Table 1: SELECT ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES
ZOONOSIS
Diarrhea; gram negative sepsis
AGENT
Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella spp.,Shigella
spp.,Campbylobacter spp. Escherichia spp.
Pneumonia; skin and other abscesses;
pharyngitis with immunological sequelae;
endocarditis and septicemia
Gram positive cocci: Staphylococcus spp.,
Streptococcus spp.
Tuberculosis
Mycobacteria spp.
Herpes B Virus Encephalitis
Cercopithecines herpesvirus 1
Viral Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy
Hepatitis
Papova viruses
including SV 40
Hepatitis B virus
(HBV, Hepadnaviridae)
ROUTE of TRANSMISSION
Fecal-oral; best prevented by careful
handwashing; especially hazardous to
immunocompromised individuals
Oral, parenteral, best prevented by careful
handwashing; hazardous to
immunocompromised and splenectomized
individuals
Aerosol; best prevention is aggresive TB
surveillance program. Masks may lower
probability of human to NHP transmission.
Bite, scratch, splash exposure of mucous
membranes. A minority of cases without
documented route of exposure. Late
recrudescence of dormant infection reported in
one case. Aerosol transmission has not been
documented. Prevention: Avoidance of contact
with macaque saliva. Careful restraint;
vigilance; protocols for dealing with scratches
and bites established in advance. High index
of suspicion in cases of idiopathic febrile
illness in animal workers.
Only of concern in immunosuppressed
individuals.
Parenteral innoculation (HBV). Sharps
precautions, vaccination possible.
Hepatitis A virus
(HAV, Picornaviridae)
Fecal-oral (HAV).
Measles
Rubeola virus
Monkeypox, Yaba, BEMP
Polio
Pox viruses
Polio virus
Aerosol. Immunization of workers, possibly
NHPs, recommended.
Direct contact.
Fecal-oral.
ZOONOSIS
AGENT
Retrovirus infection
(Possible immunosuppression)
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
Influenza
Dermatomycosis
(Ringworm)
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis meningitis
Paramyxoviruses
Trichophyton spp.
Pneumocystis carinii
infection
Amoebic Dysentery
Malaria
Pneumocystis carinii
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans
Entamoeba histolytica
Plasmodia spp.
ROUTE of TRANSMISSION
Parenteral inoculation, possibly mucous
membrane contamination. Sharps
precautions, gloves.
Fecal-oral, respiratory.
Direct contact.
Aerosol from contaminated soil.
Aerosol from contaminated soil.
Immunologically compromised humans are
especially vulnerable.
Aerosol. Only of concern in immusuppressed
individuals.
Fecal-oral.
Arthropod borne.
Table 2: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL IN NONHUMAN PRIMATE AREAS
ACTIVITY
PPE REQUIREMENTS
View animals in the colony room
No contact with the animals or cages or area surfaces
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe
covers, street clothes covering. Adequate hand washing performed prior to entry
and upon leaving the area and after any of the following listed activities.
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe
covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing.
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe
covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves. Hand washing.
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe
covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing.
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, dedicated area shoes/shoe
covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing.
Mucous membrane protection for high risk situations, dedicated clothing,
dedicated shoes/covers, and disposable light gloves; dust-mist masks, if
approved by EHS. Hand washing.
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate, street clothes covering and
appropriate gloves.
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate, dedicated area shoes/shoe
covers, street clothes covering and disposable light gloves Hand washing.
Protection appropriate for non-animal aspects of research
Contact with a restraint device holding an awake NHP
Transfer alert NHP using a stand-off method such as pole/collar
technique or transfer cage
Handling (e.g., hand catching or restraining) of an alert NHP
Physical contact with an anesthetized NHP
Cleaning cages
Physical contact with restrained alert NHP
Physical contact with infant NHP
Perform portions of experiments or procedures in a laboratory
or fully sanitized facility area that do not involve physical
contact with NHP or with body fluids
Handling awake New World Species
Mucous membrane protection as appropriate*, street clothes covering, protective
gloves appropriate for the species and size of animal being handled. Hand
washing.
*Mucous membrane protection selected based on potential for splash hazard. The level of mucous membrane protection should be detailed in
facility SOP’s.
Examples of high risk situations include any procedures which may aerosolize NHP wastes or body fluids, e.g., hosing down animal rooms, dental
work or tracheal intubation, especially of macaques. Lower risks are associated with fully restrained animals, anesthetized animals (however,
ketamine HCl increases salivation which can be a major source of potential B virus contamination in macaques), and increased distance from
animals. In very low risk situations, e.g., entering hallways through which animals in restraint devices may briefly pass, mucous membrane
protection may not be required.
Table 3: SELECT ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF RODENTS AND RABBITS
ZOONOSIS
AGENT
SPECIES
ROUTE of TRANSMISSION
Rat Bite Fever
Streptobacillus moniliformis,
Spirillum minus
Rodents
Leptospirosis
Leptospira spp.
Rodent/Rabbit
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
LCM virus
Rodents
Korean Hemorrhagic Fever
Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
Hanta viruses
Trichophyton sp.
Microsporum sp.
Hymenolepis nana
Pneumocystis carinii
Rodents
Rodent/Rabbit
Bites (S. minus)
Aerosol, direct contact with urine,
water or soil.
Aerosol, bites, direct contact, fecaloral.
Aerosol, direct contact, fecal-oral
Direct contact
Rodents
Rodent/Rabbit
Fecal-oral
Aerosol
Tapeworm
Pneumocystis carinii Infection
Bites, fecal-oral (S. moniliformis)
Table 4: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL IN RODENT AND RABBIT AREAS
ACTIVITY
Enter colony room for brief visual inspection
Contact with Primary Enclosures
Direct contact with animals
Cage cleaning or change out
PPE REQUIREMENTS
Street clothes covering or uniform
Street clothes covering or uniform, disposable gloves
Street clothes covering or uniform, disposable gloves, face mask
Street clothes covering or uniform, disposable gloves, surgical type face
mask
Table 5: SELECT ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF FISH AND AMPHIBIANS
ZOONOSIS
Mycobacteriosis
Salmonellosis
Vibriosis
AGENT
Mycobacterium xenopi, fortuitum,
marinum, chelonei
Salmonella spp.
Vibrio vulnificus
SPECIES
Breaks in skin surface
ROUTE of TRANSMISSION
Breaks in skin surface
Breaks in skin surface
Breaks in skin surface
Breaks in skin surface
Breaks in skin surface
Table 6: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL IN FISH AND AMPHIBIAN AREAS
ACTIVITY
Direct handling of fish
Direct handling of amphibians
Placing hands in water for feeding, performing husbandry, or
manipulating
PPE REQUIREMENTS
Hand sanitizing necessary if disposable gloves are not worn
Powder-free gloves recommended, hand sanitizing necessary if
disposable gloves are not worn
Powder-free gloves recommended, hand sanitizing necessary if
disposable gloves are not worn