Cub Scout Astronomy
Cub Scout Academics and Sports Workbook
This workbook is not required but can help you with this award.
Scout’s Name: ____________________________________________
Cub Scout Astronomy Belt Loop
Pack: 264 ________________________
(See the Pin Requirements below.)
Complete these three requirements:
1. Set up and demonstrate how to focus a simple telescope or binoculars. ___________________________________________
2. Draw a diagram of our solar system--identify the planets and other objects.
3. Explain the following terms: planet, ________________________________________________________________________
star, __________________________________________________________________________________________________
solar system, ___________________________________________________________________________________________
galaxy, ________________________________________________________________________________________________
the Milky Way, __________________________________________________________________________________________
black hole, _____________________________________________________________________________________________
red giant, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
white dwarf, ____________________________________________________________________________________________
comet, ________________________________________________________________________________________________
meteor, _______________________________________________________________________________________________
moon, ________________________________________________________________________________________________
asteroid, _______________________________________________________________________________________________
and universe. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
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Scout's Name: ________________________
Cub Scout Astronomy Pin
Earn the Cub Scout Astronomy belt loop, and complete five of the following requirements:
 1. Draw a diagram of a telescope and explain how it works.
 2. Locate and identify five constellations. You may use a telescope.
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 3. Using a telescope, find at least one planet and identify it. ___________________________________________________
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 4. Find the North Star. Explain its importance. ______________________________________________________________
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Scout's Name: ________________________
 5. Interview an astronomer. ____________________________________________________________________________
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Learn about careers that relate to Astronomy. ____________________________________________________________
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What school subjects will help you get a job in astronomy? __________________________________________________
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 6. Visit an observatory or a planetarium. Give a report on what you learned to your den. _____________________________
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 7. Make a poster illustrating the different kinds of stars. Include a diagram showing the life cycle of a star. _______________
 8. Learn about some of the early space missions. Tell your den or family about one of them. _________________________
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 9. Find a current event about a recent happening related to space. Tell your den or family about this event. _____________
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Scout's Name: ________________________
 10. Make a chart to show the phases of the moon over a two-month period.
Define a blue moon. ________________________________________________________________________________
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 11. Write a report on two famous astronomers. ______________________________________________________________
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Scout's Name: ________________________
 12. Locate three major observatories on a map.
Explain why these locations are good for astronomy. _______________________________________________________
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Binocular telescopes, or binoculars (also known as field glasses), are two identical or mirrorsymmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction,
allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to
be held using both hands, although there are much larger types.
Unlike a monocular telescope, a binocular gives users a three-dimensional image: the two views,
presented from slightly different viewpoints to each of the viewer's eyes, produce a merged view
with depth perception. There is no need to close or obstruct one eye to avoid confusion, as is usual
with monocular telescopes.
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Milky Way
Our own solar system exists within one of the spiral arms of the disk-shaped galaxy called the Milky Way. This
false-color image looks toward the center of the Milky Way, located 30,000 light-years away. Bright star clusters
are visible along with darker areas of dust and gas.
planet
star
solar system
galaxy
black hole
red giant
white dwarf
comet
asteroid
Universe
meteor
moon
a large rocky or gaseous body that orbits a star
a self-luminous sphere of hot gas held together by gravity; ordinary stars generate
energy by nuclear fusion in their cores
the system containing the sun and all the smaller bodies in orbit around it
an enormous gravitationally bound assemblage of millions or billions of stars
a region of space where gravity is so powerful that not even light can escape; black
holes can form either from the death of high-mass stars or in the cores of galaxies
a cool star near the end of its life cycle that has expanded to a size of a few dozen to a
hundred times the diameter of the sun
the dense, collapsed, Earth-sized remnant of an intermediate-mass star like the sun
a small piece of ice and rock that orbits a star usually in a highly elongated orbit;
long-period comets have orbital periods longer than 200 years, short-period comets
have orbital periods less than 200 years
a small, rocky body that orbits a star
everything that exists
a flash of light that occurs when a meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere; also
popularly known as a shooting star
a smaller body orbiting a larger body; often refers to Earth’s moon
This is the simplest telescope design you could have. A big lens gathers the light and directs it to a focal point and a
small lens brings the image to your eye.
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Constellation Guide
The International Astronomical Union recognizes 88 constellations covering the entire northern and southern sky. Below is a
selection of the most familiar and easily seen constellations in the northern sky.
