An introduction to the theories of aging, and the logic of anti-aging
thinking.
Copyright Dr. Hans Kugler, 2013
One upon a time there were many theories on aging.
Average human life span: 74 for men, 78 for women.
Maximum human life span: 110 - 120 years.
Question: What is the simplest definition of aging?
Answer: Aging is a constant decrease in the capacity to do things, both physically
and mentally, and a constant increase in age-related diseases.
Just look at the average young person - full of energy, capable of moving
mountains and earn PhDs. Then look at the average elderly person: Fragile, walks with a
cane or saddled in a wheelchair, and burdened with a confused mind. Some elderly folks
don’t remember the most basic things like finding their way home from the local
supermarket.
Understanding the biology/chemistry of aging, and making simple applications,
we can change all that and go the distance! A good physical activity program alone is the
most effective starting point, and adding more health modalities into the equation makes
it even easier to achieve.
Understanding anti-aging basics will also make it easier to follow
recommendations and to see where new developments fit the picture. We are lucky to
live in this time when anti-aging and rejuvenation advances are discovered at an ever
increasing pace; just wait until stem cell applications will do their wonders!
Once upon a time there were many different theories on aging. Several of
them have died of old age and others have grown stronger through support from research.
The theories that have gained support by confirming postulated causes of aging include:
1)
“The Free Radical Theory on Aging,” by Dr. Denham Harman,
University of Nebraska, School of Medicine (1).
This theory states that aging is due to the damaging effects by “free radicals” on
living tissue. Free radicals are very reactive molecules or fractions of molecules that are
formed mainly due to faulty nutrition, pollution, or food additives. Antioxidants, known
as natural protectors or ‘free radical scavengers’, prevent damage from these free radicals
by deactivating them before they can do any damage to vital tissues.
Antioxidants are a group of compounds such as vitamins C, E and A, the trace
mineral selenium, amino acids containing sulfur, special compounds like carnosine and
more. Vegetables and fruits (Blueberries, Noni, Pomegranate, strawberries, others)
contain many natural substances with anti-oxidant properties. Other antioxidants include
pycnogenol (a bioactive flavonoid), and a few synthetic substances like BHT and BHA.
More are being discovered and identified on an almost daily basis.
Good life span increases on cancer-prone lab animals have been achieved by
adjusting nutrition and with antioxidant supplementation. However, since some normal
metabolic reactions in our bodies also involve free radical type reactions, there is a limit
to antioxidant use. More and more is not always better because it inhibits these normal
reactions. High-performance athletes, when taking more and more antioxidants, report
that their performance decreases with an increase in antioxidants.
2)
“The Immunologic Theory on Aging,” by Dr. Roy Walford, University
of California, Los Angeles (2).
This theory states that aging is due to decreasing immune functions with age.
Strong genes are the basis of a superior immune system. Faulty diet and health practices
that depress immune functions - - smoking, too much sugar and fat in the diet, body
pollutants, stress for example - - have been shown to decrease life spans of animals and
humans. Special nutrients such as vitamins and natural substances activate immune
functions and have been shown to increase life span and prevent cancer. This theory
receives a great deal of support from every area of disease research. The most successful
newer cancer treatments focus on activating immune function by different means.
3)
The GLYCATION theory of aging.
This theory evolved from Dr. Johan Bjorksten’s cross-link theory. While
Dr.Bjorksten’s theory suggested that many of the underlying chemical reactions were
based on free radicals (molecules, or fractions of molecules with a highly reactive single
electron), glycation occurs due to more basic chemical reactions; it is a key process that
causes organs to function aged.
Imagine a highly efficient company. Thousands of workers interacting like
clockwork, each one performing his/her job efficiently, making high-quality
products.
And now a saboteur goes around handcuffing workers to each other, again and
again!
