Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <2006 to March Week 3 2010>
Search Strategy:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 exp *tumor markers, biological/ (16660)
2 exp *male urogenital diseases/di (9527)
3 1 and 2 (897)
4 limit 3 to (english language and humans) (793)
5 limit 4 to "review articles" (126)
6 marker$.ti. and 5 (35)
7 from 6 keep 9-11,13,15,20-21,24,29,33-35 (12)
8 6 not 7 (23)
9 from 8 keep 1-23 (23)
***************************
<1>
Unique Identifier
19578355
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Ulmert D. O'Brien MF. Bjartell AS. Lilja H.
Authors Full Name
Ulmert, David. O'Brien, M Frank. Bjartell, Anders S. Lilja, Hans.
Institution
Department of Urology, University Hospital Malmo, Lund University, Sweden.
Title
Prostate kallikrein markers in diagnosis, risk stratification and prognosis. [Review] [91 refs]
Source
Nature Reviews Urology. 6(7):384-91, 2009 Jul.
Abstract
The kallikrein, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is one of the world's most frequently used
disease biomarkers. After almost two decades of research and clinical experience, the diagnostic
and monitoring limitations of PSA are beginning to be understood. Most physicians are aware of
PSA's low specificity for cancer among older men with benign prostatic conditions; fewer are
aware of recent data, which show that a prior negative biopsy or a prior PSA value below the
threshold for biopsy might compromise the predictive accuracy of PSA even further.
Furthermore, a subtle increase in serum PSA level during early middle age is strongly correlated
with clinically important prostate cancer. We review current and past reports on the prostate
kallikreins PSA and hK2 in relation to pathology and epidemiology. [References: 91]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Review.
<2>
Unique Identifier
19584734
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Shirodkar SP. Lokeshwar VB.
Authors Full Name
Shirodkar, Samir P. Lokeshwar, Vinata B.
Institution
Departments of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101,
USA.
Title
Potential new urinary markers in the early detection of bladder cancer. [Review] [47 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Urology. 19(5):488-93, 2009 Sep.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bladder cancer remains a highly prevalent and lethal malignancy.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment have been shown to improve survival at both initial
diagnosis and recurrence. A vast number of tumor markers have been identified and rigorously
evaluated in attempts to improve noninvasive diagnostic accuracy of bladder cancer. Hematuria
was the first tumor marker in a field that has grown to include soluble markers, cell-surface
antigens, cell-cycle-related proteins, and genetic alterations. We aim to provide a critical
appraisal of newer markers and the current state of research. RECENT FINDINGS: The
number of tumor markers identified has been exponentially increasing. For a variety of reasons,
many are unsuitable for clinical practice. More promising recent markers include those
discovered in the fields of genomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. Much of the recent work is
focused on molecular genetic pathways in bladder cancer. SUMMARY: The field of bladder
cancer tumor markers remains a rapidly evolving area in which newer markers are constantly
identified, evaluated, and often discarded if they do not add significantly to the urologists'
armamentarium. Newer markers rely on genetic rearrangements, molecular changes, and cellcycle-related proteins. Work is currently being done to identify the most promising markers.
[References: 47]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<3>
Unique Identifier
19596933
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Stephan C. Rittenhouse H. Cammann H. Lein M. Schrader M. Deger S. Miller K. Jung K.
Authors Full Name
Stephan, Carsten. Rittenhouse, Harry. Cammann, Henning. Lein, Michael. Schrader, Mark.
Deger, Serdar. Miller, Kurt. Jung, Klaus.
Institution
Department of Urology, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
carsten.stephan@charite.de
Title
New markers and multivariate models for prostate cancer detection. [Review] [129 refs]
Source
Anticancer Research. 29(7):2589-600, 2009 Jul.
Abstract
Specificity of PSA has been enhanced by using molecular forms of PSA and free PSA (fPSA)
such as percent free PSA (% fPSA), proPSA, intact PSA or BPHA and/or new serum markers.
Most of these promising new serum markers like EPCA2 or ANXA3 still lack confirmation of
outstanding initial results or show only marginal enhanced specificity at high sensitivity levels.
PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG, and other analytes in urine collected after digital rectal examination
with application of mild digital pressure have potential to preferentially detect aggressive PCa
and to decrease the rate of unnecessary repeat biopsies. The combination of these new urinary
markers with new and established serum markers seems to be most promising to further increase
specificity of tPSA. Multivariate models e.g. artificial neural networks (ANN) or logistic
regression (LR)-based nomograms have been recently developed by incorporating these new
markers in several studies. There is generally an advantage to including new markers and
clinical data as additional parameters to PSA and % fPSA within ANN and LR models. The
results and unexpected pitfalls of these studies are shown. [References: 129]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<4>
Unique Identifier
19544547
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Lopergolo A. Zaffaroni N.
Authors Full Name
Lopergolo, Alessia. Zaffaroni, Nadia.
Institution
Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
Title
Biomolecular markers of outcome prediction in prostate cancer. [Review] [48 refs]
Source
Cancer. 115(13 Suppl):3058-67, 2009 Jul 1.
Abstract
Prostate cancer has a variable clinical outcome and, therefore, there is a clear need for novel
molecular markers that are specifically associated with biologically aggressive disease to improve
staging and prognostication and also to provide mechanistic information to facilitate treatment
selection. Different candidate biomarkers have been identified that are linked to patient
prognosis and/or response to specific treatments. Such molecules are involved in diverse cellular
processes (including cell cycle regulation, cell death and apoptosis, signal transduction, cell
adhesion, and angiogenesis) within which aberrant activity of several regulatory pathways has
been seen in prostate cancer. Although the number of molecular markers continues to grow,
mainly because of the advent of high-throughput methods, more work needs to be done to
develop uniform standards for their characterization to enable comparison of markers across
studies. Moreover, a rate-limiting step in the development of molecular markers is large-scale
clinical assessment and their evaluation in the context of prediction model improvement. In fact,
thus far, only a few studies have tested and demonstrated whether the addition of new biological
markers improves the accuracy of standard clinical models (nomograms) in predicting
biochemical progression in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent
radical prostatectomy. Cancer 2009;115(13 suppl):3058-67. (c) 2009 American Cancer Society.
[References: 48]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<5>
Unique Identifier
19550368
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Coleman JF. Hansel DE.
Authors Full Name
Coleman, Joshua F. Hansel, Donna E.
Institution
Department of Anatomic Pathology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Taussig Cancer
Institute and Genomic Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,
OH 44195, USA.
Title
Utility of diagnostic and prognostic markers in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. [Review]
[111 refs]
Source
Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 16(2):67-78, 2009 Mar.
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder demonstrates diverse morphologic features, often
leading to diagnostic challenges in the discrimination between UCC and benign mimickers of
neoplasia, and between primary UCC and secondary neoplasms involving the bladder. In situ
lesions also provide diagnostic difficulty in some instances, most prominently in the distinction
between normal, reactive urothelium and flat urothelial carcinoma in situ. The use of ancillary
techniques, including panels of immunohistochemical markers, in distinguishing these entities
has aided not only in the diagnosis of UCC, but has also provided insight into the molecular
pathogenesis and prognostic value of numerous molecular pathways in UCC. This review focuses
on some of the more commonly encountered biomarkers in UCC and their role in addressing key
diagnostic and prognostic issues in this disease process. [References: 111]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<6>
Unique Identifier
19414121
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Lin DW.
Authors Full Name
Lin, Daniel W.
Institution
Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
dlin@u.washington.edu
Title
Beyond PSA: utility of novel tumor markers in the setting of elevated PSA. [Review] [74 refs]
Source
Urologic Oncology. 27(3):315-21, 2009 May-Jun.
Abstract
The introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer screening and detection
has been used for over 20 years and has dramatically changed the face of prostate cancer.
Although it is a highly sensitive serum test, its routine use has been the subject of continued
controversy owing to its limited specificity. Due to this lack of specificity, many have proposed
modifications of PSA in an attempt to bolster the performance of this analyte. The human
genome project and high throughput gene expression profiling has recently yielded several
promising molecular biomarkers for prostate cancer detection beyond PSA or PSA
modifications. This review will first highlight several characteristics of an ideal biomarker, then
focus on select emerging biomarkers for the detection of prostate cancer. [References: 74]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<7>
Unique Identifier
19371474
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Risk MC. Lin DW.
