THE CHEMICAL HYGIENE
AND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PLAN [CHHSP]
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
CALIFORNIA LUTHERAN UNIVERSITY
Prepared by: Robert Roy Kintner, Ph.D.
Last Modified: August 2006
by Kristine Butcher, Ph.D.
A. INTRODUCTION
1. CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
This CHHSP covers the chemistry department and constitutes the
department's portion of the California Lutheran University [CLU]
Chemical Hygiene Plan [CHP].
1.1. DEPARTMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: A concerted attempt must always be made
to keep the exposure to hazardous chemicals at a minimum for
chemistry stockroom personnel, student laboratory assistants, faculty
and any other CLU employees whose work may require them to enter the
chemistry laboratories or stockroom. This concern extends to those
students taking courses in the chemistry laboratories as well.
Measures used to achieve this objective include the use of:
1. Barriers and ventilation [goggles, lab coats and, where
appropriate, gloves and hoods].
2. Prudent selection and design of experiments and procedures to
be followed in the laboratory and stockroom.
3. Proper training and supervision.
In addition, stockroom personnel and faculty must be made aware of
the hazards to which they are potentially exposed and the sources of
information available for determining those hazards as well as proper
responses to them.
Stockroom personnel and faculty must also have available appropriate
safety equipment [including operational instructions] and know how to
use this equipment in normal laboratory operations and in
emergencies.
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Finally, stockroom personnel and faculty should have as a major
objective the minimization of chemical waste. This objective is
achieved:
4. Through prudent selection of laboratory experiments and
procedures.
5. By recycling and reclaiming appropriate spent chemicals.
6. By providing proper instructions to faculty, undergraduate
laboratory assistants, stockroom personnel, and other
appropriate college employees for the safe handling of chemical
products, residues, spent chemicals and leftover starting
materials. And by transmitting appropriate instructions to
students taking laboratory courses.
1.2. CHEMICAL HYGIENE AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PLAN CONTENT: The
following specific areas will be addressed in the Departmental
Chemical Hygiene and Hazardous Substances Plan [CHHSP]:
1. Application of prudent standard laboratory practices to keep
employee exposure to chemicals [including those designated as
hazardous substances] to a minimum thus ensuring that employee
exposure levels remain below allowable limits for the chemicals
involved.
2. Maintenance of a periodically up-dated chemical inventory by
following standardized procedures for procuring, using,
handling, storing, and disposing of chemicals [including those
designated as hazardous substances] used in the departmental
laboratories.
3. Provision for safety information for the chemicals in the
departmental inventory, and federal and state lists of hazardous
materials to cross correlate with inventoried chemicals for
hazard information.
4. Inspection and maintenance of laboratory and chemical work
area facilities and inspection, testing, and maintenance of
departmental safety and emergency response equipment.
5. Defining of an emergency response plan to provide for control
of spills and accidents.
6. Informing and training of employees concerning the hazards
they may encounter in the laboratory.
7. Identifying and assigning responsibilities for the
departmental chemical hygiene officer [DCHO], faculty, stockroom
personnel and any other laboratory supervisors.
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8. Providing for medical consultations and examinations, when
indicated, for employees of CLU who may be exposed to toxic
materials as a result of their work responsibilities in the
Chemistry Department.
1.3. EXCLUSIONS TO THE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT CHEMICAL HYGIENE AND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PLAN: Potentially dangerous materials controlled
by other regulatory groups and/or excluded from this plan includes:
1. RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS - The department does not have any
radioactive materials other than those associated with commonly
purchased chemicals used for purposes having nothing to do with
their incidental radioactivity.
2. INFECTIOUS AGENTS - The department does not use agents of
this type.
3. BIOLOGICAL AGENTS - The department uses only nutrient
materials and these are regulated as any other chemical in this
plan.
B. THE CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PLAN
1. STANDARD OPERATING PRACTICES
The following Standard Operating Practices enumerate procedures that
are to apply to chemistry laboratory assistants, supervisory faculty
and any other departmental employees. Additionally, these procedures
should be the basis for instructor guidelines in handling
instructional laboratories and independent study students working on
laboratory-based independent study projects.
1.1. GENERAL LABORATORY RULES
1.
Workers should avoid working alone in a laboratory,
stockroom or chemical storage area. An exception to this
rule is as follows: Notification of, and approval by, the
supervising faculty member, AND availability of a qualified
faculty member(s) or their designated supervisor(s) in a
neighboring room: OR an alarm button physically located in
the work area where the work is to be conducted and the
presence of qualified faculty to respond to the alarm.
2.
Wear appropriate eye protection AT ALL TIMES when in the
stockroom or laboratory [see also section 1.3.1].
3.
When working with flammable chemicals, be certain that
there are no sources of ignition near enough to cause a
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fire or explosion in the event of a vapor release or liquid
spill.
4.
Use a tip-resistant shield for protection whenever an
explosion or implosion might occur.
For the chemicals they are working with, all employees should
know and constantly be aware of:
5.
Chemicals' hazards, as determined from the material safety
data sheet [MSDS] and other appropriate references. [See
MSDS access in Appendix I].
6.
Appropriate safeguards for the chemicals, including the
personal protective equipment needed for the anticipated
procedures to be conducted. [See specific solution
preparation procedures in Appendix II]
7.
Location and proper use of emergency equipment.
8.
How and where to properly store chemicals when they are not
in use. [See storage and inventory control in Appendix
III].
9.
Proper personal hygiene practices.
10.
Proper methods of transporting chemicals within the
facility.
11.
Appropriate procedures for emergencies, including
evacuation routes, spill cleanup procedures and proper
waste disposal.
1.2. PERSONAL HYGIENE
1.
Wash promptly whenever a chemical has contacted the skin.
2.
Avoid inhalation of chemicals; do not "sniff" to identify
or check the odor of chemicals.
3.
Do not use mouth suction to pipette anything; use suction
bulbs.
4.
Wash well with soap and water before leaving the laboratory
or stockroom; do not wash with solvents.
5.
Do not bring OR use food, beverage, tobacco, or cosmetic
products into chemical laboratories or stockrooms.
1.3. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
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1.
Eye protection worn when working with chemicals should meet
the requirements of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) Z87.1. Full-protection goggles should be
worn at all times. When working with more than 500 mL of a
corrosive liquid, also wear a face shield large enough to
protect the chin, neck, and ears, as well as the face.
Prescription glasses, even those having explosion resistant
lenses, are not acceptable. Glasses, if they must be worn,
are to be worn under the full-protection goggles. Contact
lenses should not be worn while working with chemicals;
wear glasses instead.
2.
