Spring Semester Exam Review Answers
7C Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces changes in POPULATIONS, not
individuals.
7D Analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection including inherited
variation, the potential to produce more offspring than can survive and a finite supply of
environmental resources result in differential reproductive success.
7E Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation, and to the
development of diversity in and among species.
Q1: What is fitness?
-
The ability of an organism to __SURVIVE___ and ___REPRODUCE____.
Q2: In each example, circle the organism that has the HIGHEST FITNESS.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
White moths or dark moths (during the Industrial revolution)
Tan mice or black mice (in the desert)
Short-neck giraffes or long-neck giraffes (in the safari with tall trees)
Plants w/ lots of leafs or Cactus w/ no leafs (in the desert)
Hummingbirds with short beaks or hummingbirds with long beaks.
Q3: What is inherited variation?
Q4: Write the variation for each trait:
-
Mice fur color: _white, gray, black_
Bird’s beak size: ___small, medium, large__
Giraffe’s neck length: ____short, medium, long _____
Q5: Circle what happens to the organisms in the population when the organism is most fit?
Survive, reproduce
or
dies off
Q6: What happens to the organisms in the population when the organism is least fit/
Survive, reproduce
or
dies off
Q7. Explain how the population shift towards a specific trait (evolution) using the terms fitness,
variation, and natural selection. A population can change over time using the process of
natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which a population has different
variations for a specific trait. The organisms with the higher fitness for that trait survive
and reproduce passing down that fit trait. The organisms with lower fitness for that trait
die off and the trait is not passed down. OVER time, there will only be the trait that gave
higher fitness because they survived and reproduced.
Q8. In each example, circle which trait nature will favor and the population will have more of
over time?
a. White, tan, or black mice
( in the tan sand of the desert)
b. Lions with dull molars/weak body frames OR Lions with sharp molars/strong body
frames
c. Long neck giraffes, medium-neck giraffes, OR short-neck giraffes
Q9. Why do turtles lay more eggs than can survive? (hint: think about what happens to a lot of
them as they travel to the ocean after they hatch) OVERPRODUCTION is necessary because
natural selection requires that some organisms will be less fit and die off. If there were not
more offspring than can survive, the population would die out.
Q10: What is an adaptation? A heritable trait that allows an organism to survive and
reproduce.
Q11: Describe an example of an adaptation that favors organisms’ in their habitat (i.e. hawks
have strong talons to catch their prey) An owl’s eyes for night vision and its ability to move its
neck to capture prey at night.
Q12: How do adaptations relate to natural selection (Is nature going to favor that trait in the
population?) NATURE will favor the trait
Q13Circle which traits are favored by nature in:
Stabilizing selection: low extreme
middle trait
Directional selection (shift to the left): low extreme
Directional selection: (shift to the right): low extreme
Disruptive selection: low extreme
middle trait
middle trait
middle trait
high extreme
high extreme
high extreme
high extreme
Stabilizing Direction
Directional Selection
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
7F Analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms including genetic
drift, gene flow, mutations, and recombination.
Q14: Define genetic drift. – change in population due to random chance; two examples:
founder’s effect and bottleneck
Examples of Genetic Drift
Q15: Match the scenario to the term.
1.
C
a. Founder’s effect –
2.
b. Gene Flow
B
3.
A
c. Bottleneck event
Q16: What affect does genetic drift have on the DIVERSITY (the differences amongst) of a
population? Depends on how the genetic drift (RANDOMLY) changes the population 
more differences  high diversity; less differences  Low diversity
Mutations
Q17: What is a mutation? A random change in the DNA
Q18: How do mutations affect evolution? Organisms with Good mutations pass on the
mutation; Organisms with bad mutations do not pass on the mutation and die off.
7G Analyze and evaluate scientific explanation concerning the complexity of the cell.
Endosymbiosis
Q19: In your own words, describe the endosymbiotic theory.
1st, A eukaryote engulfs a prokaryote that can convert glucose to ATP. That prokaryote
eventually became the mitochondria.
2nd, the eukaryote with the mitochondria engulfed a prokaryote that could do
photosynthesis (convert light to glucose). That prokaryote eventually became the
chloroplast
Q20 What were 2 examples of ENGULFED prokaryotes?:
MITOCHONDRIA, CHLOROPLAST
7B Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance,
stasis and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record.
