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A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SUKUMA AND NYAMWEZI CULTURE
AND SOCIETY
Joseph L. Mbele St. Olaf College
I have been compiling this bibliography in the course of research on
the folklore of the Sukuma and Nyamwezi of Tanzania, which I began
in 1993. This was part of my research on Tanzania's Epic Folklore,
which was funded by Earthwatch, an affiliate of the Center for Field
Research, based in Massachussetts.
The Sukuma and Nyamwezi, who are often assumed to be
essentially the same people, are among the most well-studied of
Tanzania's ethnic groups. For over a hundred years, there has been a
continuous stream of books, articles, manuscripts, theses and
dissertations on this group in various languages, but notably in
Swahili, English, German, French and Sukuma. These writings cover
the history, culture, economic and social life of these people.
My focus in this bibliography is on folklore and culture in general. I
have therefore included works on subjects such as language.
Some of the works I have included in this bilbiography may not
strike other people as belonging in it. The Sukuma and Nyamwezi
may safely be considered close enough to be discussed together, but I
have included entries on neighbouring groups such as the Kara and the
Kerewe, who live on islands in Lake Victoria. I think they have
enough in common with the Sukuma to warrant their inclusion in this
bibliography. Such choices are difficult for anybody trying to create a
bibliography of this nature.
There are materials I have not included in this bibliography, for
example sections in various books, most of which I probaby do not
even know about. There are also typescripts and manuscripts which I
have not even heard about. It is more than likely that such materials
exist, in such places as the White Fathers' Archives in Rome, Oxford
House in England, and perhaps in Canada as well, since the priests
who set up the Sukuma Museum at Bujora, near Mwanza, came from
Canada. Though this is a rather comprehensive bibliography for the
period it covers, I know that some more work needs to be done to
make it even better.
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I have arranged the entries alphabetically by author. I know that
other people might have preferred a division into books, articles,
dissertations and other categories. I also know that an index might
have pleased many people as well.
In preparing this bibliography, I have greatly benefitted from
Harold Scheub's Bibliography of African Oral Narrative, R.G.
Abraham's bibliography in his The Peoples of Greater Unyamwezi:
Tanzania, pp. 81-89, and Michael McCall's, "Bibliography of
Usukuma," Africana Journal, X, 2 (1979), pp. 99-119, p. 218-232.
I am grateful to all the people who have assisted me in this project.
These include Connie Gunderson and Trish Lewis of the Rolvaag
Library of St. Olaf College, Emilie Ngo-Nguidjol of the University of
Wisconsin-Madison's Memorial Library, librarians at the University
of Minnesota's Wilson Library, Josephine Yambi, a graduate student
at the University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, and Elias Songoyi of
the University of Dar es Salaam. My special gratitude goes to
Earthwatch and St. Olaf College for supporting my research.
Abrahams, R.G. The People of Greater Unyamwezi, Tanzania (Nyamwezi, Sukuma
Sumbwa, Kimbu, Konongo). London: International African Institute, 1967.
__________. The Political Organization of Unyamwezi. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1967.
__________. The Nyamwezi Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
__________. "Kahama Township, Western Province of Tanganyika," in Social
Change in Modern Africa, ed. A. Southall, London, 1961. pp. 242-53.
__________. "Someaspects of Nyamwezi witch beliefs." East African Institute of
Social Research Conference Papers (June 1958).
__________. "The Influence of Swahili culture in Nyamwezi." East African Institute
of Social Research Conference Papers (January, 1959).
__________. "Neighbourhood Organization: a major Sub-system among the Northern
Nyamwezi," Africa, XXXV, 2 (1965) 168-86.
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__________. "Succession to the Chiefship in Northern Unyamwezi," in Jack Goody,
ed. Successsion to High Office, Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology, 4
(1966)
__________. "The Political Incorporation of Non-Nyamwezi Immigrants among the
Nyamwezi of Tanzania," in African Society, ed. R. Cohen and J. Middleton,
Northwestern University Press, 1967.
__________. "Time and Village Structure in Northern Unyamwezi," Africa, 47, 4
(1977), 372-385.
Alexander, Chief. "A History of the Wazinza," Mambo Leo (Dar es Salaam), 1927-28.
Augustiny, Julius, "Sukuma-Texte, gesammelt und übersetzt," Zeitschrift für
Eingeborenen-Sprachen, XIV, (1923-24), 1-43, 153-189.
__________. "Laut und Formenlehre der Sukuma-Sprache," Mitteilungen der Seminar
für Orientalischen Sprachen, XXXII, 3 (1929), pp. 93-157.