When working with corrosive liquids, also wear gloves made
of material known to be resistant to permeation by the
corrosive chemical and tested by air inflation (do not
inflate by mouth) for the absence of pin-hole leaks. The
green gloves [nitrile] provide good resistance to all
aqueous solutions and most organic solvents. The black
gloves [neoprene] are the best gloves to use on organic
solvents. The clear disposable plastic gloves
[polyethylene] are not appropriate for use in preparing
solutions. They are used for dispensing dilute solutions
and by students in laboratory courses when conducting
selected experiments using small solvent or solution
volumes.
3.
When doing chemical work, the use of a long-sleeved
laboratory coat or a high-necked plastic or rubberized
laboratory apron is highly recommended. Laboratory aprons
are available in the safety area of the stockroom. Return
the apron clean after use. Short-sleeved shirts, short
trousers, or short skirts are discouraged.
4.
When working with allergenic, sensitizing, or toxic
chemicals, wear gloves made of material known to be, or
tested and found to be, resistant to permeation by the
chemical and tested for the absence of pin holes. ALWAYS
USE THE HOOD when working with this type of chemical.
5.
Always wear low-heeled shoes with fully covered "uppers";
do not wear shoes with open toes or with uppers constructed
of woven material.
6.
Whenever exposure by inhalation is likely to exceed the
threshold limits described in MSDS's, use a hood; if this
is not possible, consult with your supervisor before going
on. A respirator may be required and could involve
additional instruction/training.
7.
Carefully inspect all protective equipment before using.
Do not use defective protective equipment.
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1.4. HOUSEKEEPING
1.
Access to emergency equipment, showers, eyewashes, and
exits should never be blocked by anything, not even a
temporarily parked chemical cart.
2.
All non-commercially labeled chemical containers must be
labeled with at least the identity and concentration, where
appropriate, of the contents. In addition, the label
should contain the name of the person preparing the
chemical and date prepared.
3.
Keep all work areas, especially laboratory benches, clear
of clutter.
4.
Keep all aisles, hallways, and stairs clear of all
chemicals.
5.
All chemicals should be placed in their assigned storage
areas at the end of each work period.
6.
Any empty chemical containers having the departmental
unique inventory number are to be placed in the deinventory area at the end of each work period, located on
the bench nearest the eyewash in ASCI 209.
7.
At the end of each work period, the contents of all
unlabeled containers will be considered for disposition.
8.
Spent chemicals to be considered for recycling, recovery,
or disposition as wastes should be explicitly identified
and stored in a properly labeled container at the
conclusion of each work period. [Instructional supervisors
are responsible for decisions regarding selection of the
procedure to be used regarding spent chemicals under their
instructional control.]
9.
Promptly clean up all spills; properly dispose of the
spilled chemical and cleanup materials. [Notify and
consult instructing supervisor (or departmental chemical
hygiene officer [DCHO]) as soon as possible for their
decision as to the proper response in spill control.]
10.
All working surfaces and floors should be cleaned
regularly.
11.
No chemicals are to be stored in aisles or stairwells, on
desks or laboratory benches (except for small quantities of
regularly used reagents), or on floors or in hallways.
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12.
Chemicals and equipment should not normally be stored in
hoods where laboratory and preparative work is to be
performed.
1.5. PRIOR APPROVAL
Employees must obtain prior approval to proceed with a laboratory
task from the employee's supervising faculty or his/her designee
whenever:
1.
A new or unfamiliar laboratory procedure or test is to
be carried out.
2.
It is likely that concentration limits for toxic
materials could be exceeded or that other potential
for harm is likely.
3.
There is a change in a procedure or test, even if it
is very similar to prior practices. "Change in a
procedure or test" means:
1.
2.
3.
A 50% or greater increase or decrease in the
amount of one or more chemicals used.
A substitution or deletion of any of the
chemicals in a procedure.
Any change in other conditions under which the
procedure is to be conducted.
4.
There is a failure of any of the equipment used in the
process, especially of safeguards such as fume hoods
or apparatus.
5.
There are unexpected results.
6.
Members of the laboratory staff become ill, suspect
that they or others have been exposed to toxic
chemicals used in the procedure, or otherwise suspect
a failure of any procedural safeguards.
1.6. SPILLS AND ACCIDENTS
Chemical spills, accidents involving any chemical, and non-chemically
related accidents should be resolved immediately according to the CLU
Emergency Procedure Plan [Section 4 of this document].
2. PROCEDURE-SPECIFIC SAFETY PROCEDURES
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All laboratory procedures must contain a written description of
specific safety practices incorporating the applicable precautions
described in this section. Employees should read and understand
these practices before initiating a procedure.
2.1. PROCEDURE FOR TOXIC CHEMICALS
The MSDSs for many of the chemicals used in the laboratory will state
recommended limits or OSHA-mandated limits, or both, as guidelines
for exposure. Typical limits are Threshold Limit Values (TLV),
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL), and action levels. When such
limits are stated, they will be used to assist the DCHO and
instructional supervisors in determining the safety precautions,
control measures, and safety apparel that apply when working with
these chemicals.
1.
When a TLV or PEL value is less than either 50 ppm or 100
mg/m3, the user of the chemical must use it in an operating
fume hood [or glove box, vacuum line, or similar device,
which is equipped with appropriate traps and/or scrubbers].
If none are available, no work should be performed using
that chemical.
2.
If a TLV, PEL, or comparable value is not available for the
substance, the substance will treated as though it had a
TLV or PEL less than 50 ppm or 100 mg/m3 and thus handled
in the same manner as substances in section 2.1.1. [above].
Alternatively, no work should be performed using that
chemical.
3.
Whenever laboratory handling of toxic substances with
moderate or greater vapor pressures will be likely to
exceed air concentration limits, laboratory work with such
liquids and solids will be conducted in a fume hood [or
glove box, vacuum line, or similar device, which is
equipped with appropriate traps and/or scrubbers]. If none
are available, no work should be performed using that
chemical.
2.2. PROCEDURES FOR FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS
In general, the flammability of a chemical is determined by its flash
point, the lowest temperature at which an ignition source can cause
the chemical to ignite momentarily under certain controlled
conditions.
1.
Chemicals, such as ethyl ether, with flash point below 200o
F (93.3o C) will be considered "fire-hazard chemicals."
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2.
OSHA standards and the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) guidelines for when a chemical is considered
flammable apply to the use of flammable chemicals in the
laboratory. In all work with fire-hazard chemicals, follow
the requirements of 29 CFR, subparts H and L; NFPA Manual
30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code"; and NFPA
Manual 45, "Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
Chemicals".
3.
Larger quantities (4 liter volumes and above) of
hazard chemicals should be stored in the outside
Smaller containers of flammable solvents should
in the cabinets designed for flammable materials
ASCI 209.
4.
Fire-hazard chemicals in amounts greater than 100 mL should
be used only in vented hoods.