Fossil Record
Index fossil – an important, keystone fossil used to identify and identify specific geological
periods
Q21: Draw the rock that is the oldest.
Q22: Draw the rock that is highly evolved.
Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium, and Adaptive Radiation
Q23: Match the image to the sequential nature of evolution
Gradualism – evolution occurs
over a long period of time C
a.
Punctuated equilibrium – long periods of
no change (stasis) followed by a rapid
evolutionary change B
Adaptive radiation – several different species
stem from a single ancestral species A
b.
c.
7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by
the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies including anatomical, molecular, and
developmental.
Common ancestry – most recent individual that other species have evolved from
Q24: Label the following Evidences for common ancestry:
Word Bank: Fossil Record, Homologous Structure, Analogous structure, Vestigial
structures
___FOSSIL RECORD__________
function
____HOMOLOGOUS– same struct, different
Vestigial structure – reduced in size no longer used
Analagous structure - same function different structure
Q25: What does a vestigial structure tell us about its common ancestor? The structure was
larger and was used in the common ancestor
Q26 Circle what type of structure: same anatomical structure, different function
Analogous
OR
Homologous
Q27 Circle what type of structure: different anatomical structure, same function
Analogous
OR
Homologous
Developmental homology: Embryology
Q28 Since human embryos develop similarly to rabbit embryos rather than snake embryos, what
does that evidence say about our common ancestry with rabbits versus snakes?
That we are more closely related to rabbits than snakes. We have a more recent common
ancestor with rabbits than our common ancestor with snakes.
8A Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to
the scientific community.
8B Categorize organisms using a hierarchical ytem based on similarities and differences
shared among the groups.
8C Compare characteristics of taxonomic group including archae, bacteria, protists, fungi,
plants, and animals.
Q29: What is taxonomy?
Classifying organisms into taxons based on shared characteristics and common ancestry
Q30: Why is having taxonomic groups (taxons) important?
Uniform way of classifying organisms around the world
Binomial Nomenclature - uniform and accurate way to name organisms using the “Genus
species” format
Q31 Circle the correct scientific name:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Dog OR Canis familiaris
Felis familiaris OR cat
Lion OR Panthero leo
Cervus camelopardalis OR
camel
Q32 Why is binomial nomenclature important? (hint: is a seahorse really a type of horse? Think
about different countries and what their scientists call different species) Universal and accurate
way of naming organisms
Taxonomic Groups
Q33 Complete the tables.
Three Kingdoms
Characteristics
Phyla
Eukarya
Fungi, animalia,
plantae, protista
Archae
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Uni-, multi- cellular,
Both
UNI
UNI
or Both
Nucleus or No
Nucleus
Hetero- Auto- troph,
or both
Nucleus
NO nucleus
NO nucleus
BOTH
BOTH
BOTH
Four Phyla of Eukarya
Characteristics
Hetero-, autotroph, or both
Have cell walls?
Yes or No
Uni- Multicellular or Both
Fungi
HETERO
Protist
BOTH
Plants
AUTO
Animals
HETERO
YES
YES
YES
NO
BOTH
BOTH
MULTI
MULTI
Cladogram
Q34 In cladograms, are derived characters shown in
the MORE RECENT organisms or the OLDER
organisms?
MORE RECENT
Q35 Which 2 organisms do not have lungs? Perch,
Hagfish
Q36 Which organism is most closely related to the chimp? mouse
Dichotomous key
Q37Which organisms have feathers?
Duck and hen
Q38 Which organism swims?
Duck
Q39 Which organism has no feathers, nor legs? snake
11B Investigate and analyze how organisms, populations, and communities respond to
external factors.
11C Summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health
of organisms and ecosystems.
Q40 Order the following from exclusive to inclusive (smallest to largest):
Population-2
Organism -1
Ecosystem -4
Community - 3
Biosphere 5
Q41 Label as either an biotic or Abiotic factor.
a.
Soil
__ abiotic ___
Light
___ abiotic ____
Rocks
___ abiotic __
e.
Lions ___biotic__
b.
f.
decomposers ____ biotic ____
c.
bacteria
g.
____ biotic ________
Q42: What distinguishes a community from an ecosystem?
A community is a group of many different populations of species (ALL biotic)
An ecosystem is the combination of biotic and abiotic factors (adding abiotic factors to
communities
Microorganisms – very-tiny microscopic organism in an ecosystem; can be bacteria, viruses, or
in rare cases small disease-causing protists
Q43. Label the microorganism as GOOD or BAD.