Authors Full Name
Risk, Michael C. Lin, Daniel W.
Institution
Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Title
New and novel markers for prostate cancer detection. [Review] [66 refs]
Source
Current Urology Reports. 10(3):179-86, 2009 May.
Abstract
The detection and treatment of prostate cancer was dramatically altered with the advent of the
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and its usefulness particularly in following patients after radical
prostatectomy is unquestioned. The ability of PSA to predict prostate cancer, and in particular
clinically relevant prostate cancer, has come into doubt in recent years and has led to the search
for better diagnostic markers for prostate cancer. Both serum and urine biomarkers are in
various stages of development, and many of these have been discovered through progress in
genomic and proteomic analysis. Some of these perform better in limited study than our current
standards of diagnosis (ie, PSA and digital rectal examinations), and some have suggested the
capacity to predict stage and likelihood of recurrence. Further study is needed to validate many
of these markers, and the future of prostate cancer detection will likely lie in multiplex assays
that test a number of markers concomitantly to assess prostate cancer risk. [References: 66]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<8>
Unique Identifier
19213567
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Schroder FH.
Authors Full Name
Schroder, Fritz H.
Institution
Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
m.h.vanderlinde@erasmusmc.nl
Title
Review of diagnostic markers for prostate cancer. [Review] [32 refs]
Source
Recent Results in Cancer Research. 181:173-82, 2009.
Abstract
This review concentrates mainly on currently available markers for prostate cancer and cannot
cover the multiple marker substances which are now in experimental and clinical development.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is still the main diagnostic tool despite its serious limitations,
which will be addressed. Studies of new diagnostic markers and also most studies of PSA are
subject to attribution or assignment bias, which limits the accuracy of the resulting information.
Usually a more or less arbitrarily chosen cut-off value is used as a "gold standard" to determine
the indication for the decisive test, a prostatic biopsy, and the assumption is made that no cancers
are present below that cut-off value. This assumption has been proved wrong by findings in the
control arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), where more than 5,000 men were
biopsied independent of their PSA status. As an example: a PSA cut-off value of4.0 ng/ml, a
commonly used biopsy indicator, missed about 75% of all biopsy-detectable cancers. On the
other hand, sextant biopsies in all men led to a detection rate of 21.9%, evidence of the diagnosis
of many cases in men who otherwise would never have had any clinical signs of prostate cancer
(overdiagnosis). The only way out of this dilemma is a better understanding of the natural history
of those cases with low PSA values that would not be considered suspicious with the use of
currently available risk indicator nomograms. The European Randomised Study of Screening for
Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) offers such an opportunity. Results are summarised in this chapter.
Evidence is provided that men diagnosed in the low PSA ranges (< 3.0 ng/ml) usually present
with more favourable cancers which, when identified, are often eligible for active surveillance
after application of the appropriate nomogram. In addition, the data in the setting of the ERSPC
study show that biopsy in such men can safely be delayed until PSA rises to above a cut-off value
of 3.0 ng/ml. The limitations of PSA discussed herein clearly point to the need to find better
diagnostic and prognostic markers for prostate cancer. [References: 32]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<9>
Unique Identifier
18227856
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Ramirez ML. Nelson EC. Evans CP.
Authors Full Name
Ramirez, M L. Nelson, E C. Evans, C P.
Institution
Department of Urology and Cancer Center, Davis Medical Center, University of California at
Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
Title
Beyond prostate-specific antigen: alternate serum markers. [Review] [155 refs]
Source
Prostate Cancer & Prostatic Diseases. 11(3):216-29, 2008.