Spring
Boötes, the
Herdsman
Leo, the Lion
Ursa Major, the
Great Bear
Summer
Aquila, the Eagle
Cygnus, the Swan Lyra, the Harp
Sagittarius, the
Archer
Scorpius, the
Scorpion
Autumn
Capricornus, the
Sea-Goat
Cassiopeia
Perseus, the Hero Taurus, the Bull
Pegasus, the Flying
Horse
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Winter
Auriga, the
Charioteer
Canis Major, the
Great Dog
Gemini, the Twins
Orion, the Hunter
How To Use A Telescope
Are you curious about how to use a telescope? Then you've come to the right place!
A telescope is a very specialized piece of scientific equipment, but you don't need to be afraid of it.
With just a little bit of practical advice on how to set up your equipment, when is the best time to
look for certain things, and how to relax and enjoy your experience, you'll soon know how to use a
telescope just like a pro!
Choose Your Observing Site To Use A Telescope
One of the most important things to begin with is to carefully choose
the site you will use set up and use your telescope at. While it would be tempting to take your new
telescope out of the box and use it that night, it's best to wait just a day or two! Begin the first clear
night by going outside a taking a good look around. You want to choose an observing site where
the view is as unobstructed and as dark as possible. While you are doing this, keep in mind that it
must be comfortable to you as well. While the vista might be far improved a kilometer away - do
you really want to have to take your equipment that distance each time you want to use it? Look at
many different alternatives. If you live in a city, perhaps a rooftop will serve well. Urban settings
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often have very suitable yards that will work for most observing projects and rural settings are
ideal.
Light pollution is another factor when choosing your site. Again, keep in mind that you must have a
site that is accessible to enjoy. It isn't always possible if you live in a well-lit area to take your
equipment remote each time you want to use your telescope - but a sheltered area, such as in the
shadow of a house, often blocks stray light well enough to enjoy using your telescope right at
home. Of course, finding a dark sky site is also important, too. But not half as much as just finding
a spot that you will enjoy and use.
While out during the day, look for level, solid ground. No one wants to see their telescope take a
tumble. While it is tempting to set up on a deck, remember that any footsteps will cause vibration
in the image. Setting up on places like a blacktop driveway or concrete can also cause thermal
issues, too. Avoid them when you can, but do not discard these types of sites if they are
comfortable and accessible.
How To Set Up Your Telescope
While every telescope set-up is slightly different, they are all basically the same in some
respects. There must be an optical tube of some type, a mount and eyepieces. Take the time to
become familiar with all the components of your telescope! If you must assemble and disassemble your telescope each time you use it, it's a very wise idea to practice a few times before
you go out in the dark. There is simply nothing more frustrating that trying to learn to set up your
equipment when you cannot see what you are doing - or to loose a small part in the dark. If it is at
all possible, leave your telescope and tripod fully assembled and in a place where it is easy to set
outside at a moment's notice. You'll find that you'll use it far more often if it takes less work.
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Your telescope's view is also dependent on ambient
temperature. If you wear eyeglasses, you understand why! If you go from a very cool environment,
such as a air-conditioned house, into a humid outdoors setting, your glasses fog up, don't they?
And so will your telescope's optics. The same is true when observing outdoors in the winter. When
taking your telescope from a heated climate to a cold one, you must give the telescope time to
"cool down". Even just a few degrees can mean waiver in the image.
Align your finderscope in advance! While this sounds rather strange, another frustrating thing to do
in the dark is to align a finderscope - especially on a moving target. Once you have learned to
assembly your telescope, learn to align your finder. Set up your scope and aim at a distant object.
Now align your finder to that object as well. This will make things much easier, later!
Once your telescope is set up, the last thing to remember is to stow your things neatly so you
won't have any problems finding them when it comes time to put things away. Dust covers and
eyepieces cases are so easy to lose. Keep things neat and you won't have any problems. Choose
the eyepiece you think you will need in advance and have them in a place where you won't need to
fumble in the dark. Have your red flashlight and maps handy. These are just little things that make
using your telescope much more enjoyable!
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Choose Your Observing Times
Experience will become your best teacher. It won't take long
before you realize that very humid nights or exceptionally cold ones are not particularly good times
to observe. Unless you plan on looking at the Moon itself, nights that are well moon-lit are also not
good times to search for a faint galaxy, either. Little things, like waiting for a planet to clear the
atmospheric "murk" at the lower horizon mean a much better viewing experience.
Your observing times are your own and there are no rules. Perhaps you might enjoy going out for
a few minutes just after it gets dark. Maybe you are an early morning person and would like to
view things for an hour before you get ready for work or school. It could be that you are a night owl
and after television time when everything is quiet is right for you. No matter what time you choose,
make the most of it. Even if you just slip outside for a few minutes to take a glance at Jupiter to see
what position its moons are in that night… Or take a quick glimpse at the Moon… You are
practicing astronomy. There may be nights when you will be out for hours at a time - and other
nights when you may study a single object or just stare at the sky. Remember… It's all good.
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How To Use A Telescope
Now that you have your observing site, learned
to set up, and established a time to practice astronomy… Let's learn how to use your telescope!
If you have an equatorial mount, align the axis to the pole star. Altazimuth mounts do not need this
step. Take off your dustcaps and stow them away. Double check to make sure your tripod legs are
secure. Choose your low power eyepiece and put it in the focuser. Are you ready? Now, loosen
the axis and take aim at a star using your finderscope. When the star is aligned in the center of the