Bacteria that live in intestines that help break down food. GOOD
Gonnorhea BAD, pathogen
Bacteria in root nodules of plants that convert nitrogen into usable ammonia so plants can
use it. Good
Bacteria that help make foods like yogurt and sausages GOOD
Flu virus BAD, pathogen
Bacteria that cause infections in plant’s leaves BAD, pathogen
Q44. A Pathogen is a microorganism that CAUSES DISEASE. Label the above as pathogen or
non-pathogen.
Q45. Is AIDS a pathogen? Yes because it causes disease by killing cells of immune system.
12C Analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic level using various models
including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.
FOOD WEB
FOOD CHAIN
Q46: Label each side of the image as
either a food chain OR a food web.
Q47. Circle the # of paths a food chain
has.
ONE or MANY
Q48. Circle the # of paths a food web
has.
ONE or MANY
Q49 What are the producers in both
pictures? PLANTS, FLOWERS,
CARROT GRASS,
Ten-Percent Rule
Q50. How much energy is at the producer trophic
level?
100%
Q51. How much energy is at the secondary consumer trophic level?
10%
Q52 How much energy do the owls have?
1%
12F Describe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability.
Q53 Which is a more healthy ecosystem?
Less diversity OR
More diversity
Q54 Determine if the following situations would be GOOD or BAD for the ecosystem stability.
Acid rain bad
Volcanoes erupting BAD
Toxins from run off (i.e. DDT) BAD
- fertilizing the grass GOOD
- equilibrium of predators and prey GOOD
Biomagnification – when toxins enter the ecosystem that have a magnifying detrimental affect
on the food chain
Q55 Which organism has the highest concentration
of DDT toxin?
Phytoplankton, small fish, large fish, or hawk
Q56 Which organism has the least concentration of
DDT toxin?
Phytoplankton, small fish, large fish, or hawk
12D Recognize that long-term survival of
species is dependent on changing resource bases
that are limited.
Key vocab: Resources (i.e. food, water, shelter), extinct (die out), mass extinction (large # of
species die off in a short period of time, endangered (about to be extinct)
12A Interpret relationships including predation, parasitism(+/-), commensalism(+/o),
mutualism(+/+), and competition among organisms.
Q57 Identify the symbiotic relationships as parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism.
Leeches sucking the blood out of organism PARASITISM
Leeches sucking the blood for medicinal purposes MUTUALISM
Birds living in a tree COMMENSALISM
Orchids growing on a tree COMMENSALISM
Cleaning bird on a rhinoceros MUTUALISM
Q58 Write an example of predation (predator-prey relationship). LIONS HUNT GAZELLE
Q59 Write an example of competition (i.e. competing for food, resources, shelter). LIONS
COMPETE WITH HYENAS FOR FOOD
12B Compare variations and adaptation of organisms in different ecosystems.
Q60 COMPARE/CONTRAST the adaptations/variation of plants in the desert with plants in the
rainforest. PLANTS IN DESERT HAVE THORNS TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM
PREDATORS AND NO LEAVES TO PRESERVE WATER.
PLANTS IN RAINFOREST GROW ON OTHER TREES TO ATTAIN SUNLIGHT
BETTER; AND HAVE THICK CUTICLES TO PREVENT WATER AND HAVE
SPECIAL LEAVES TO FUNNEL WATER TO THE ROOTS MORE EFFICIENTLY
11D Describe how events and processes that occur during ecological succession can change
populations and species diversity.
Q61 What is an example of a
pioneer species?
LICHENS AND MOSS
Q62 What happens to the diversity
of organisms as time elapses during
ecological succession?
INCREASES
Q63 Which succession is where pioneer species grow on bare rock?
or
DECREASES
Primary or Secondary
Q64 Which succession is where pioneer species grow on soil after a fire or flood?
Primary or Secondary
12E Describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles and explain the
consequences of disrupting these cycles.
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
Q65 Label the above cycles as either Carbon cycle or nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen Cycle
Q66 Nitrogen fixation converts _ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN_ to _ AMMONIA (USABLE
NITROGEN)____
Q67 What organisms do nitrogen fixation? NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA
Q68 What do denitrifying bacteria convert? NITRITES, NITRATES BACK TO
ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN
Carbon cycle
Q69 What would happen to atmospheric carbon if …
More producers were added ___LESS CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE___
Less factories __MORE CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE___
More animals ____MORE CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE___
9C Identify and investigate the role of enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts (protein molecules that) speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes are SPECIFIC to the reactions they catalyze
Q70 Match the following enzymes to the substrates that they break down.