Obviously, this would greatly affect the operation of the entire company, possibly
to the point that it ceases functioning completely. This process, very destructive, is what
is going on in your body during glycation, the process in which proteins and sugars are
cross-linked with each other, forming AGEs, “Advanced Glycation End products.” This
happens in literally every organ, from reduced kidney functions, cataracts in they eyes,
aged pancreas functions causing diabetes, wrinkling of skin, and more. One of the top
glycation risk factors is fructose; it causes 7 times more glycation than glucose (Besides
protein glycation, this process can also occur with lipids (fats), causing accelerated aging
in people with type 2 diabetes (4). Glycation has also been implicated from kidney
disease to Atherosclerosis and Alzheimers (5, 6).
But there is also good news:
Antioxidants, specifically plant phenols like those found in pomegranate,
blueberries, or Noni, have been shown to slow down the process of glycation, and
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine) is extremely effective in inhibiting the formation
of AGEs (7).
Another Pharma dirty deed.
First some facts: Diabetes is the major cause of end-stage kidney disease; nearly
600,000 people in the US with kidney disease require dialysis. The market for an
effective drug would be huge. Just recently a pharmaceutical company applied with the
FDA (the government agency that is supposed to protect your health) for pyridoxamine (a
safe and effective supplement) as an investigative new drug. Because pyridoxamine is
now in the process of becoming a new drug, FDA ill-logic has taken pyridoxamine off
the market, and neither you nor any person suffering from diabetes or kidney disease are
allowed to have it (7). FDA’s dirty politics in protecting drug company profits has
absolutely no scientific basis, and is unsurpassed in medical history. Their ill-logic is
based on US laws that in essence state that natural compounds can’t cure diseases and, if
one is shown to do so, they (FDA) will classify it as a drug. Furthermore, for the time it
will take - - 2, 5, 7 years - - to complete the drug approval process, the FDA will allow
nobody, not even patients with advanced kidney disease, access to this form of simple
vitamin B6. And if it gets approved - and only if you have end-stage kidney disease or
diabetic neuropathy - - will you be privileged (with a prescription) to spend thousands of
dollars for what you pay pennies today.
True scientific lunacy is just one step removed from what is going on here! For
details regarding FDA’s questionable and pharma profit-supporting construction of their
own laws read the “FDA Law Blog” (7b).
In a surprise move, mother nature balances the pyridoxamine act, AND
THROWS IN A BONUS. Scientists were surprised to find that coenzymated B6,
pyridoxal-5-phosphate, inhibits protein glycation and greatly reduces lipid glycation (8).
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate, referred to as P-5-P, is available as a relatively inexpensive
supplement. But beware! Drug companies will, most likely, ask the FDA to classify P-5P as a drug, and the FDA, established to protect your health, - - - - well, you know who
they are loyal to.
The above theories of aging overlap in many ways. Antioxidants usually stimulate
immune functions and part of the immune system is involved in controlling free radicals.
To test my own “Combination Theory on Aging”(3), essentially a combination
of several theories on aging or an extension of the Multi-Factorial Approach, as explained
in chapter 2, we conducted a study at Roosevelt University in Chicago where we
combined the key factors of the proven theories of aging. Confirming professor
Cheraskin’s definition of health, we were able to show that life spans of cancer-prone
mice (adult, Swiss Albino, retired breeders) can be shortened with the wrong health
practices and tremendously increased with the right practices.
As you can see from the details of the study summary below, we shortened
average life spans with a diet high in saturated fat and sugar, inactivity, cigarette smoke
and stress. On the other hand a quality diet, exercising, learning how to adapt to stress,
taking vitamin, mineral, antioxidant supplements, and specialty nutrients greatly
increased life spans. The difference in average life spans between the wrong and right
lifestyle groups were close to 100%.
Cancer-prone mice
Life span
Low-quality diet, high in sugar and ---------->
fat, tap water as drinking fluid, no
exercise, some stress, subjected
to cigarette smoke
From environment to nutrition,
everything standard; nothing
really poor quality nor good. No
cigarette smoke.
------------------->
Quality animal chow, supplemented ---------------------------------->
with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and
anti-aging supplements. Carbon-filtered drinking.