5.
Use of any fire-hazard chemicals must be away from sources
of ignition.
firestockroom.
be stored
located in
2.3 PROCEDURES FOR REACTIVE CHEMICALS
Reactivity information is sometimes given in manufacturer's MSDSs and
on labels. Guidelines on which chemicals are reactive can be found
in regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation (DOT)
in 49 CFR and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 40 CFR.
Also see NFPA Manual 325M, "Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable
Liquids, Gases, Volatile Solids"; Manual 49, "Hazardous Chemicals
Data"; and Manual 491M, "Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions".
1.
A reactive chemical is one that:
1.
2.
3.
Is described as such in the MSDS,
Is ranked by the NFPA as 3 or 4 for reactivity,
Is identified by the DOT as:
• An oxidizer
• An organic peroxide, or
• An explosive, Class A, B, or C,
4.
5.
6.
2.
Fits the EPA definition of reactive in 40 CFR 261.23,
Fits the OSHA definition of unstable in 29 CFR
1910.1450,
or
Is known or found to be reactive with other
substances.
Handle reactive chemicals with all proper safety
precautions, including segregation in storage and
prohibition on mixing even small quantities with other
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chemicals without prior approval from the supervisor and
appropriate personal protection and precautions.
2.4. PROCEDURES FOR CORROSIVE CHEMICALS AND CONTACT-HAZARD CHEMICALS
Corrosivity, allergenic, and sensitizer information
given in manufacturers' MSDSs and on labels. Also,
which chemicals are corrosive can be found in other
and in regulations promulgated by DOT in 49 CFR and
CFR.
1.
is sometimes
guidelines on
OSHA standards
the EPA in 40
A corrosive chemical is one that:
1.
Fits the OSHA definition of corrosive in Appendix A of
29 CFR 1910.1200,
2.
Fits the EPA definition of corrosive in 40 CFR 261.22
(has a pH greater than 12 or less than 2.5),
or
3.
2.
Is known or found to be corrosive to living tissue.
A contact-hazard chemical is an allergen or sensitizer
that:
1.
Is so identified or described in the MSDS or on the
label,
2.
Is so identified or described in the medical or
industrial hygiene literature,
or
3.
3.
2.5
Is known or found to be an allergen or sensitizer.
Except as noted in 1.3.2., handle corrosive chemicals with
all proper safety precautions, including wearing both
safety goggles and face shield, gloves tested for absence
of pin holes and known to be resistant to permeation or
penetration, and a laboratory apron or laboratory coat.
PROCEDURES FOR CARCINOGENS, REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS, SUBSTANCES THAT
HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF ACUTE TOXICITY, AND CHEMICALS OF UNKNOWN
TOXICITY
Laboratory instructors are advised to severely limit or eliminate
experiments requiring exposure of stockroom personnel departmental
assistants and other workers (including students) to chemicals known
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to have the toxic properties listed above in the title of this
section.
When more than 50 mg of chemicals that are select carcinogens,
reproductive toxins, substances that have a high degree of acute
toxicity, or chemicals whose toxic properties are unknown are used or
produced, the procedures described in this section must be used. [In
some instances greater amounts may be used, however that information
will have to be reviewed with the supervising instructor and approved
in consultation with the DCHO].
1.
The following definitions will apply:
1.
Select carcinogen: Any substance defined as such in 29
CFR 1910.1450 and any other substance described as
such in the applicable MSDS.
2.
Reproductive toxin: Any substance described as such in
the applicable MSDS.
3.
Substance with a high degree of acute toxicity: Any
substance for which the LD50 data described in the
applicable MSDS cause the substance to be classified
as a "highly toxic chemical" as defined in ANSI
Z129.1.
4.
Substance whose toxic properties are unknown or whose
properties cannot be inferred from closely similar
analogous chemicals: A chemical for which there is no
known statistically significant study conducted in
accordance with established scientific principles that
establishes its toxicity.
5.
For the purpose of this CHP, chemicals in these four
categories above will be called "inimical".
6.
Designated area: The designated area(s), is(are) the
only area(s) where work with quantities of the
inimical chemicals in excess of the specified limit
shall be conducted.
The area so designated in the Chemistry Department is
the working hood and opposite laboratory bench on the
west side of the main stockroom, Ahmanson, rm 209.
The hood and adjacent laboratory bench in a different
room in Ahmanson (such as 207, 205, or 203) may be
declared a designated area if, in the opinion of the
DCHO, that option should be exercised and it has been
requested by a faculty instructional supervisor.
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2.
Only those persons trained to work with inimical chemicals
will work with those chemicals and all work must be done in
a designated area. Designated areas shall be posted and
their boundaries clearly marked. All such persons will:
1.
Use the smallest amount of inimical chemical that is
consistent with the requirements of the work to be
done.
2.
Use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or
high-efficiency scrubber systems to protect vacuum
lines and pumps.
3.
Store inimical chemicals or remove them from storage.
4.
Decontaminate the designated area when work is
completed.
5.
Prepare spent chemicals from work with inimical
chemicals for waste disposition in accordance with
specific procedures consistent with the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and as designated
by the departmental chemical hygiene officer [DCHO].
3.
Store all inimical chemicals in locked and enclosed space,
preferably in the locked cabinet in Outside Chemistry
Stockroom Building II.
4.
Because the decontamination of jewelry may be difficult or
impossible, no hand or wrist jewelry is to be worn when
working in designated areas.
5.
Wear long-sleeved disposable clothing and gloves known to
resist permeation by the chemicals to be used when working
in designated areas.
3. CONTROL MEASURES AND EQUIPMENT
Chemical safety is achieved by continual awareness of chemical
hazards and by keeping the chemical under control by using
precautions, including engineering safeguards such as hoods.
Faculty, laboratory instructional supervisors, and stockroom
personnel should be familiar with the precautions to be taken,
including the use of engineering and other safeguards. Faculty
supervisors and stockroom personnel should be alert to detect the
malfunction of engineering and other safeguards. All engineering
safeguards and controls must be properly maintained, inspected on a
regular basis, and never overloaded beyond their design limits.
3.1. VENTILATION
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1.
Laboratory ventilation should be not less than four to
eight air changes per hour (calculated). This flow is not
necessarily always sufficient to prevent accumulation of
chemical vapors. For this reason work with toxic chemicals
that have low air concentration limits, or that have high
vapor pressures, should always be done in a hood.
2.
Fume hoods should provide 60 to 90 linear feet per minute
of airflow. Fume Hood airflow rates should be checked at
least annually by Facilities Personnel or their designate.
3.
Faculty supervisors and laboratory assistants should
understand and comply with:
1.
A fume hood is a safety backup for condensers, traps,
or other devices that collect vapors and fumes. Its
normal use is not for disposing of chemicals by
evaporation.