Abstract
There is a need to improve existing methods for early diagnosis of prostate cancer (CaP) and to
identify men at risk for developing aggressive disease. In an effort to replace and/or supplement
prostate-specific antigen many serum analytes have been examined, but with little supportive
data for clinical use. Recently, technological advances in molecular assays have improved
investigational outcomes and have led to the discovery of a number of prospective markers with
high specificity. Further promise for providing more accurate CaP diagnosis and prognosis lies
in proteomic array profiling and DNA methylation assays. This review illustrates the current
benefits and limitations of potentially useful CaP serum markers that have considerable existing
data and touches upon other future markers as well as the field of proteomics. [References: 155]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<10>
Unique Identifier
18242381
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Hong YM. Loughlin KR.
Authors Full Name
Hong, Y Mark. Loughlin, Kevin R.
Institution
Division of Urology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts 02114, USA. markhong@stanfordalumni.org
Title
Economic impact of tumor markers in bladder cancer surveillance. [Review] [30 refs]
Source
Urology. 71(1):131-5, 2008 Jan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Bladder cancer invokes the highest cost per patient from diagnosis to death and
is the fifth most expensive cancer to treat overall, exceeding $3.4 billion annually. Current
surveillance regimens require intense follow-up contributing to high cost and emotional burden.
Bladder tumor markers hold the promise to reduce these costs, yet have not been widely adopted
in oncological practice. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of bladder tumor markers in
surveillance routines. METHODS: A MEDLINE search of all available literature concerning
bladder tumor markers and cost-effectiveness was performed. We reviewed retrospective and
prospective studies, reviews, opinion papers, decision analyses, and cost-effectiveness analyses.
RESULTS: Bladder tumor markers exist in various stages of development and efficacy.
Sensitivity and specificity values have been reported across a wide range, with tumor markers
generally possessing a higher sensitivity and lower specificity than urine cytology. Several costeffectiveness analyses have shown tumor markers significantly lower the cost of bladder cancer
surveillance when using a modified regimen that lengthens intervals between cystoscopies.
However, many of the studies rely on overconfident sensitivity and specificity estimates and do
not incorporate data specific to recurrent bladder cancer. No comprehensive study incorporating
utility analysis has been performed. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder tumor markers cannot
definitively replace cystoscopy in surveillance regimens given the current evidence. Recent
reports suggest potential for tumor markers to control the financial and emotional cost of
bladder cancer care and improve quality of life. Until prospective analyses incorporating quality
of life outcomes are performed, wider adoption of bladder tumor markers will be hampered.
[References: 30]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<11>
Unique Identifier
17762621
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Ljungberg B.
Authors Full Name
Ljungberg, Borje.
Institution
Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umea University,
Umea, Sweden. borje.ljungberg@urologi.umu.se
Title
Prognostic markers in renal cell carcinoma. [Review] [52 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Urology. 17(5):303-8, 2007 Sep.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews recent reports on prognostic markers in renal
cell carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS: Inclusion in studies of larger cohorts of patients has
yielded enhanced prognostic information from integrated pathological markers; the findings
suggest that adjustment to the TNM (tumour-node-metastasis) system is warranted. A number of
patient-related factors remain important prognostically, including performance status, Creactive protein and thrombocytosis, but also immunological factors (e.g. expression of B7-H1 by
renal cell carcinomas is associated with progression). Additional prognostic information may be
derived from a range of molecular markers. Findings of gene array and methylation studies may
yield independent prognostic information. Enhanced knowledge of signalling pathways has
facilitated better understanding of underlying biology and prediction of response to treatment.
Other genes involved in regulating hypoxia-inducible factor [e.g. genes encoding carbonic
anhydrase-IX and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog)] were reported to be prognostically
important in renal cell carcinoma. Other markers independently predicted survival (e.g.
thymidine-phosphorylase and survivin). SUMMARY: The potential of molecular markers
suggested by clinical research is encouraging. Knowledge of various pathways will facilitate
creation of systems of biomarkers that are predictive of individual response to therapy. Useful
biomarkers may have potential as therapeutic targets. [References: 52]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<12>
Unique Identifier
17520286
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Mol AJ. Geldof AA. Meijer GA. van der Poel HG. van Moorselaar RJ.
Authors Full Name
Mol, A J M. Geldof, A A. Meijer, G A. van der Poel, H G. van Moorselaar, R J A.