Water. Animals were made to do exercise in
rotating drums. No cigarette smoke. No stress
(larger cages with toys and hiding places).
The percentages in average life spans were confirmed, and agreed with, average
and maximum human life spans. These and similar animal studies have been confirmed
by other researchers. Studies on humans, performed by Prof. L. Breslow at UCLA, have
demonstrated that similar good results can be achieved in human studies.
4)
“The Limited Life-Span Theory on Aging” by Dr. Leonard Hayflick,
University of California, San Francisco (9).
“You’ll never be able to go past the maximum human life span because it’s built
into our genes.” I’ll never forget this statement made by professor Hayflick during a
presentation about maximum life spans back in 1993. Dr. Hayflick was the first one to
suggest that death is programmed into our genes, and that there is a maximum to our life
span.
Back in 1947, when aviation experts were discussing the maximum speed of
airplanes, they made similar comments: “We’ll never be able to fly faster than the speed
of sound, because the physics of wing surfaces changes tremendously at that speed.”
Today airplanes are capable of flying multiples of the speed of sound.
Research on the maximum life span reminds me of these early aviation engineers
and pilots. While it is true that the maximum life span of literally any species is built into
its genes, all this involves chemistry, and I know from longevity studies that chemistry
can be manipulated.
While correctly interfering with postulated causes of aging, according to the
previously discussed theories, will help to get us closer to the maximum life span, finding
ways to deal with Dr. Hayflick’s postulates will get us past the maximum life span.
Telomeres.
We remember from high school biology that the DNA molecule has a coiled
double-helix structure. At the end of the DNA structures, the chromosomes, in the
nucleus of each cell in your body there are elongated strands of repeating sub-units,
called telomeres whose length indicate remaining life span. Some basic telomere science
was already discussed in chapter 2. With the discovery of these telomeres, Dr. Hayflick’s
theory on aging was confirmed. Every time a cell divides, the telomere is shortened by
one unit; the shorter the telomeres, the less time we have left before we reach our end.
Humans, at birth, have about 56 such sub-units per telomere, corresponding to a
maximum life span of about 110 – 120 years. Dogs have about 15, and the Galapagos
tortoise has 75 (corresponding to a maximum life span of about 230 years).
During cell division, enzymes that duplicate the chromosome and its DNA cannot
continue their duplication all the way to the end of the chromosome. Therefore a sub-unit
is lost during each cell replication (illustration above).
When a child is conceived (at which point both parents already have shortened
telomeres), an enzyme - telomerase - sets the telomeres in the embryo back to their
maximum.
Human chromosomes (grey) capped by telomeres (white)
At the 1999 Anti-Aging conference in Las Vegas Dr. Kugler suggested that genetherapy with telomerase could set the maximum age to new limits by manipulating
telomeres; I even copy-righted the idea. Some time later researchers showed that the
gene-related maximum life span was not 100% fixed when they demonstrated that the
wrong health practices (stress) shortened telomeres, and good ones (fish oil, exercise, for
example) delayed telomere shortening. The key was that telomere length is not 100%
fixed.
The expression “It’s all in your genes” suggests that each one of us came with a
fixed set of genes - - good, bad, or average, a combination of the genes from mother and
father - - about which nothing could be done. When a doctor takes your history and
asked about all kinds of diseases, like “is there cancer, heart disease or diabetes in your
family,” this referred to your genetic make-up. No cancer on any side of your parents:
good! Cancer on both sides: bad, high-risk! Everything else is in-between.
BUT GENES CAN CHANGE, depending on how you treat them.
Your genetic make-up is not 100% fixed, as once believed. As already pointed out
several times, scientists observed that specific health practices, can shorten, lengthen, or
delay telomere shortening, thus affecting the state of our genes. In essence, what this says
is that bad genes treated well can out-perform good genes treated badly.
Even before this gene-concept entered the picture, our longevity studies at
Roosevelt University in Chicago, done on cancer-prone mice proved exactly that (10).
What did we do?
We divided cancer-prone mice, retired breeders, into four groups.