Basset, Réne Marie Joseph, Contes popularies d'Afrique, Paris, 1903. (Contains 162
African narratives, including 1 Sukuma and 1 Nyamwezi)
Batibo, Herman M. "A New Approach to Sukuma Tone." In Studies in African
Linguistics, Los Angeles, 1976, 241-257.
__________. "Le Kisukuma, langue Bantu de Tanzanie: philologie et morphologie,"
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Paris, 1976.
__________. "La fonction expressive des phonemes en Kisukuma (Tanzania), Afrique
et Langage (Paris)," 8 (1977), p. 37-43.
Bax, S.N. "Early C.M.S. Missions at Busilima and Usambiro," Tanganyika Notes and
Records, 7 (1939), 39-55.
Beier, Ulli, The Origin of Life and Death: African Creation Myths, London, 1966.
Includes 1 Nyamwezi narrative.
Bennett, Tina L. "Tonally Irregular Verbs in Sukuma Tone," In Studies in Bantu
Tonology, Los Angeles, 1976, 287-319.
Berlin: Seminar für orentalischen sprachen. "Lieder und Sangesweisen und
Geschichten derWanyamwezi," MSOS, IV, 3 (1901) 45-62.
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Betbeder, P. "The Kingdom of Buzinza," Journal of World History, 13, 4 (1971), 736760.
Bjerke, S. "The High God of Among the Zinza of Northwestern Tanzania, " Numen
[Leiden] 16, 3 (1960), 186-210.
__________. The Bacwezi Complex and the Other Spirit Cults of the Zinza of
Northwestern Tanzania, University of Oslo, Religionshistorik Institutt
(1975).
Blohm, Wilhelm. Die Nyamwezi, Land und Wirtschaft,Hamburg 1: Friederichsen, De
Gruyter & Co. M.B.H,1931
Blokland, Henny W. Two Nyamwezi texts: An exercise in translation and
understanding. M.A. thesis, University of Leiden, 1987.
Bohrenz, Wolfgang. Beiträge zur materiallen Kultur der Nyamwezi. Hamburg, 1940..
Bosch, F. Les Banyamwezi, peuple de l'Afrique Orientale, Munster: Anthropos
Bilbiothek, 1930.
__________. "Schöpfungslegende der Wanyañwezi," Bibliotheca Africana, III (1929),
77-85.
__________. "Etwas zur Genesis des Kilwana." Bibliotheca Africana, IV, 1 (1930),
31-45.
__________. "Contribution a l'etude des sacrifices," Grand Lacs, vol. 55 (1938-39).
__________. "Le culte des ancêtres chez les Banyangwezi," Anthropos, 20 (1925)
200-9
__________. "Totemismus, Exogamie und Mutterrecht der Banyangwezi," Anthropos,
24 (1929), 273-9
__________. "Die Urgeschichte der Mensch nach den Überlieferung der
Wanyamwesi," Pastor Bonus (Trier), XLI, 1 (1930), 41-5.
__________. Kinyamwei-Deutsch, A-I, ms. n.d. Rome: White Fathers.
Brandstrom, Per. The agro-pastoral dilemma: underutilizatiion or overexploitation of
land among the Sukuma of Tanzania. Uppsala, Sweden: African Studies
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Programme, Department of Cultural Anthropology, University of Uppsala,
1985
Broyon-Mirambo, P. "Description of Unyamwesi, the territory of King Mirambo, and
the best route thither from the east coast," Proceedings of the Royal
Geographical Society, 22 (1877-8), 28-36
Burgt, J.M.M. "Zur Entvölkerungsfrage Unjamwesis Ussumbwas," Koloniale
Rundschau (1913), p. 705-28, (1914), p. 24-7.
Burton, R.F. The Lake Regions of Central Africa, London, vol. 1 (1860), pp. 313-412;
vol. II (1860),pp. 1-33, 155-222.
Busse, Joseph. "Kimbu-sprachproben," Afrika und Übersee, XXXVII, 4 (1953), 183-6
Campbell, Horace. "Popular Resistance in Tanzania: Lessons from the Sungu Sungu,"
Utafiti, IX, 2 (1987), pp. 32-58.
Capus, A. "Contes, chants et proverbes des Basumbwa dans l'Afrique orientale,"
Zeitschrift für Afrikanische und Oceanische sprachen, III (1897), 358-81.
__________. "Eine Missionreise nach Uha und Urundi." Petermann's Mitteilungen, 44
(1898).
__________. Grammaire de Shi-sumbwa," Zeitchschrift für Afrikanische und
Oceanische Sprachen (1898) 1-123.