2.
The apparatus inside the hood should be placed on the
floor of the hood at least six inches away from the
front edge.
3.
Fume hood windows should be lowered (closed) at all
times except when necessary to raise (open) them to
adjust the apparatus inside the hood.
4.
The hood fan should be kept "on" whenever a chemical
is inside the hood, whether or not any work is being
done in the hood.
5.
Faculty supervisors and stockroom personnel should be
aware of the steps to be taken in the event of power
or other hood failure.
6.
Hood vent ducts and fans are to be inspected at
frequent intervals to be sure they are both clean and
clear of obstructions by campus facilities personnel.
7.
Hoods in the stockroom and undergraduate laboratories
should never be used as storage areas for chemicals,
apparatus, or other materials. At the conclusion of
each laboratory chemicals and apparatus dispensed or
used from an undergraduate laboratory hood must be
removed to proper storage. Exceptions are hoods
containing permanent and semi-permanent equipment of
hazardous nature located in advanced laboratories and
under an instructional supervisor's control.
3.2. NATURAL GAS HAZARD
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Natural gas is commonly used in laboratories as a heating source.
Laboratory workers and laboratory supervisors [or their designate]
must visually inspect all gas cocks to assure that they are in the
off mode at the conclusion of any laboratory work or instructional
laboratory period. Faculty, stockroom and laboratory supervisors
must be aware of the location of the emergency room natural gas turnoff valve for each laboratory.
3.3. FLAMMABLE-LIQUID STORAGE
1.
Single fire-hazard chemicals (see paragraph 2.2.1) in
individual quantities greater than 3000 mL should NEVER be
placed in the student instructional laboratories. Plastic
containers should be used for quantities greater than 2000
mL. These substances in quantities greater than 1000 mL
should be dispensed from the HOOD.
2.
Other materials should not be stored in the storage area
for flammables. Paper, cardboard or other combustible
packaging material should not be stored in or near the
flammable-liquid storage area.
3.4. EYEWASH FOUNTAINS, SAFETY SHOWERS, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, FIRST AID
KITS AND EMERGENCY NATURAL GAS SHUT-OFF VALVES
1.
All teaching laboratories are equipped with one eyewash
fountain/safety shower integrated unit termed a safety
island. Each unit can be reached from any point in the
instructional laboratory.
2.
The functioning and flow rate of eyewash fountains and
safety showers should be checked at least annually by the
Facilities Staff. Deficient showers or fountains will be
promptly reported to the college facilities department for
repair. Water flow requirements should meet those
specified in ANSI Z358.1.
3.
Prior to initiating work in any laboratory, the laboratory
supervisor is responsible for making sure that access to
eyewash fountains and safety showers is not restricted or
blocked by objects temporarily stored in the area.
4.
All teaching labs are equipped with a fire extinguisher, a
fire blanket, and a first-aid kit.
5.
An emergency natural gas shut-off valve is located near the
exit door to the stockroom for laboratories [Ahmanson # 212
and #213] and near the hall exit doorway for laboratories
[Ahmanson #203, #205 and #206]. A master emergency valve
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is located in the stockroom just above and behind the
refrigerator along the south wall.
6.
Various laboratory benches, a hood or the laboratory
supervisor’s station has available liquid acid/base
neutralization solutions, solid acid neutralizing powder
and glycerol [for the treatment of bromine burns or to use
as a water-soluble lubricant].
3.5. FILTER MASKS
1.
Cup-style fiber filter breathing masks are located in a
well-marked drawer in the stockroom [Ahmanson 209] in the
top left hand drawer of the bench along the south wall.
Fiber masks are stored in plastic containers with a tight
seal in order to prevent their deterioration over time.
2.
Supervising instructors should design and plan procedures
so that these filter masks will not normally be required
for the stockroom supervisor in preparing solutions and
chemicals for classes.
3.
Supervising instructors and stockroom employees should wear
a filter mask or canister breathing apparatus, as
appropriate, whenever it is possible that engineering
controls or work practices could become, or are
ineffective, and exposure to vapor or particulate
concentrations greater than the PEL, action level, TLV, or
similar limit, whichever is the lowest, might occur.
4.
The requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134 should be followed in
the event that canister breathing apparatus or fiber filter
mask use becomes necessary, including in particular:
1.
Written standard operating procedures governing the
selection and use of respirators.
2.
All employees who are likely to need to use
respirators must be trained in their proper use,
inspection, and maintenance. (See "NIOSH Guide to
Industrial Respiratory Protection", DHHS Publ. No. 870116, NIOSH, Cincinnati, 1987, for details.)
3.6. VAPOR DETECTION
Do not use odor as a means of determining whether inhalation exposure
limits are or are not being exceeded. Whenever there is a reason to
suspect that a chemical inhalation limit might be exceeded, whether
or not a suspicious odor is noticed, notify the supervising
instructor or the DCHO. Normally the work should be terminated, if
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practical, until the question is resolved. If work continues, any
one in the work area must wear a respirator suitable for protection
against the suspect chemical until measurements of the concentration
of the suspect vapor in the air show that the limit is not exceeded.
Under this circumstance, and if there is no reason to anticipate an
increase in concentration of the chemical, and if the supervising
instructor approves, the respirator can be removed and the work may
continue.
3.7. SIGNS AND LABELING
1.
Signs and/or bright colors to attract attention to the
location of safety and emergency equipment and exits, as
appropriate, are located in the department.
2.
Operating instructions are available on location with
safety equipment.
3.
Signs displaying emergency phone numbers [on campus
security 3911; off campus emergency 9-911; campus health
service 3225 M-F 8:00 AM to 4:30 PM] and instructions are
located adjacent to the phones in the department. These
signs are to be checked for accuracy and updated at the
beginning of each academic year.
4. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
4.1. NOTIFICATION
Upon detection of an emergency [fire, spill, accident, or other
dangerous event] the responsible instructional laboratory supervisor
or nearest chemistry faculty member is to be notified immediately.
That person will become the PERSON IN AUTHORITY.
1.
The person in authority is responsible for deciding upon
the course of action to be followed which might include:
nature of the emergency response, alarm activation and
calling the on-campus emergency phone number 3911,
evacuation, notification of others, initial treatment of
injured, containment of any spill, and clean up procedure
to be followed.
2.
If the emergency is such that Campus Security is notified,
the University Security Personnel have responsibility for
summoning and directing off-campus assistance from public
emergency response, fire, police or other assistance to
the emergency site.
3.
The procedures established by California Lutheran
University in the EMERGENCY OPERATIONS PLAN, up-dated
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annually, will be used as a guideline for any departmental
emergencies. The sections addressing reporting an
emergency, building evacuation, chemical or radiation
spill; fire, explosion, airplane crash or similar incident;
and medical and first aid instructions are particularly
important for situations that may arise in the chemistry
department.