Life spans
1) Subjected to cigarette
----------
2) Subjected to cigarette
smoke PLUS antioxidants
----------------------
3) Not subjected to cigarette
smoke
------------------------------- 
4) Not subjected to cigarette
smoke PLUS antioxidants
------------------------------------------
If we equate “cancer-prone” with having poor quality genes with a cancer risk,
our research results show that a poor-quality gene can be made to express itself on an
even lower-quality level (shorter life span) by subjecting it to a cancer-inducing
substance (cigarette smoke), but the same poor-quality gene can be counterbalanced,
strengthened, by a) not smoking, and b) with antioxidant supplementation. Past these
basics, receptor genes for specific compounds – like for vitamin D – can serve to protect
against a number of cancers, like head and neck (24), and can even modulate protection
against MS (25).
It is pretty well established that the quality of genes and lifespan is connected via
preventable DNA damage (free radicals, etc.), and telomere length. The longer the
telomeres (at the end of the DNA/chromosome structures), the longer is the remaining
lifespan, and the lower is disease risk. An ever increasing number of studies support these
conclusions. For example: Comparing telomere length in leukocytes (blood cells) in
elderly Danish twins, researchers found that the one with shorter telomeres had a greatly
increased probability to die first (11). Follow-up research showed quite clearly that the
twins who died earlier had worse health practices than the ones who lived longer (12).
The recent findings that faulty health practices, like excessive stress, will shorten
telomeres prematurely, and good nutrients like fish oil slow down telomere shortening,
confirms that premature aging can be prevented, and reaching past the maximum life
span is within our reach.
How this telomere lengthening occurs is not yet 100% known. Some scientists
believe that the rate of telomere shortening is just slowed down, but others believe that
this has to do with an increase in the activity of the enzyme telomerase. In general,
telomerase activity decreases rapidly after birth and is nearly zero at an older age.
To shed light on the telomerase issue Dr. Dean Ornish and his researchers at USC
San Francisco Medical School studied a group of 30 men that were willing to undergo
strong lifestyle changes and measured before and after levels of telomerase activity in a
special type of blood cell (PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells) for which a
method analyzing telomerase had been worked out. After a 3-months period of lifestyle
changes overall health and well being of the participants had greatly improved, telomeres
were longer, and telomerase activity had also increased substantially (13).
How effective telomerase can be was demonstrated when, in 1988, Geron
scientists shattered the sound barrier of aging research when they inserted the telomerase
gene into human cells, making those cells go far beyond their normal division potential.
Each time a cell divided and shortened the telomere by one unit, the telomerase would
add one. As of today, such cell cultures are going strong, without cancer, and are
equivalent to 500 year old cells (14).
Theoretically there are many ways to make humans live past the presently
established life spans. The safest method is, as demonstrated several times throughout
this book, to improve exercise and other health practices which activate telomerase
activity and lengthens telomeres. Introducing the telomerase gene, via gene therapy, into
aging organs would be another possibility. But to do this with all the organs, and
especially with cells that don’t divide, this doesn’t appear very likely. Also, introducing
the telomerase gene into an old body, already aged, would that merely extend old age?
Beyond telomeres, making individual-specific stem cells will be the ultimate in getting
people past the maximum life span. Since this will be the future of medicine, I have
devoted an entire chapter to this fascinating topic.
In the search for ways to increase telomere length an extract from the Astragulus
plant (TA-65, now patented) showed impressive results never seen before. This included
lengthened telomeres, improvements in immune functions, skin, vision and sexual
functioning (15). Statistical evaluations were done at Stanford University (19), and
graphs are reproduced here:
Many gerontologists have defined aging as a disease. They propose that the many
aging processes (like glycation, decrease in immune functions, for example) are the
underlying causes for diseases. Look at heart disease. You know that a faulty lifestyle,
such as eating fatty foods, smoking cigarettes, being inactive, etc., will increase the risk
of heart disease and cancer. On the other hand, actively participating in a healthy lifestyle
(exercising, taking vitamin and mineral supplements, consuming high antioxidant fruits,
practicing stress management, etc.) will delay or prevent heart disease. Even more
important, reducing heart disease risk with special antioxidants - - thus preventing
glycation - - also reduces kidney, cancer and diabetes risks.