__________. Dictionnaire Shisumbwa-français (1901)
__________. Grammar of the Wakonongo Language, n.d. (in Dar es Salaam
Museum).
Carney, J.P. "The History of the Functional Structure of the Maryknoll Mission in
Musoma and Shinyanga," Ph.D. Dissertation, St. John's University (1973)
Carnochan, F.G. and Hans C. Adamson, Out of Africa. New York 1937) (Life story of
Kalola, head of the powerful snake guild).
Chaplin, J.H. "The Prehistoric Rock Art of the Lake Victoria Region," Azania, 9
(1974) 1-50.
Chenya, Fr. Hendricks, "Chiefs of Busumabu," Lumuli, 9 (1958), 3
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__________. "Our Chiefdoms," Lumuli, April 4 (1962)
__________. "Our Villages," Lumuli, March 15 (1963)
Clements, D. "The Research Committee at Bujora," TNR, 81/82 (1977), 75-78.
Cohen, D.W. "A Survey of Interlacustrine Chronology," Journal of African History,
11, 2 (1970) 177-201.
Collinson, J.D.H. Witchcraft and sorcery amongst the Wanyamwezi. Ph.D.
dissertation, Oxford, 1974.
Cory, Hans. The Ntemi: the traditional rites in connection with the burial,election,
enthronement and magic powers of a Sukuma chief. London, Macmillan,
1951.
__________. Sukuma Law and Custom, with a foreword by J.P.Moffett. London, New
York Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford
University Press, 1953.
__________. "Ngoma ya Sheitani," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society, 66
(1936) 209-217
__________. Sukuma Secret Societies (Mwanza). Manuscript, East African Library,
University of Dar es Salaam, Cory 191, 1938.
__________. "Sukuma Twin Ceremonies-Mabasa," Tanganyika Notes and Records,
17 (1944), 34-44.
__________. "The Buyeye: A Secret society of snake Charmers in Sukumaland,
Tanganyika Territory," Africa, 16, 3 (1946), 160-178
__________. Baswezi (disciples of Lyangombe). Manuscript, East African Library,
University of Dar es Salaam, Cory 45, 1949
__________. "The Buswezi," American Anthropologist, 57 (1955), 923-952
__________. Sukuma Songs and Dances, manuscript, East African Library, Dar es
Salaam, Cory 192, n.d.
__________. Sukuma dances, manuscript, East African Library, Dar es Salaam, Cory
192, n.d.
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__________. Migabo, Manuscript, East African Library, Dar es Salaam, Cory 138,
n.d.
__________. "Ntambiko," Tanganyika Notes and Records, 1958.
__________. The indigenous political systemof the Sukuma and proposals for political
reform, Eastern Africa Studies, 2 (1954)
__________. "Religious beliefs and practices of the Sukuma/Nyamwezi tribal group,"
Tanganyika Notes and Records, 54, 1960.
__________. "The Ingredients of Magic Medicines," Africa, XIX, 1(1949), 13-32.
__________. "The People of the Lake Victoria Region," Tanganyika Notes and
Records,33 (1952), 22-9.
__________. Wall-painting by Snake Charmers in Tanganyika. London: Faber &
Faber, 1953.
__________. Sheria na Kawaida za Wanyamwezi (Nyamwezi Law and Custom), Dar
es Salaam (1955).
__________. The Nyamwezi and Sukuma. (Manuscript owned by International Africa
Institute), n.d.
Cory, Hans, and N. Masalu. "Place Names in the Lake Province." TNR, 30 (1951), 5372.
Cotter, Fr. G. Sukuma Proverbs. Nairobi: Beezee Secretarial Services. 1970?
Cottino, Giovanni. Grammaire kinyamwezi: langue "bantu" parlee dans
l'AfriqueOrientale, territoire du Tanganyika. Mimeo. Tabora 1914/Rome
1957.
Dahl, E. "Die Tone und Akzente im Kinyamwesi," Mitteilungen des Seminars für
Orientalische Sprachen, 1904, pp. 106-126.
__________. Nyamwesi Wörtebuch. (Abhandlungen des Hamburgischen
Kolonialinstituts, 25: Reihe B: Volkerkunde, Kulturgeschichte und Sprachen,
15.) Hamburg: L. Friederichsen, 1915.
__________. "Hundert Rätsel der Wanamwezi," ZKS, III (1912-13), p257-71.
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__________. "Einige Beispiele aus dem Nyamwezi fur die Vokal-Assimilation und
Konsonanten Assimilation," ZKS, IV (1913-14), 333-5
__________. "Die Verwandtschafts-Bezeichnungen im Namwezi," ZKS, V (1914-15),
331-4
[Dahl, Edmund?]. "Lieder und Sangesweisen und Geschichten der Wanyamwezi."