Institution
Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands. A.mol@VUMC.nl
Title
New experimental markers for early detection of high-risk prostate cancer: role of cell-cell
adhesion and cell migration. [Review] [32 refs]
Source
Journal of Cancer Research & Clinical Oncology. 133(10):687-95, 2007 Oct.
Abstract
Today's treatment and diagnosis of prostate cancer still exhibit major limitations. The search
for new and additional prognostic markers is therefore still an actual field of interest. Potential
markers involved in numerous biological processes in the tumor cell have been investigated
intensively. For therapeutic interventions it is important to distinguish between harmless and
aggressive disease in an early stage. Therefore the subject of this review is limited to markers
associated with those functional processes, which discriminate early stage aggressive, metastatic
cancer from harmless disease. Important processes in this respect are: altered cell adhesion and
cellular migration. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, beta-catenin, integrins, focal adhesion kinase,
connexins and matrix metalloproteinases all appear promising biological markers associated
with the early stage metastatic process in prostate cancer. Here we discuss their potential to
become valid biological markers based on literature data. Thus far, none of these markers
proved to be a valid individual marker by itself due to prostate cancer heterogeneity and
transient expression. Analyzing a combination of the potential markers discussed in this review is
expected to be a better approach toward discriminating high- from low-risk tumors in an early
stage of prostate cancer. [References: 32]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<13>
Unique Identifier
17628306
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Messing E.
Authors Full Name
Messing, Edward.
Institution
Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Edward_Messing@urmc.rochester.edu
Title
Markers of detection. [Review] [22 refs]
Source
Urologic Oncology. 25(4):344-7, 2007 Jul-Aug.
Abstract
Three applications of markers of detection: screening, replacing surveillance cystoscopies, and
guiding evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria, are discussed. In one study, repetitive hematuria
screening in men age >or=50 effectively shifted the stage of high grade cancers at diagnosis from
muscle invasive to earlier ones, reducing bladder cancer, and all cause mortality. This technique
is sensitive, but is not terribly specific. Testing other markers alone or in combination with each
other and/or hemoglobin screening in similar or higher risk populations is now beginning.
Currently, no commercially available marker is sufficiently sensitive to replace all surveillance
cystoscopies for low risk bladder cancer, although some cystoscopic examinations can probably
be replaced by markers. Available markers are too insensitive for small, high grade cancers to
replace any surveillance cystoscopies in this group. No single marker or combination of markers
can safely replace cystoscopy in the work-up of patients with microhematuria who are at high
risk for harboring bladder cancer. However, markers may be useful for directing which patients
age <or=40 with asymptomatic microhematuria without histories of smoking, particularly
women, require cystoscopic evaluation. [References: 22]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<14>
Unique Identifier
17303324
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Reynolds MA. Kastury K. Groskopf J. Schalken JA. Rittenhouse H.
Authors Full Name
Reynolds, Mark A. Kastury, Kumar. Groskopf, Jack. Schalken, Jack A. Rittenhouse, Harry.
Institution
Gen-Probe Incorporated, 10210 Genetic Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. markr@genprobe.com
Title
Molecular markers for prostate cancer. [Review] [55 refs]
Source
Cancer Letters. 249(1):5-13, 2007 Apr 28.
Abstract
Serum PSA testing has been used for over 20 years as an aid in the diagnosis and management
of prostate cancer. Although highly sensitive, it suffers from a lack of specificity, showing
elevated serum levels in a variety of other conditions including prostatitis, benign prostate
hyperplasia, and non-cancerous neoplasia. During this period, numerous serum protein analytes
have been investigated as alternative and/or supplemental tests for PSA, however in general these
analytes have likewise suffered from a lack of specificity, often showing serum elevations in other
clinical presentations. More recently, molecular assays targeting prostate disease at the DNA or
RNA level have been investigated for potential diagnostic and prognostic utility. With the aid of
modern genomics technologies, a variety of molecular biomarkers have been discovered that
show potential for specific correlation with prostate cancer. Much of this discovery has been
retrospective, using microdissected tissue from prostatectomy. The goal of current research is to
apply genomic assays to noninvasive specimens such as blood and urine. Progress in this area is
the subject of this review. [References: 55]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<15>
Unique Identifier
17092277
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Downes MR. Byrne JC. Pennington SR. Dunn MJ. Fitzpatrick JM. Watson RW.