Distorted Stereotyping of the Aged
Are you brainwashed by stereotyped pictures of aging people? Do you believe the
mostly negative factors associated with aging, that is, your good looks will disappear and
that you will become weak, senile and unwanted? Nonsense!
As already pointed out in chapter 2, much of unsupported aging statistics is/was
due to the wrong definition of health. Recall that “life-long health” is defined as a state of
homeostasis arrived at by practicing good health practices.
About 20 years ago, Dr. Herbert DeVries (USC) proposed to a group of retired
people (average age, 71) that he would teach them how to exercise and live more active
lives if they would let him measure their oxygen uptake once per week. One half of the
group was not interested; they continued watching television and thus, served as the
control group. The other half of the group was interested and served as the experimental
group.
Before the beginning of the program, the oxygen uptake of both groups were
measured and the values were exactly what one would expect for 71-year old people. The
experimental group started the exercise program, and over the following weeks, the
oxygen uptake of this exercise group increased, first, to the level of 60-year olds and then
50-year olds. It kept increasing until it stopped at the level of approximately 28-year old
people. So, how old were these people? Was it 28 according to the oxygen uptake
statistics, or 71 according to their birth certificates? (20).
Just recently Dr. La Rocca from the department of integrative physiology at
Colorado University confirmed Dr. DeVries’ work when the researchers found that a
higher oxygen uptake (VO2max) correlated with longer telomeres in exercised people
(16).
In expanding professor Cheraskin’s definition of health, at a preventive medicine
conference in Denver, I proposed to doctors that we define a healthy person as one who
has no symptoms of any disease AND who has normal weight, exercises at least three
times per week, doesn’t smoke, follows basic nutrition guidelines – and I was interrupted
by their laughter. The audience recognized that most doctors couldn’t describe
themselves as healthy individuals.
Prescription drug abuse, for example, can induce premature aging in the brain
causing sleeplessness, memory loss and even Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (17).
Also, with more and more scientific publications questioning HIV as the cause of AIDS,
a presentation by Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg pointed out that there are now 72
scientific publications connecting drug abuse (with a up to 96% probability) with the
onset of AIDS (18). In my opinion it is not if, but only when scientists will demonstrate
that it is prescription and recreational drug abuse - - and not HIV - - that leads to
premature telomere shortening.
Can you see how everything connects when you get to the underlying causes of
diseases?
Sex and your genes: A healthy lifestyle to have good sex, or having sex to live
longer?
Gene-control is everywhere, even in sex.
What is our purpose on earth? To propagate! It is a scientific fact that, once a
creature stops propagating, no longer being sexually active, the risk of dying increases
rapidly. How do geneticists explain that?
It’s actually very basic!
There is a “death” gene, and it is kept under control by a “suppressor” gene as
long as sexual activity goes on. When sex ceases, the suppressor gene let’s go, and the
death gene is activated. What does that tell us about life style? Since several good health
practices, especially exercise, are connected to being sexually active, we shall practice
them to enjoy sex to the fullest extent, which then also keeps the suppressor gene active
for optimum longevity. Simple, and logical!
When a doctor recognizes that all of a patient’s health problems start with faulty
health practices, how does he motivate the patient to live a healthy lifestyle? How do you
convince them that doing so is a true necessity? YOU have – with the purchase of this
book – already shown a degree of motivation. On the entire spectrum, from “just
interested to know what this is all about” to “this time I am definitely going to do it”,
where are you? If you are still undecided, what would really motivate you to make real
changes?
“Oh God! So you really want me to learn about supernutrition - how to exercise
correctly - practice stress management - take supplements - breathe right, breathe clean
air? - - - all those things I never paid attention to. - - - - Can’t I just take a pill for that?”
That’s how a business executive responded when he learned what health was really
about, and what was in store for him if he was serious about achieving it.