Amylase -B
Lipase - A
Pepsin- D
Peroxidase- C
a. lipids
b. carbohydrates
c. Peroxides
d. Proteins
Enzymes are proteins, therefore they are 3D in shape and can be affected by different factors.
Q71 What will happen to pepsin if it moves out of the stomach and into the less acidic small
intestine? IT WILL DENATURE  CHANGE SHAPE BECAUSE OF THE Ph CHANGE
Q72 What will happen to the molecular structure of lipase if it is heated to very hot
temperatures? IT WILL DENATURE  CHANGE SHAPE BECAUSE OF HEAT
10C Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each
other and to the whole systems
Q73 Fill in the blanks with
the appropriate level of
organization using
Tissue, cells, organ
systems, organism, organs
CELL  TISSUE  ORGAN  ORGAN SYSTEM  ORGANISM
Q74 A tissue is a group of _CELLS_ together.
Q75 The liver is an organ; therefore it has different __TISSUE__ working together to filter out
toxins from the bloodstream.
9B Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respirations in
terms of energy and matter.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Organelle (circle one)
Plants, Animals, or Both
Ultimate Goal?
Mitochondria OR
Chloroplast
PlANTS
To create SUGAR USING
LIGHT__.
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Mitochondria OR
Chloroplast
BOTH
To convert sugar into ATP
Q76 Complete the table above.
Q77 What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2+ H2O + LIGHT  C6H12O6 + O2
Q78 What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2  ATP + CO2+ H2O
Q79 How do the products and reactants of these two processes compare/relate?
THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE REACTANTS OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
10A Describe the interaction that occurs among ystem that perform the functions of
transport, reproduction, and response in plants.
Q80 What structure of the plant does photosynthesis occur? LEAVES
Q81 What is the main responsibility of the flower? REPRODUCTION
Q82 Sugar flows from the leaf/roots in the xylem / phloem (circle the correct answers)
Q83 Water flows from the leaf/roots in the xylem / phloem (circle the correct answers)
Response – tropisms
Q84 Identify and explain the following images as
GRAVITROPISM, PHOTOTROPISM, or THIGMOTROPISM.
1. GRAVITROPISM –RESPONSE THIGMOTROPOISM RESPONSE
PHOTOTROPISM RES
TO GRAVITY_
2. __TO TOUCH ___
3. TO LIGHT__
10A Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform function of
regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness
System
Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Major Functions
Major Parts
Break down FOOD.
Absorb NUTRIENTS_.
Expel SOLID WASTE.
Mouth  ESOPHAGUS_ 
Stomach small intestine 
_LARGE INTESTINE rectum 
_ANUS_; pancreas, gallbladder,
liver
HEART, ARTERIES, VEINS
Transport oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and nutrients through
the body
Inhale OXYGEN_,
ExhaleCARBON DIOXIDE
Nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm
Integumentary
Protection/barrier,
temperature regulation,
Skin, blood vessels, sebaceous
glands, sweat glands, nerves
Skeletal
Support, protection of internal
organs, formation of blood
cells
Voluntary and Involuntary
Movement.
BONES,
Sends electric
MESSAGES/IMPULSES
throughout the body.
Releases _HORMONES_.
Involved in GROWTH,
metabolism, bLOOD sugar
regulation.
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal, smooth, and CARDIAC
muscle.
_HYPOTHALAMUS, thyroid,
pancreas, OVARIES and testis
Excretory
Immune/Lymphatic
Filter BLOOD to get rid of
WASTE_.
Produce _URINE__
Creation of __WHITE BLOOD
CELLS ______. Fight off
DISEASE_.
KIDNEY, ureter, _BLADDER_,
urethra
_WHITE BLOOD CELLS_, lymph
nodes, spleen, and thymus.
COMPLETE THE TABLE ABOVE BY FILLING IN THE BLANKS!
Q85 Write the interaction of TWO systems in the following scenarios:
Breathing while asleep: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY
Digestion of sugar: DIGESTIVE AND CIRCULATORY AND ENDOCRINE
Warming your body when you’re cold: MUSCULAR AND NERVOUS