finder, tighten the axis and it's time to go to the eyepiece. Gently adjust the focus in or out until you
have a crisp, clean image. Now watch the star move. This direction is always west - regardless of
the orientation in the eyepiece. For equatorial mounts, use your slow motion cables to learn to
"track" the star. For altazimuth mounts, use the pan control or shift the tube manually (dobsonian
models). Once you have learned to "follow" and object, it's time to star hop!
Each time you go to a new object with an equatorial mount, you must unlock the axis. The same is
true with some styles of altazimuth mounts. Once you have the general location in the finder, lock
the axis back up and use the slow motion cable controls or panhandle control to make small
moves. Using a low power eyepiece first will help you locate things much easier, and you can then
switch to more magnification once the object is located.
When you are finished for the evening, make sure to replace all your dustcaps. If your optics
should become dewed, don't wipe them off. Allow them to air dry to avoid micro-scratches on
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delicate coatings. Always make sure to give your observing area one last check before leaving just
in case you've forgotten something!
How can I find the North Star?
The easiest way to find the North Star (also called
Polaris) is to first find the Big Dipper in the northern part
of the sky. To find the North Star use the two stars that
form the edge of the cup of the Big Dipper away from the
handle. These stars are often called the pointer stars
because when you line them up they point to the North
Star. Follow an imaginary line through these two stars
and this line will point you toward the North Star. The
North Star is not a very bright star, so it might take some
practice to find it easily.
Careers in Astronomy
When people think of astronomy, they often think of stargazing and the many beautiful images that
come from telescopes. However, astronomy is a science. That means astronomy is a lot of hard
work and a lot of math.
When many people picture an astronomer at work, they think of someone huddling in a cold, dark
observatory, squinting through a telescope. Luckily, this is one hardship astronomers no longer
have to endure. Astronomers spend very little of their time observing at telescopes. At the
observatory, the telescope and camera are controlled usually by computers in a warm, well-lit
room, with a coffee maker or tea kettle right at hand.
Astronomers spend most of their time analyzing data with computers. They also are often teachers
at colleges and universities.
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Planetarium, device used to project images of the night sky and show the patterns and movements
of stars and planets. The term also includes the enclosed domed structure in which the images are
commonly displayed for viewers. Modern planetariums often use sophisticated digital and computer
technology to project a variety of still and moving video images as well as the traditional patterns of
constellations. Projection devices may include technology using lasers, digital light projectors (DLPs),
liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). Planetarium shows for the public are
designed to be both educational and entertaining, and can sometimes provide spectacular effects.
The most widely used instrument for many years was the opto-mechanical one devised in 1923 by the
Carl Zeiss optical company of Germany. Dumbbell-shaped and mobile on a structural axis, it projected
optical images of celestial bodies on a large hemispheric dome, producing an artificial night sky. The
principal motions of celestial bodies were demonstrated by operation of projectors at different speeds
corresponding to the relative speeds of those bodies as seen from Earth. Supplementary projectors and
mechanisms could make possible a wide range of shows, such as planetary tours and the
representation of unusual celestial phenomena. Besides the Zeiss, other projectors have been designed
for various dome sizes and special purposes. New digital instruments began to replace or enhance
traditional opto-mechanical equipment beginning in the 1980s.
The first planetarium erected in the United States was the Adler Planetarium in Chicago. Other
important U.S. planetariums have included the Hayden Planetarium in New York City, the Fels
Planetarium in Philadelphia, and the Griffith Planetarium in Los Angeles. Thousands of small
planetariums serve public and private school systems, museums, and cultural centers worldwide.
Read about these star groups below:
Red Dwarf
Red Dwarf stars can range in size from a hundred times smaller than the sun, to only
a couple of times smaller. Because of their small size these stars burn their fuel very
slowly, which allows them to live a very long time. Some red dwarf stars will live
trillions of years before they run out of fuel.
Why are red dwarf stars red?
Because red dwarf stars only burn a little bit of fuel at a time, they are not very hot
compared to other stars. Think of a fire. The coolest part of the fire at the top of the
flame glows red, the hotter part in the middle glows yellow, and the hottest part near
the fuel glows blue. Stars work the same way. Their temperature determine what
color they will be. Thus we can determine how hot a star is just by looking at its
color.
Red dwarf stars are by far the most common type of star in outer space. However
very few stars that you see in the sky are red dwarfs. This is because they are so
small and make very little light. Imagine standing on a mountain. Pretend that there
are one million kids five miles away holding flash lights. And 20 miles away there is a
light house for ships. You will most likely not see any of the flash lights, while you will
very easily see the light house. If the flash lights all glowed as brightly as the light
house it would blind you. Like wise if all the red dwarf stars glowed as bright as the
bigger stars night time would be very bright.
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Yellow Star
Like the Sun, these medium sized stars are yellow because they have a medium
temperature. Their higher temperature causes them to burn their fuel faster. This
means they will not live as long, only about 10 billion years or so. Near the end of
their lives, these medium sized stars swell up becoming very large. When this
happens to the Sun it will grow to engulf even the Earth. Eventually they shrink again,
leaving behind most of their gas. This gas forms a beautiful cloud around the star
called a Planetary Nebula.
Planetary Nebula:
When will the Sun expand into a giant, and then shrink leaving behind a planetary
nebula?
Don't worry, The sun is only about 5 billion years old. It still has another 5 billion
years before it will expand, and then turn into a planetary nebula.
The Sun is so hot that when it dies, it will take a long time to cool off. The sun will die