Mitteilungen des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen, 4, III (1901), 45-62.
Dale, G. The Peoples of Zanzibar: their customs and beliefs. London, UMCA 1920,
124 S
Decle, L. "Lettre de Bukumbi, 25 sept. 1893." Compte Rendu Soc. Geogr. S. (1894)
14-16
__________. Three Years in Savage Africa. London: Methuen, 1898, chapters 17-18.
de Rosemond, C.C. "Iron Smelting in the Kahama District." Tanganyika Notes and
Records, 16 (1943), 79-84.
Desoignies, P. "Die Msalala." In Steinmetz, S.R. Rechtsverhaltnisse von eingeborenen
Volkern in Afrika und Ozeanien. Berlin 1903. 268-82.
Diarie de la Mission de M.D. de Kamoga (Bukumbi)." Chronique de la Société des
Missionaires d'Afrique, 15 (1895).
Eden, Ake (ed). Basukuma: Kulturglimtar fran Tanzania. Stockholm: Swedish
International Development Agency, 1973.
Fairclough, J.L. "History of Itilima," Mwanza Provincial Book.
Fontainas, R. "Dans la famille de M'siri." Revue Coloniale Belge, 35 (1947), 166-70.
Gass, Michel. "Croyances, magie, et superstitions des Bagwe ou Basukuma établis au
sud du lac Victoria Nyanza," Annuario dellaPontificio Museo Missioni
eEtnologico [Roma] 37 (1973), 385-459.
__________ et al. Le Bagwe, le Bubinza: us et coutumes de Bagwe." Annuario dellla
Pontificio Museo Missioni e Etnologico [Roma], 37 (1973), 325-383
Geneya, G. "Sukumaland: Traditional Values and Modern Leadership." In L. Cliffe
(ed.) One Party Democracy: The 1965 Tanzania General Elections. Nairobi:
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Goldsmith, John. "On Tone in Sukuma." In Goyvaerts, Didier (ed.). Linguistics Essays
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Gorju, Julien, Entre le Victtoria, l'Albert et Edouard: ethnographie de la partie anglaise
du Vicariat de l'Uganda, Origines, histoire, religion, coutumes. Rennes:
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Grant, J.A. "On Mr. H.M. Stanley's Exploration of the Victoria Nyanza." Proceedings
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(1957), 76-81.
Gunzert, T. "Memoirs of a German District Commissioner in Mwanza." ed. R. Austen,
Tanganyika Notes and Records, 66 (1966) 171-179.
Hall, de Z. "The Dance Societies of the Wasukuma as seen in Maswa District,"
Tanganyika Notes and Records, 1 (1936), pp. 94-6.
__________. "A Bibliography of Ethnographic Literature for Tanganyika Territory,"
Tanganyika Notes and Records, 7 (1939), 75-83.
Harding, J.R. "Conus Shell Disc Ornaments (Vibangwa) in Africa," JRAI, XCI, 1
(1961), 52-66
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Azania, 9 (1974), 43-47.
Hartwig, G. W. "Bukerebe, the Church Missionary Society and East African Politics,
1877-1878." Jounal of African History, 1, 2 (1968), 211-232.
__________. "A Cultural History of Kerebe of Tanzania to 1895," Ph.D. dissertation,
Indiana University, 1970.
__________. "Oral Traditions Concerning the Early Iron Age in Northwest Tanzania."
African Historical Studies, 4, 1 (1971), 93-114.
__________. The Art of Survival in East Africa: The Kerebe and Long-Distance
Trade, 1800-1895. New York: Africana.
Hatchell, G.W. "Vibangwa, a Form of Insignia used in the Eastern Hinterland of Lake
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Hatfield, Colby Ray, "The mfumu in tradition and change: a study of the position of
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Sukumaland." East African Institute for Social Research Conference Paper,
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_________. Development and Education in the Mwanza District (Tanzania).
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Seminars fur orientalische Sprachen, I (1898), 58ff. 1 Sukuma narrative.
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Holmes, C.F. "A History of the Bakwimba of Usukuma, Tanzania from Earliest Times
to 1945." Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, 1969.
__________. "Zanzibar Influences at the Southern End of Lake Victoria: The Lake
Route." African Historical Studies, 4, 3 (1971), 477-504.
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14, 2 (1972), 377-405.
Hone, E.D. "Raid," Tanganyika Notes and Records, 2 (1936), 98-100.
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__________. "African Response to German Colonialism in East Africa: The Case of
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__________. "Socio-Psychological Factors and Strategies in the Introduction of
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