4.
Signs denoting and/or attracting attention to the location
of safety and emergency equipment and phone numbers, and
exits are located in the department.
5.
The person in authority will file a written accident/
emergency response report with the DCHO within 5 working
days. Forms are available in ASCI 209, adjacent to the
door to 213.
4.2. EMERGENCY RESPONSE EQUIPMENT
1.
First aid kits [see section 3.4.4.].
2.
Emergency phone numbers [refer to section 3.6.3.].
3.
Eye wash fountains/safety showers/fire extinguishers [refer
to 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4.]
4.
Breathing masks [refer to sections 3.5.1 through 3.5.4.].
4.3. CLEAN-UP
1.
As soon as personnel safety, evacuation and control of the
accident are assured, if necessary, attention will be
turned to removing any remaining hazards, clean-up and
restoration of the effected area.
2.
Minor incidents may be handled by the person in authority
who will direct the response to the emergency. If that
person deems it advisable the DCHO may be consulted for
advice.
3.
In the event of a major incident the DCHO, the CLU Safety
Director (who serves as university CHO), and professional
off campus emergency response personnel may be consulted in
that order, if deemed necessary for advice and support.
4.
Selected specific clean-up procedures are found in Appendix
VIII.
4.4. DRILLS AND TRAINING
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1.
Periodic emergency response and safety workshops are held
for university employees.
2.
Emergency response is a component of the discussions for
all departmental employees.
4.5. REPORTS
1.
The supervising instructor must make certain that accident
reports are filed for any individuals under their
supervision that are injured while working in the
department. The report is to be filed with the DCHO.
2.
The person in authority at the time of any emergency
response [as noted in 4.1.2.] must file a written report
with the DCHO and must contain at a minimum:
3
1.
2.
Time/date/location of the emergency.
Names of personnel involved in the emergency,
including the person in authority, those physically
involved in the emergency, those injured, and those
notified of the emergency.
3.
A Description of the emergency, response action taken,
and recommendations for prevention of a recurrence are
to be included.
The DCHO will ensure that copies of emergency response
reports become a part of the permanent record kept in the
Office of Safety and Security.
4.6. COMMON LABORATORY EMERGENCIES
Previous experience with emergencies in the departmental laboratories
and stockroom suggests that the most common emergencies to be
expected are those listed below. Chemistry laboratory workers and
supervisors should be familiar with the response required in these
instances.
1.
Cuts from broken glassware.
2.
Small fires contained within glassware reacting vessels.
3.
Low volume spills of solvents, aqueous solutions, caustic
solutions and metallic mercury.
5. MEDICAL CONSULTATION AND TREATMENT
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Exposure assessments, medical consultations and examinations are
provided for employees of the department using the following
guidelines.
5.1. SUSPECTED EXPOSURES TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES
It is the policy of California Lutheran University to promptly
investigate all employee-reported incidents in which there is a
possibility of employee overexposure to a toxic substance.
1.
2.
Events or circumstances that might reasonably constitute
overexposure include:
1.
A hazardous chemical leaked or was spilled or was
otherwise rapidly released in an uncontrolled manner.
2.
A laboratory employee had direct skin or eye contact
with a hazardous chemical.
3.
A laboratory employee manifests symptoms, such as
headache, rash, nausea, coughing, tearing, irritation
or redness of eyes, irritation of nose or throat,
dizziness, loss of motor dexterity or judgement, etc.,
and
Some or all of the symptoms disappear when the person
is taken away from the exposure area and breathes
fresh air,
and
The symptoms reappear soon after the employee returns
to work with the same hazardous chemicals.
4.
Two or more persons in the same laboratory work area
have similar complaints.
Unless circumstances suggest other or additional steps,
these actions constitute an exposure assessment:
1.
Interview the complainant and also the victim, if not
the same person.
2.
List the essential information about the circumstances
of the complaint, including:
1.
The time, date, location and name of the person
filing the report.
2.
The identity of the chemical under suspicion.
3.
The identity of other chemicals used by the
victim.
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4.
The identity of all other chemicals being used by
others in the immediate area.
5.
The identity of other chemicals stored in that
area.
6.
A listing of symptoms exhibited or claimed by the
victim.
7.
How these symptoms compare to symptoms stated in
the materials safety data sheets for each of the
identified chemicals.
8.
Information specifying whether the control
measures, such as personal protective equipment
and hoods, were used properly?
9.
If any air sampling or monitoring devices were in
place, are the measurements obtained from these
devices consistent with other information?
3.
When indicated, and if practical, monitor or sample
the air in the area for suspect chemicals.
4.
Determine whether the victim's symptoms compare to the
symptoms described in the MSDS or other pertinent
scientific literature.
5.
Determine whether the present control measures and
safety procedures are adequate.
3.
Employees will be notified of the results of any monitoring
within 15 working days of receipt of the results.
4.
All complaints and their disposition, no matter what may be
the ultimate disposition, are to be documented. If no
further assessment of the event is deemed necessary, the
reason for that decision should be included in the
documentation. If the decision is to investigate, a formal
exposure assessment will be initiated. This documentation
is filed with the DCHO.
5.
In cases of emergency, exposure assessments are conducted
after the victim has been treated.
5.2. MEDICAL CONSULTATION AND EXAMINATION
The details of a medical consultation and examination are determined
by the attending physician.
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1.
The purpose of a medical consultation is to determine
whether a medical examination is warranted. When, from the
results of an exposure assessment, it is suspected or known
that an employee was overexposed to a hazardous chemical or
chemicals, the employee should obtain medical consultation
from or under the direct supervision of a licensed
physician.
2.
When warranted, employees should also receive a medical
examination from or under the direct supervision of a
licensed physician who is experienced in treating victims
of chemical overexposure. The medical professional should
also be knowledgeable about which tests or procedures are
appropriate to determine if there has been an overexposure;
these diagnostic techniques are called "differential
diagnoses".
3.
These provisions apply to medical consultations and
examinations:
1.
2.
3.
All chemistry department employees who work with
hazardous chemicals are provided an opportunity to
receive medical consultation and examination when:
1.
The employee develops signs or symptoms
associated with a hazardous chemical to which the
employee may have been exposed in the laboratory.
2.
Monitoring, routine or otherwise, suggests that
there could have been an exposure above the
action level, or PEL if there is no action level,
for a chemical for which a substance-specific
standard has been established.
3.
There is a spill, leak, or other uncontrolled
release of a hazardous chemical in the employees
work area.
Information to be provided to the physician includes:
1.
The identity of the hazardous chemical or
chemicals to which the employee may have been
exposed.
2.
The exposure conditions.
3.