Authors Full Name
Downes, Michelle R. Byrne, Jennifer C. Pennington, Stephen R. Dunn, Michael J. Fitzpatrick,
John M. Watson, R William G.
Institution
Proteome Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research,
Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Ireland.
michelle.downes@ucd.ie
Title
Urinary markers for prostate cancer. [Review] [53 refs]
Source
BJU International. 99(2):263-8, 2007 Feb.
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest solid-organ malignancy to affect men in Europe and the USA;
it is estimated that one in six men will develop this cancer in their lifetime. Current screening
relies on a digital rectal examination with a serum prostate-specific antigen test. Novel urinary
diagnostic tests are potentially interesting screening tools for this disease. We examined
published reports assessing the use of urinary markers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Using
a PubMed-based search we identified studies of urinary markers for prostate cancer published
from 1985 to February 2006 using the search terms 'urine', 'marker' and 'prostate cancer'.
Studies to date have used small cohorts and relied on prostatic biopsies to provide histology. The
sensitivity and specificity of markers are wide ranging but with only a few studies published on
each putative marker it is difficult to assess their potential impact. Using urinary biomarkers for
prostate cancer is a relatively novel diagnostic approach; they are appealing as a screening test
because they are not invasive. Further work is needed to identify and validate 'signature
markers' indicative of prostatic malignancy. The newer proteomic platforms are promising
biomarker discovery tools that might uncover the next generation of urinary biomarkers.
[References: 53]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<16>
Unique Identifier
16945550
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
van der Poel HG.
Authors Full Name
van der Poel, H G.
Institution
Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam,
The Netherlands. h.vd.poel@nki.nl
Title
Molecular markers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. [Review] [522 refs]
Source
Critical Reviews in Oncology-Hematology. 61(2):104-39, 2007 Feb.
Abstract
The genetic alterations leading to prostate cancer are gradually being discovered. A wide
variety of genes have been associated with prostate cancer development as well as tumor
progression. Knowledge of gene polymorphisms associated with disease aid in the understanding
of important pathways involved in this process and may result in the near future in clinical
applications. Urinary molecular markers will soon be available to aid in the decision of repeat
prostate biopsies. Recent findings suggest the importance of androgen signaling in disease
development and progression. The further understanding of interaction of inflammation, diet,
and genetic predisposition will improve risk stratification in the near future. [References: 522]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<17>
Unique Identifier
17158538
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Black PC. Brown GA. Dinney CP.
Authors Full Name
Black, Peter C. Brown, Gordon A. Dinney, Colin P.
Institution
Department of Urology, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
77030, USA.
Title
Molecular markers of urothelial cancer and their use in the monitoring of superficial urothelial
cancer. [Review] [92 refs]
Source
Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24(35):5528-35, 2006 Dec 10.
Abstract
Multiple molecular markers have been described for use in bladder cancer patients. Some of
these have been studied more extensively than others, and it is difficult for the clinician to
maintain a perspective over the myriad findings that have been made. We have reviewed a
selection of markers used for surveillance with an emphasis on clinical utility. The best studied
markers and those with the most promising preliminary results were selected. Only studies that
included surveillance for recurrence in patients with a history of bladder cancer were considered.
Each marker is briefly described and its performance in monitoring bladder cancer patients is
summarized. Several promising markers are available, although only four have obtained US
Food and Drug Administration approval. The clinical applications that have been studied include
replacement or reduction in the number of cystoscopies performed in the surveillance of bladder
cancer patients, substitution for or complementary use with urinary cytology in the same setting,
predicting disease recurrence and progression, and predicting and monitoring treatment
response. None of the markers have been proved sensitive and specific enough to replace
cystoscopy. Others, such as nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) and UroVysion, appear to have
some utility when used to complement or replace cytology. The other applications have not been
adequately studied for any given marker. While multiple molecular markers exist for bladder
cancer, their full clinical utility will not be realized until more multicenter prospective trials are
conducted to verify their efficacy and safety in the monitoring of patients with superficial
bladder cancer. [References: 92]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Review.