“No! You have been watching drug company commercials on TV for too long!”
The indirect message from pharmaceutical company advertising is simple: there is
a drug for every problem, and the more drugs you take, the healthier you will be, and the
longer your life span will be!
Nonsense! Not so! As a matter of fact, statistical data show that, the more
prescription drugs a person takes, the lower overall health and well-being drops.
Right now, if we want to achieve optimum health and longevity, our best chance
is to practice established anti-aging variables, lumped together as “good health practices.”
The doctor who really cares about you will try to motivate us to do the right things. He
may point to variables in a blood analysis that are out of range, and explain how good
health practices will bring things back to normal. We quit smoking because it is a
substantial cancer risk factor. We exercise not only because we want to stay in shape, but
because it is a great preventive for diabetes, depression and heart disease and helps to
keep related variables, like LDL and HDL, in normal ranges.
Sometimes we wonder if all this is necessary when we learn about people who
never exercised, smoked, and ate junk food all their lives and lived a long life. While the
actual numbers of such people is statistically minute, they do exist and their indestructible
characteristics are clearly due to very strong genes.
So, what if we were able to check the state of our genes? Many of us have a
health practice, or two, that we don’t really like to follow. What if a look at our genes
could tell that certain genes were strong and we wouldn’t really have to worry?
We are very close to having access to such tests.
Measuring gene expression.
Using quite complex research procedures, scientists established methods how to
measure gene-expression, showing the actual, present, state of genes. But to do this was
extremely expensive. There are about 16 genes that relate to cancer, 8 that relate to heart
disease, and at least 7 to diabetes. Lab expenses alone to determine the state of one set of
genes were around $ 12,000.
THE BIO-CHIP - - - The ultimate motivational tool!
When your doctor decides to check up on your health with a blood analysis, some
blood is drawn and sent to a laboratory. When your lab results are back, your doctor
discusses them with you, pointing out which variables are out of range, and which actions
are necessary to bring out-of-range variables back to acceptable ranges.
Wouldn’t it be nice if we had a quick test that could analyze the condition of our
genes, letting us know the status of our genes, predicting where we stand in respect to
cancer, heart disease, diabetes, or general aging?
It can be done! That’s where the BIO-CHIP enters the picture.
The Bio-Chip is a computer chip that can, together with sophisticated computer
programs, analyze the state of genes. Several companies have already filed “medical
analytical devices” applications with the FDA. At this time the Bio-Chip applications
focus on specific disease risks, like cancer, heart disease or diabetes. In the future it will
be possible to have your entire genetic make-up analyzed by simply sending tissue
samples to a lab, and your entire genetic make-up will be stored on a card the size of a
credit card. Read more about the Bio-Chip in LIFE-LONG HEALTH.
LIFE SPAN beyond the maximum is within our reach!
Years ago many details published in German and Swiss medical journals, when
“Dr. Niehans’ Zelltherapie” was THE rejuvenation method, point us in the right
direction. As I see it, the bottom-line in going past the maximum life span is that we have
to use stem cells, but that these stem cells must have DNA the same as the recipient.
That, in essence, is the goal of our stem cell research. We will discuss stem cells for the
treatment of major diseases and the future of aging research in chapter 12. You can also
take a look at cutting-edge stem cell research at two key web-sites (22).
We live in a time when anti-aging breakthroughs are just around the corner; and
this will involve much more than just going past the maximum life span. This new
science will solve cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s. It will allow us to reverse
spinal chord damage, regenerate aging muscle tissue, like in heart muscle, and much
more.- - and that is the science of stem cell research. In 2007 we established an
independent stem cell laboratory. Our top priority is to make person-specific stem cells.
Read more about this, how we will turn back your aging clock, in LIFE-LONG
HEALTH, available as e-book at e-book sellers like AMAZON, Barnes & Noble, and
most e-book sellers, or get to (on home page) access to the first 21 pages of the book.
Click-on connections to e-book sellers can be found there. Thanks to non-profit IAAM,
instead of $ 23.95, the book is available at the non-profit price of around $ 7.00.