The signs and symptoms of exposure the victim is
experiencing, if any.
Ordinarily, physicians will furnish the following
information in written form to California Lutheran
University:
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1.
Recommendations for follow-up, if determined to
be pertinent.
2.
A record of the results of the consultation and,
if applicable, of the examination and any tests
that were conducted.
3.
Conclusions concerning any other medical
condition noted that could put the employee at
increased risk.
4.
A statement that the employee has been informed
both of the results of the consultation or
examination and of any medical condition that may
require further examination or treatment.
5.
These written statements and records should not
reveal specific findings that are not related to
an occupational exposure.
4.
All memos, notes, and reports related to a complaint of
actual or possible exposure to hazardous chemicals are to
be maintained as part of the record. A file record is
maintained by the DCHO for four years. A duplicate record
is maintained by the California Lutheran University
Personnel Office for a longer period of time.
5.
Employees shall be notified through the California Lutheran
University Personnel Office of the results of any medical
consultation or examination with regard to any medical
condition that exists or might exist as a result of
overexposure to a hazardous chemical.
6. TRAINING AND INFORMATION
California Lutheran University will provide all chemistry laboratory
employees with information and training concerning the hazards of
toxic substances and other chemicals in their laboratories.
This information and training is provided when an employee is
initially assigned laboratory work where hazardous chemicals are
present and also prior to assignments involving potential new
hazardous chemical exposure and/or new laboratory procedures.
Refresher training will be provided, as needed, to up-date and
improve chemistry laboratory employees’ safety skills.
Currently, University chemistry employees involved in stockroom and
laboratory tasks are limited to the well-trained faculty and one
stockroom supervisor. The stockroom supervisor has extensive
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laboratory experience in our laboratories and stockroom, helped
develop the department’s chemical inventory, maintains the inventory,
the MSDS files and the safety equipment inventory.
6.1. INFORMATION
Those elements of information that are available to laboratory
employees include:
1.
The OSHA laboratory standard and the Departmental Chemical
Hygiene and Hazardous Substances Plan [CHHSP] and its
appendices.
2.
The method for accessing the departmental chemical
inventory database, material safety data sheet [MSDS] file
and a national MSDS database, database of regulated
substances, and lists of regulated substances containing
permissible exposure limits for OSHA regulated substances
or recommended exposure limits for other chemicals where
there is no OSHA standard.
3.
Methods and observations that may be used to detect the
presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work
area such as visual appearance or odor of hazardous
chemicals when being released.
5.
The measures chemistry laboratory employees can take to
protect themselves from hazards, including specific
procedures the Chemistry Department has implemented to
protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals,
such as the use of appropriate work practices, emergency
procedures, and personal protective equipment.
6.
An explanation of the departmental labeling and inventory
systems and how laboratory employees can obtain and make
appropriate use of hazard information on chemicals.
7.
The location and availability of known reference material
on the hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal of
hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory including, but
not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets.
6.2. TRAINING
All chemistry department employees who may conduct laboratory work
are required to be trained and have their level of competence
assessed, as needed, by a qualified chemical professional, usually a
chemistry faculty member. Periodic refresher courses are required.
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The department currently has no student laboratory assistants. Were
there to be such employees, responsible faculty would develop an
undergraduate laboratory assistants training course to be used when
the students were initially employed. Periodic refresher courses
would be required of continuing student employees.
1.
A sample course syllabus for the training course can be
found in APPENDIX IV. The syllabus may be modified to suit
the needs of the trainees, depending on background.
1.
The proposed course covers primarily four areas - a)
Accessing and using material safety data sheets; b)
Safe handling of chemicals and detection of dangerous
laboratory practices; c) responding to laboratory
emergencies; and d) stockroom procedures regarding
inventory control.
2.
Additional topics addressed in the training may
include:
1.
Methods and observations that may be used to
detect the presence or release of hazardous
chemicals.
2.
The physical and health hazards of chemicals in
the work area.
3.
Use of safety and emergency equipment.
4.
Available literature resources on chemical
hygiene.
2.
The DCHO or designate is responsible for the training
course content, structure and teaching the course.
Selected faculty, stockroom and/or laboratory personnel may
be requested to assist in the instruction.
3.
Chemistry laboratory employees who may be engaging in
laboratory work involving potential hazards beyond the
scope of training in the standard training course should
receive additional training from their immediate laboratory
supervisor BEFORE undertaking more hazardous work.
4.
All California Lutheran University employees enrolled in
formal training courses or formal refresher courses will
attest to successful completion of the course by signing an
individual certification form. The completed form will be
filed with the DCHO with a copy to the Office of Safety and
Security.
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7. DOCUMENTATION AND DOCUMENTS
7.1. PERSONNEL RECORDS
1.
The DCHO will be repository for copies of all records
pertaining to this document for the most recent four [4]
years.
2.
Record documentation may include, but is not limited to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Training certification.
Employees and their work assignments.
Employee chemical exposure and potential chemical
exposure information.
Accident and emergency response reports.
Medical consultation, examination [including
laboratory reports], and written opinions.
3.
Docments listed above in #2, 3, 5 will be sent to the Human
Resources office.
4.
The personnel responsible for generating the reports
enumerated in section 7.1.2. are (listed in corresponding
order):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DCHO or designate.
Chemistry Dept. Chair
DCHO or supervisor for the employee, whichever is more
appropriate.
Supervisor who was the person in authority or the
DCHO.
DCHO
7.2. CHEMICAL HYGIENE AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PLAN DOCUMENTS AND
RELATED REFERENCES
The various documents related to this plan are located as follows:
1.
Location of copies of this plan:
Copies of this plan are located in all chemistry
faculty member’s offices (ASCI 113, 114, and 211), the
the stockroom supervisor’s desk (ASCI 209) and the
science secretary’s office (ASCI 121.)
2.
Material Safety Data Sheets [MSDS] and their Database:
1. Hard copy MSDS sheets are located in the Chemistry
Stockroom (ASCI 209) near the chemical storage and a
second set is located in the downstairs storage area
adjacent to the dumbwaiter.
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2. A computer accessible MSDS database is available on
the internet at: Vermont Safety Information
Resources, Inc.; Vermont SIRI MSDS Collection:
http://siri.org/msds
3.
Lists of Hazardous Substances:
Several books listing hazardous and toxic chemical
substances are available at the stockroom manager’s
desk. A number of the volumes address safe handling
and clean up procedures for these substances as well.
4.
Chemical Inventory:
The inventory of chemicals for the chemistry
department (both outside and inside storage) is
controlled using the “Chemical Inventory System”
software, located on the campus computer system. It
may be accessed from any chemistry faculty office.