<18>
Unique Identifier
17138135
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Bradford TJ. Tomlins SA. Wang X. Chinnaiyan AM.
Authors Full Name
Bradford, Timothy J. Tomlins, Scott A. Wang, Xiaoju. Chinnaiyan, Arul M.
Institution
Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Title
Molecular markers of prostate cancer. [Review] [263 refs]
Source
Urologic Oncology. 24(6):538-51, 2006 Nov-Dec.
Abstract
Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has evolved as a very useful tool for detection of
prostate cancer, there remains an urgent need for more accurate biomarkers to diagnose
prostate cancer and predict cancer-related outcomes. Recent advances in the study of proteomics
and high throughput techniques have led to the discovery of many potential biomarkers for
prostate cancer. This article briefly reviews the current status of PSA testing and discusses
several candidate protein biomarkers for prostate cancer, as well as highlighting some recent
proteomic discoveries with the potential to supplement or even replace PSA for the diagnosis and
prognosis of prostate cancer. [References: 263]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<19>
Unique Identifier
17138134
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Lokeshwar VB. Selzer MG.
Authors Full Name
Lokeshwar, Vinata B. Selzer, Marie G.
Institution
Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
vlokeshw@med.miami.edu
Title
Urinary bladder tumor markers. [Review] [85 refs]
Source
Urologic Oncology. 24(6):528-37, 2006 Nov-Dec.
Abstract
Bladder cancer is amenable to biomarker development because many tumor-associated
molecules are secreted in urine. Tumor cells are shed in urine, and, therefore, tests that detect
tumor cell-surface markers have also been developed to diagnose bladder cancer and monitor its
recurrence. Several bladder tumor markers show higher sensitivity than cytology, but most have
lower specificity. In addition to markers that use conventional technologies such as enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, point-of-care devices, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry, proteomic and gene
profiling approaches are being used to find new biomarkers to assist in the molecular profiling of
bladder cancer. This review describes both new and well-studied bladder tumor markers.
[References: 85]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<20>
Unique Identifier
17138133
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Veltri RW. Makarov DV.
Authors Full Name
Veltri, Robert W. Makarov, Danil V.
Institution
Department of Urology, The Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA. rveltri1@jhmi.edu
Title
Nucleic acid-based marker approaches to urologic cancers. [Review] [152 refs]
Source
Urologic Oncology. 24(6):510-27, 2006 Nov-Dec.
Abstract
There are numerous molecular modifications known to occur in cancer. New nucleic acid-based
biomarkers provide a unique approach to patient management in urologic oncology. Malignant
transformation of a normal cell requires a series of epigenetic and genetic changes or "hits."
Epigenetics produced by deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, adding a methyl group to the fifth
position of cytosine within CpG dinucleotides, are important players in deoxyribonucleic acid
repair, genome instability, and regulation of chromatin structure. Genetic alterations in cancer
can include mutations, chromosome deletions, insertions, amplifications, and translocations. In
addition, the modifications of telomeres are critical to the maintenance of chromatin structure,
transcription, and cell function in cancer. We review only nucleic acid-based molecular
biomarkers in urologic oncology that can assist the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of
disease, or that can predict the behavior of the disease or the patient's survival. [References: 152]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<21>
Unique Identifier
16905981
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Nielsen ME. Schaeffer EM. Veltri RW. Schoenberg MP. Getzenberg RH.
Authors Full Name
Nielsen, Matthew E. Schaeffer, Edward M. Veltri, Robert W. Schoenberg, Mark P.
Getzenberg, Robert H.
