THE PHONEMIC CHART
i: I
e @
& V
p b
U u: I@ eI
vo
3: O: U@ OI @U mono
A: Q e@ aI aU dip
t d t d k g
S Z
f v T D s z S Z con
m n N h l r w j
Consonants – their classification
A. English consonants may be classified by the manner of
articulation and by the place of articulation.
a) By the manner of articulation as
plosives:
fricatives:
affricates:
nasals:
liquids
(the lateral:… and the post alveolar approximant:… )
semivowels
b) By the place of articulation as
labials: bilabials (lips):
labiodentals (lips and teeth):
dentals (teeth):
alveolars (gums):
including the postalveolar r
palatals (palate):
velars (soft palate):
glottal (glottis):
B. Consonants may be classified as voiced and
unvoiced/voiceless.
p b t d t
S
f v T D s
m n N h l
d k g
Z
z S Z
r w j
Voiced consonants are:
Unvoiced consonants are:
Pronunciation of voiced consonants at the end of English
words
lag vs lack
dog vs dock
clog vs clock
pig vs pick
C. Aspirated [ph, th, kh]
listen to Peter Piper tongue
twister,
Which phonemes get aspirated?
D. Comparison with the Czech system of
consonants
1. Which ones are missing in Czech?
2. Which ones are part of the Czech
system but not part of the English one?
E. Problematic consonants for Czech
learners
The most relevant and frequent errors of Czech
learners
Consonants:
 /d/ instead of /D/,
/f/ instead
of /T/
 /v/ instead of /w/
 /ng/ instead of /N/
 Aspiration of /p/, /t/, /k/
 voiced consonants at the end of a
word are pronounced as unvoiced
 /Í/, /Ù/
 /r/ is strongly trilled
 /h/ is voiced
Tasks to practise grammatical endings
Task 1
Consider pronunciation of adjectives ending
in –ed in these sentences.
Put them under the proper heading
according to the pronunciation of –ed.
Example: She’s interested in you.
I’m not used to going home late.
[t]
[d]
shocked
bored
embarrassed worried
[Id]
disappointed
disgusted
needed
[t]
[Id]
[d]
embarrassed bored
shocked
worried
disgusted
disappointed
Task 2
Look at this table and complete the rules.
1. When the –ed ending follows the
phoneme [t] or [d] at the end of the
word, it is pronounced ………….
2. When the –ed ending follows a voiceless
consonant (= p, k, f, s, T, S, Í)
apart from [t] at the end of the word,
it is pronounced ………….
3. When the –ed ending follows either a
vowel or a voiced consonant (= b, g, v, z,
D, Z, Ù, m, n, r, l, j) apart
from [d] at the end of the word, it is
pronounced ………….
Practical implications of correct
pronunciation of grammatical endings?
1.
plural endings –s, es (e.g. dogs, buses,
books)
verb endings –s, es (e.g. stops, watches,
opens)
possessive case -’s (e.g. brother’s
books)
When to pronounce these endings as
[s], [z], or [Iz]?
2. –ed endings in verbs (e.g. wanted, stopped, judged)
–ed endings in adjectives (e.g. interested, bored,
emrarrased)
When to pronounce these endings as [t], [d], or
[Id]?
Task 3
You can prepare a parallel table which will
be true for –s, -es endings.
[t]
[d]
[Id]
[s]
books
tips
[z]
nouns
cars
[Iz]
dresses
watches
Task 4
Sort out these words into columns
according to the proper pronunciation of
–s, -es endings.
You can formulate parallel rules which will
be true for –s, -es endings.
1. When the –s, -es ending follows the
phonemes [s, z, S, Z, Í, Ù] at the
end of the word, it is pronounced ………….
The phonemes [s, z, S, Z, Í, Ù]
are called sibilants.
2. When the –s, -es ending follows a
voiceless consonant (= p, k, t, f, T)
apart from [s, S, Í] at the end of
the word, it is pronounced ………….
3. When the –s, -es ending follows either a
vowel or a voiced consonant (= b, g, v, D,
d, m, n, r, l, j) apart from [z,
Z, Ù] at the end of the word, it is
pronounced ………….
Task 5
Check the pronunciation of the endings and
meaning of these adjectives in the
dictionary as the exceptions exist.
naked
ragged
wicked
rugged
beloved
jagged
Task 6
Sort out any 10 verbs in the regular past
form according to the pronunciation of –ed.
[t]
[d]
[Id]
Task 7
Spot the Odd one out in these groups of
verbs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
opened
needed
watched
judged
closed
hated
hopped
signed
washed
rained
hoped
averaged
remembered
patted
jumped
practised
Task 8
Prepare similar Odd one out tasks to
practise
a) plural noun endings (3 lines)
b) verbs endings in –s, -es (3 lines)
c) verbs endings in -ed (3 lines)
robbed
wanted
grained
achieved