in about 5 billion years, but it will still glow for many billions of years after that. As it
cools, it will be what is called a white dwarf star. Eventually, after billions maybe even
trillions of years, it will stop glowing, at that point it will be what we call a black dwarf
star. There are still no black dwarf stars in the Universe.
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Blue Giant
Because blue stars are large, and compact, they burn their fuel quickly, which gives
them a very high temperature. These stars often run out of fuel in only 10,000 100,000 years.
A blue giant is very bright. Like a light house, they shine across a great distance.
Even though blue giant stars are rare, they make up many of the stars we see at
night.
Blue giant stars die in a spectacular way. They grow larger just like the Sun sized
stars, but then instead of shrinking and forming a planetary nebula they explode in
what is called a super nova. Super nova explosions can be brighter than an entire
galaxy, and can be seen from very far away.
Because blue giant stars only live a short time, scientists use them to find places in
outer space where new stars are forming.
Giant Star
Remember when we talked about sun sized stars? We said that at the end of their
lives these stars expand, taking up much more space then before. This is exactly what
a Giant Star is.
As a sun sized star gets old, it starts to run out of its hydrogen fuel. When the
burning of hydrogen in the star's core begins to slow down, the core gets more
compact. This means all the stuff in the middle of the star gets really close together.
As the center gets smaller and smaller it starts to heat up again. When it gets hot
enough it will start to burn a new fuel called helium.
Once ignited, helium burns much hotter then hydrogen. The additional heat pushes
the outside of the star much further than it used to be, making the star much larger.
Imagine a hot air balloon. As the air gets hotter it stretches the outside of the balloon
further and further. As the star gets hotter its outside stretches out further and
further. When our own sun begins to stretch into a giant star it will engulf Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Many of the stars you see at night are giant stars. This is because like a light house,
giant stars glow very brightly. When the Sun becomes a giant star it will be seen from
much further than it is right now.
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Super Giant Star
A super giant star is the exact same thing as a giant star, only bigger. Remember that
as a star gets older it begins to run out of fuel. As the star runs out of fuel, it will start
to burn out.
Just like the sun sized stars blue giant stars also begin to burn helium. As they do
these stars get much hotter. This extra heat makes the outside of an old blue giant
star stretch out further. Remember how hot air balloons stretch out as the air in them
gets hotter.
The only difference between Giant Stars and Super Giant Stars is their size. Super
Giant Stars are much bigger. If the Sun were replaced by a super giant star it would
extend almost all the way out to Uranus.
Dead super giant stars/blue giant stars often turn into black holes. A black hole is a
very compact object. How does this happen? As the star dies it explodes in a huge
explosion called a Super Nova. The super nova blasts away most of the star. Anything
left begins to fall in to the middle of the star. It gets more and more compact, and
smaller and smaller. If there is enough of the star left after the explosion, the star will
be heavy enough to squash it down to the size of an atom, or even smaller.
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First Astronauts In Space
First Astronauts In Space
The start of the U.S. space program in 1958 was a response to the Soviet Union's launching of its satellite
Sputnik I into orbit on October 4, 1957. In 1961, three years after NASA was formed, President John F.
Kennedy promised Americans that the United States would land a person on the moon by the end of the 1960s.
NASA landed men on the moon in July 1969. Since then, more than 400 astronauts have made trips into outer
space. This time line shows some of the early flights of astronauts into space.
1961
On April 12, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, in Vostok 1, became the first human to orbit Earth. On May 5,
U.S. astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. of the Mercury 3 mission became the first American in space.
1962
On February 20, U.S. astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. of Mercury 6 became the first American to orbit Earth.
1963
From June 16 to 19, the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 6 carried the first woman in space, Valentina V.
Tereshkova.
1965
On March 18, Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei A. Leonov became the first person to walk in space. He spent 10
World Almanac for Kids
minutes outside the spaceship. On December 15, U.S. Gemini 6A and 7 (with astronauts) became the first
vehicles to rendezvous (approach and see each other) in space.
1966
On March 16, U.S. Gemini 8 became the first craft to dock with (become attached to) another vehicle (an
unmanned Agena rocket).
1967
On January 27, a fire in a U.S. Apollo spacecraft on the ground killed astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White,
and Roger B. Chaffee. On April 23, Soyuz 1 crashed to the Earth, killing Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir
Komarov.
1969
On July 20, after successful flights of Apollo 8, 9, and 10, U.S. Apollo 11's lunar module Eagle
landed on the moon's surface in the area known as the Sea of Tranquillity. Neil Armstrong became
the first person ever to walk on the moon.
World Almanac Kids
1970
Astronaut taking a spacewalk
In April, Apollo 13 astronauts returned safely to Earth after an explosion damaged their spacecraft
and prevented them from landing on the moon.
1971
In July and August, U.S. Apollo 15 astronauts tested the Lunar Rover on the moon.
1972
In December, Apollo 17 was the sixth and final U.S. space mission to land successfully on the
moon.
Courtesy of NASA/JPL/Caltech
Neil Armstrong on the moon
1973
On May 14, the U.S. put the first space station, Skylab, into orbit. The last Skylab crew left in January 1974.
1975
On July 15, the U.S. launched Apollo 18 and the U.S.S.R. launched a Soyuz spacecraft. Two days later, the American and Soviet spacecraft docked, and for several days their
crews worked and spent time together in space. This was NASA's last space mission with astronauts until the space shuttle.
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The appearance of the Moon from Earth depends on the relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. This
illustration shows what the Moon looks like from Earth at different stages of the Moon's orbit.
Have you ever dreamed of being a famous astronomer some day? It is possible you know.
Without further adieu, let's meet them:

Claudius Ptolemy

Nicolaus Copernicus

Tycho Brahe

Galileo Galilei

Johannes Kepler

John Baptist Riccioli

Giovanni Cassini

Christiaan Huygens

Robert Hook
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Sir Isaac Newton

Edmond Halley

Charles Messier

Jeremiah Horrocks

Joseph Louis Lagrange

William Herschel

Caroline Herschel

Benjamin Banneker
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
Giuseppe Piazzi

Johann Bode

Pierre Simon Laplace

Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers

Friedrich Bessel

Joseph Von Fraunhofer

Johann Franz Encke

Friedrich Von Struve

Wilhelm Beer

Thomas Henderson

William Lassell

Sir George Airy

Urbain Le Verrier

Johann Gotfried Galle

Anders Angstrom

Daniel Kirkwood

William Huggins

Sir Josheph Lockyer

Henry Draper

Edward Charles Pickering

Jacobus Cornelius Kaptayn

Edward Barnard

Albert Einstein

Max Planck

William Fowler

Joseph Taylor

Hannes Alven

Subramanyan Chandra Sekhar

Robert Wilson

Antony Hewish

Arno Penzias

Russell Hulse
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Cub Scout Astronomy Award p. 22

George Hale

Annie Jump Cannon

Maximillian Wolfe

Willem De Sitter

Karl Scharzchild

Arthur Eddington

Clyde Tombaugh

Grote Reber

Edwin Hubble

Carl Sagan

Stephen Hawking

James A Van Allen

Sir Fred Hoyle

Alan Guth
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