Institution
Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
21287-2101, USA. nielsen@jhmi.edu
Title
Urinary markers in the detection of bladder cancer: what's new?. [Review] [25 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Urology. 16(5):350-5, 2006 Sep.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bladder cancer is one of the most common genitourinary
malignancies and is a potentially life-threatening diagnosis. For many patients, however, the
diagnosis of bladder cancer entails a lifetime of vigilant, costly, and invasive surveillance for
recurrent and/or progressive disease. In the context of relative limitations of the current
standard of cystoscopy and cytology, there has been burgeoning activity in the development of
novel molecular urine-based markers for bladder cancer detection. RECENT FINDINGS: A
large number of candidate bladder cancer biomarkers have emerged as our understanding of the
molecular pathogenesis of the disease has evolved. Many of these are in the relatively earlier
phases of development but several have received the approval of the United States Food and
Drug Administration for clinical use and are already being applied to patients in clinical practice.
SUMMARY: Urine-based markers for bladder cancer detection represent an area of substantial
innovation and discovery with potentially profound scientific, clinical, and economic
implications. As more of these tests become standardized and undergo evaluation in large
multicenter trials, it is conceivable that a novel marker or panel of markers will emerge as a
major enhancement to the current standard of care. [References: 25]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<22>
Unique Identifier
16818187
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Konety BR.
Authors Full Name
Konety, Badrinath R.
Institution
Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. badrinathkonety@uiowa.edu
Title
Molecular markers in bladder cancer: a critical appraisal. [Review] [179 refs]
Source
Urologic Oncology. 24(4):326-37, 2006 Jul-Aug.
Abstract
The diagnosis of both primary and recurrent bladder tumors currently relies upon the urine
cytology and cystoscopy. Neither of these diagnostic tools is completely accurate. Prognostication
of bladder cancer is largely based on pathologic tumor grade and stage. Over the past 2 decades,
there is accumulating evidence that like many other cancers, bladder cancer, too, has a distinct
molecular signature that separates it from other cancers and normal bladder tissue. Bladder
tumors of different grades and stages even possess unique, and specific genotypic and phenotypic
characteristics. Although recognition of several of these molecular alterations is possible by
analyzing tumor tissue, urine, and serum samples, few if any of these "molecular markers" for
bladder cancer are widely used in clinical practice. These markers include some that can be
applied during the diagnostic work-up of symptoms (e.g., hematuria), those under surveillance
for recurrence of superficial disease and forecasting long-term prognosis, or response to
chemotherapy. In this review of molecular markers for bladder cancer, effectiveness of markers
in each of these categories that are identifiable in the urine of patients with bladder cancer was
examined. Many of the diagnostic markers appear to hold an advantage over urine cytology in
terms of sensitivity, especially for the detection of low-grade superficial tumors. However, most
markers tend to be less specific than cytology, yielding more false-positives. This result is more
commonly observed in patients with concurrent bladder inflammation or other benign bladder
conditions. Although there are several candidate markers for assessing prognosis or response to
chemotherapy, studies of large patient populations are lacking. Further studies involving larger
numbers of patients are required to determine their accuracy and widespread applicability in
guiding treatment of bladder cancer. [References: 179]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<23>
Unique Identifier
16730974
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Collette L. Burzykowski T. Schroder FH.
Authors Full Name
Collette, Laurence. Burzykowski, Tomasz. Schroder, Fritz H.
Institution
European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Data Center, Avenue
E. Mounier 83/11, 1200 Brusells, Biostatistics Department, Brussels, Belgium.
laurence.collette@eortc.be
Title
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) alone is not an appropriate surrogate marker of long-term
therapeutic benefit in prostate cancer trials. [Review] [34 refs]
Source
European Journal of Cancer. 42(10):1344-50, 2006 Jul.
Abstract
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most studied marker of prostate cancer. It is used for
screening and as indicator of disease evolution for individual patients. PSA being a prognostic
factor is however not sufficient to justify using PSA-derived endpoints as surrogate for definitive
survival endpoint in phase III trials. First, we clarify the terminology and requirements for a
marker to be a valid surrogate endpoint. We then review the published literature pertaining to
the validation of PSA endpoints as surrogate in all disease stages. We discuss the limitations of
these studies and conclude that so far, PSA is not a validated surrogate endpoint in any of the
disease settings and treatment conditions considered. We give some recommendations for the
planning of trials that would use PSA endpoints (in hormone refractory disease) and for the early
stop of (endocrine treatment) trials on the basis of intermediate results based on PSA.
[References: 34]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.