The inventory may also be accessed from the computer a
the stockroom manager’s desk in ASCI 209. Inventory
is also accessible from the Campus Security computer
and a Facilities Computer. Each computer has a
shortuct icon to access the software.
The inventory program also tracks deinventoried
chemicals, as of Sept. 2006.
Hard copy of the chemical inventory is available at
the stockroom manager’s desk, and at the Campus
Security Office.
5.
Most Recent Four [4] Year's Safety Personnel Records:
These records are kept by the Departmental Safety
Officer in the Chemistry Office area.
6.
Other Records Pertaining to the Departmental Chemical
Hygiene and Hazardous Substances Plan [DCHHSP]:
These records are kept by the Departmental Safety
Officer in the Chemistry Office area.
7.3. DEPARTMENTAL CHEMICAL HYGIENE AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES PLAN
[DCHHSP] REVIEW
This plan will be reviewed at least annually for improvement,
required changes, and compliance assessment.
8. LINE OF AUTHORITY AND DUTIES
8.1. STRUCTURE - The line of authority is delineated in the
California Lutheran University Hazard Communication Program.
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Director of Campus Safety and Security
[Klay Peterson or designated Safety Manager]
Non-Academic
Facilities
Health Services
Housekeeping
Other Non-Academic Areas
Academic
Art Department
Biology Department
Chemistry Department
Theater Arts Department
Other Academic Departments
8.2. RESPONSIBILITIES SPECIFIC TO THE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
1.
Departmental Chemical Hygiene Officer [DCHO]
1.
Be familiar with applicable federal, state, or local
hazard communication regulations and regulated
substances.
2.
Arrange training sessions for departmental employees
as needed.
3.
Assist the CLU Director of Campus Safety and Security
(DCSS) in assessing the department safety status and
in collecting necessary departmental safety
information.
4.
Provide employee accessibility to MSDS's and other
pertinent chemical hazard information.
5.
Provide the DCSS with access to the departmental
chemical inventory, hazardous substances, and material
safety data sheet databases.
6.
Alert DCSS to conditions posing a real or suspected
hazard.
7.
See that the Chemical Inventory is maintained and up
to date.
8.
Provide for formal chemical hygiene and housekeeping
inspections, including inspections of emergency
equipment and facilities as needed.
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2.
3.
9.
Ensure that chemistry laboratory workers are aware of
standard laboratory practices and use personal
protective equipment.
10.
Assist chemistry faculty and other laboratory
supervisors in the determination of appropriate levels
of protective apparel and other safety equipment to be
used.
Chemistry Department Faculty and other Laboratory
Supervisory Personnel
1.
Incorporate safety instruction and safe procedures for
students in their laboratory courses.
2.
Monitor undergraduate laboratory assistants and other
laboratory workers under their direction to assure
compliance with safe laboratory practices in their
laboratory work.
3.
Monitor undergraduate laboratory assistants, and other
chemical workers, if any, under their direction to
ensure proper handling, usage, labeling, and disposal
of hazardous substances.
4.
Assist in training chemistry laboratory assistants and
other chemistry laboratory workers under their
direction.
5.
Develop good personal chemical hygiene habits.
Other professional chemistry laboratory workers
1.
Plan and conduct each operation in accordance with
institutional and departmental procedures.
2.
Ask for assistance when unaware or unsure of the
proper method for handling or controlling a hazardous
material.
3.
Report unusual or hazardous conditions that could lead
to injury or exposure.
4.
Obtain clearance from the supervisor before bringing
any foreign material into the facility.
5.
Develop good personal chemical hygiene habits.
6.
Monitor students in their assigned laboratory sections
to maintain adherence to safety rules.
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APPENDIX I
ACCESS TO
INVENTORY/MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS [MSDS]
TOXIC SUBSTANCES LISTS
AND
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SAFETY/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES REFERENCES
Access to information concerning chemical toxicity is provided during
working hours or the hours when laboratories are in session, and if
different from normal working hours, at the locations specified in
the sections below.
1. The department maintains the following resources
available for highlighting chemical toxicity:
1.
Hard copy Material Safety Data Sheets [MSDS's] are
Hard copy MSDS sheets are located in the Chemistry
Stockroom (ASCI 209) near the chemical storage and a
second set is located in the downstairs storage area
adjacent to the dumbwaiter.
NOTE:
Laboratory workers must remember that the MSDS
has been written to protect the liability of the
manufacturer and thus personal protection or use
recommendations may be for worse-case situations.
It is prudent, therefore, to note this fact and
to augment MSDS data with other reference
materials.
1. A computer accessible MSDS database is available on the
internet from any campus computer at: Vermont Safety
Information Resources, Inc.; Vermont SIRI MSDS
Collection: http://siri.org/msds
3. Reference books on Hazardous substances, waste treatment
and reduction, and lab safety, located on stockroom
manager’s shelf.
1.
Christensen, Herbert E., The Toxic Substances List, 1974
edition, US Department of Health, Education & Welfare, Public
Health Service; Center for Disease Control; National Institute
of Occupational Safety and Health; Rockerville, MD 1974.
2.
Lenga, R. E., The Sigma Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data,
2nd Ed. Volumes 1 and 2, Sigma Aldrich Corporation, Milwaukee,
WI 1988.
3.
Kaufman, James A. “Waste Disposal at Academic Institutions,”
Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 1990.
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4.
Utterback, Paul J. and David A. Nelson, “Educating for OSHASavvy Chemists,” ACS Symposium Series, Oxford University Press,
New York,1998.
5.
Hall, Stephen K. “Chemical Sfaety in the Laboratory,” CRC Press
LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
6.
Alaimo, Robert J. “Handbook of Chemical Health and Safety,”
Oxford university Press, New York, 2001.
APPENDIX II
EXPANDED GENERAL LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND DESIGN FEATURES
1. FACILITIES DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION
1.1. WORK AREA DESCRIPTIONS
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1. There are four general instructional laboratories in the
department located on the second floor: ASCI 203, 205, 212, AND
213. All are equipped with a shower, an eye wash station, fume
hoods, sinks, fire blankets, first aid kits, and fire
extinguishers. A separate balance room, ASCI 204, is located
adjacent to the stockroom.
2. The main stockroom, ASCI 209, located on second floor with
the laboratories, stores equipment and chemicals and has a
preparation area. It is equipped with fire extinguishers, 1
large sink, a fume hood, an explosion proof refrigerator for
storage of low boiling or unstable substances requiring
refrigeration, and metal shelves with a safety lip for storage
of other equipment and chemicals. Flammables and corrosives
cabinets are present. This stockroom is connected to a second,
lower floor stockroom, ASCI 106-125, by an enclosed spiral
staircase where chemical glassware and other equipment is
stored. Both stockrooms contain distinctive areas that are
shared with other departments, namely, Biology (209) and Biology
and Geology (106-125).
