIES Breaks in skin surface ROUTE of TRANSMISSION Breaks in skin surface Breaks in skin surface Breaks in skin surface Breaks in skin surface Breaks in skin surface Table 6: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL IN FISH AND AMPHIBIAN AREAS ACTIVITY Direct handling of fish Direct handling of amphibians Placing hands in water for feeding, performing husbandry, or manipulating PPE REQUIREMENTS Hand sanitizing necessary if disposable gloves are not worn Powder-free gloves recommended, hand sanitizing necessary if disposable gloves are not worn Powder-free gloves recommended, hand sanitizing necessary if disposable gloves are not worn