References:
(1) “The Free Radical Theory on Aging,” by Dr. Denham Harman, University of
Nebraska, School of Medicine,
(2) “The Immunologic Theory on Aging,” by Dr. Roy Walford, University of California,
Los Angeles,
(3 a) Kugler H. The Multi-Factorial Theory on Aging. American Laboratory.1975;17:4345.
(3 b) Kugler H. The Multi-Factorial Approach to optimum longevity. Presented at:
Academy of Preventive Medicine Meeting; 1976; Denver, Colorado.
(4) Protein glycation and aging. Ulrich P, Cerami A., Recent Prog Horm Res. 2001;56:121. Review.
(5) Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Galkina E, Ley K.. Annu
Rev Immunol. 2009;27:165-97. Review.
(6)
Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease.
Srikanth V, Maczurek A, Phan T, Steele M, Westcott B, Juskiw D, Münch G. Neurobiol
Aging. 2009 May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
(7a) Metabolic interactions of AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine and antioxidant alpha-lipoic
acid following 22 weeks of treatment in obese Zucker rats. Muellenbach EM,
Diehl CJ, Teachey MK, Lindborg KA, Hasselwander O, Matuschek M, Henriksen
EJ. Life Sci. 2009 Apr 10;84(15-16):563-8. Epub 2009 Feb 11
(7b) http://www.fdalawblog.net/fda_law_blog_hyman_phelps/2009/01/fda-determinesthat-pyridoxamine-is-excluded-from-the-definition-of-dietary-supplement-underfdc-act.html
(8) “FDA seeks to ban pyridoxamine,” excellent summary article by William Faloon,
Life Extension, July 2009, pp.7 – 13. Also: J.Lipid Res 2006, May;47(5):964-74, and J
Am Soc Nephrol 2005, Jan ;16(1):144-50.
(9) “The Limited Life-Span Theory on Aging” by Dr. Leonard Hayflick, University of
California, San Francisco.
(10) Kugler H. The scientific basis for designing your personal anti-aging program. In:
Klatz, R, Goldman R, eds. Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics. Chicago. IL: A4M: 1999;919.
(11) Masayuki Kimura1, Jacob v. B. Hjelmborg2, Jeffrey P. Gardner1, Lise Bathum2,
Michael Brimacombe1, Xiaobin Lu1, Lene Christiansen2, James W. Vaupel3, Abraham
Aviv1 and Kaare Christensen2. Telomere Length and Mortality: A Study of Leukocytes in
ellderly Danish Twins. American Journal of Epidemiology 2008 167(7):799-806;
doi:10.1093/aje/kwm380.
(12) Kugler H, Personal communication with participants of the stem cell section at the
17th Congress of anti-aging medicine, A4M, December 09, Las Vegas.
(13) Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, Weidner G, Epel E, Kemp C, Magbanua MJ, Marlin
R, Yglecias L, Carroll PR, Blackburn EH Increased telomerase activity and
comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Nov;9(11):1048-57.
Epub 2008 Sep 15.
(14) Science, 279;1998: pp.349-51).
(15) TA Sciences, http://www.tasciences.com/ta-65/
(16) LaRocca TJ, Seals DR, Pierce GL. Leukocyte telomere length is preserved with
aging in endurance exercise-trained adults and related to maximal aerobic capacity. Mech
Ageing Dev.
17) http://www.soberrecovery.com/forums/mental-health/72160-medications-ambien
can-cause-anxiety-depression.html
18) Duesberg P, A multibillion $ Quiz: Is AIDS a viral or a chemical epidemic?
presentation at the Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, 04.2007.
(19) Dr. Jochen Kumm, Director, Biomath and IT, Stanford University Genome
technology Center.
(20) DeVries H, USC Gerontology Center, Los Angeles, VO2max and Aging, presented
at the 1988 annual meeting of the Health and Tennis Corporation, Bahamas.
21) Biochip example (for detection of oral cancer)
(22) www.antiagingforme.com and www.worldhealth.net
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