3. There is one faculty-student research laboratory office,
ASCI 207, located across the outside hall from the second floor
stockroom. It is equipped with a laboratory bench, sink, fume
hood and fire extinguisher.
4. There are two unattached, outside stockrooms for storage of
seldom used and/or large volume flammables and hazardous
substances. The larger outside stockroom is for storage of
large volumes of chemicals and flammables. The second smaller
outside stockroom is for storage of acids and contains a locked
cabinet for the storage of highly hazardous/toxic substances.
1.2. VENTILATION
1. The laboratory room air exchange rate is set and monitored by
facilities employees.
2. Hood flow rates are measured periodically by facilities
employees to assure safe operation.
1.3. MAINTENANCE
1. Facilities personnel make annual checks of eyewash fountains
and showers. Facilities annually oversees the inspection and
refilling of fire extinguishers in the department and its
laboratories. First aid kits, filter masks, respirator
equipment and natural gas cock outlets are checked periodically
by the DCHO to assure proper operation of equipment and adequacy
of supplies.
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1.4. USAGE
1. Chemistry instructional students are restricted to the
laboratory where their classes are held except when they must
transit the stockroom to get to the balance or instrument rooms.
2. Only chemistry faculty, trained stockroom personnel or other
trained chemical workers are approved for access to and work in
the chemistry portion of the stockroom. Since other departments
have access to the shared stockroom, this safety requirement is
difficult to enforce.
2. GENERAL LABORATORY PRACTICES
2.1. SOLUTION AND OTHER PREPARATION FOR LABORATORY CLASSES
1.
The preparation area in the general stockroom, ASCI 209, is
normally used to prepare materials for chemistry laboratory
use.
2.
If, in such preparation, there is a risk of exceeding
threshold limit values [TLV], the stockroom hood is used.
3.
Label all rebottled containers with concentration, when
appropriate, chemical formula or name, course, date,
experiment # and re-bottler’s initials for the course
involved.
4.
Clean up after completion of the preparation and replace
all stock reagents in their assigned location.
5.
Place emptied commercial reagent bottles in the deinventory location.
6.
Do not store solutions in volumetric flasks. Transfer them
to another appropriately labeled storage bottle.
7.
Do not store strong bases in glass bottles; use plastic
bottles.
8.
Make up only the amount of solution needed. Planning for
20-30% excess for most laboratory preparations is
appropriate.
9.
When large containers of chemicals are to be hand-carried
any distance, the container should be placed in a plastic
carrier or bucket designed for that purpose.
10.
Avoid the preparation and use of chromic acid cleaning
solution. Use an ammonium persulfate/sulfuric acid
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solution (No Chromix) for tasks when an oxidizing cleaning
solution is needed. Prepare only small quantities (100 mL
or less) as needed and dispose of the solution properly
when no longer needed. While this solution is stable over
quite a long period of time, unspent and spent solution
should be disposed of within 3 to 4 months of preparation.
The solution should be diluted SLOWLY WITH ICE COLD WATER
to a strength of about 2% and neutralized with sodium
carbonate or 6M lye [NaOH, commercial grade]. If the
solution temperature rises above 40 oC, cool with an ice
bath. Upon neutralization, destroy the peroxide with
dilute iron [II] sulfate or sodium bisulfite solution.
Dilute to 50 times its volume and dispose to the drain.
2.2. DESIGNATED STOCKROOM STORAGE SHELVES
1.
Instructors, or their designate, are responsible for
maintenance of the chemicals and materials they have stored
on any designated stockroom storage shelf that has been
assigned to a particular class.
2.
All containers in a class stockroom storage shelf must be
appropriately labeled.
3.
The supervising instructors for each course are responsible
for the disposition of any excess chemicals on their
stockroom storage shelf.
4.
Supervising instructors must make sure that the class
storage shelves over which they exercise control are in
order at the close of each semester of use.
2.3. WORKING WITH CHEMICALS
1.
Observe the safety rules as put forth in SAFETY IN THE
ACADEMIC LABORATORY published by the American Chemical
Society.
2.
Follow handling and use precautions on the MSDS for the
chemical used.
2.4. THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES APPLY WHEN USING CHEMICALS OF MODERATE
TO HIGH CHRONIC TOXICITY, HIGH ACUTE TOXICITY, OR ARE
EMBRYOTOXIC, OR ALLERGENS
1.
Wear appropriate gloves. Inspect the gloves for leaks by
inflation before use and wash them before removal.
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2.
When the chemical has an appreciable vapor pressure or a
TLV of less than 50 ppm, work only in a properly working
hood in a designated area.
1.
Check or have the hood checked with a vane meter
before use to be sure that it has a flow of 80-100
linear feet per minute. If it does not, have the hood
deficiency corrected before continuing or use a hood
in a different area that meets this standard.
3.
When the chemical is a fine powder that may be prone to
producing airborne particles, work in the hood. If that is
not sufficient to prevent the breathing of particles, also
wear a filter mask, available from the safety area [south
wall next to the refrigerator] in the stockroom, ASCI 209.
(Discard the mask when the task is finished.)
4.
When working with metallic mercury, always work within a
plastic or metal pan to contain any spills. Clean up
spills immediately.
5.
Additional precautions for using chemicals of moderate
chronic or highly acute toxicity (examples diisopropylfluorophosphate, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen cyanide)
6.
1.
These chemicals should be stored in areas of
restricted access with special warning signs.
2.
Released vapors of these substances should be trapped
to prevent their discharge with the hood exhaust.
3.
Always wear gloves and long sleeves. Wash hands and
arms immediately after using these chemicals.
4.
Assure that 2 people are present at all times when
these chemicals are in use.
5.
Store breakable containers of these chemicals in
chemically resistant trays.
6.
If a major spill occurs outside the hood, evacuate the
area. Assure that clean-up personnel wear suitable
protective apparel and equipment.
7.
Thoroughly decontaminate or incinerate contaminated
shoes and clothing. If possible decontaminate by
chemical conversion.
Additional precautions for using chemicals of high chronic
toxicity (examples dimethylmercury, nickel carbonyl, benzo-pyrene, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and other human
carcinogens).
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1.
Conduct transfers and work with these substances only
in the stockroom hood [Designated Work Areas] or
laboratory-office hood if it has been certified a
Designated Work Area. These hoods are the designated
areas where substances with these toxicity
characteristics must be used. All employees with
access to the area(s) will be informed during their
training.
2.
When an area is to be used as a Designated Work Area
it must be signed with warning and restricted access
signs to alert personnel in the area of its status.
Additionally, all containers of these substances must
be appropriately labeled with identity and warning
labels.
3.
Protect vacuum pumps, if used, against contamination
by scrubbers or HEPA filters and vent them to a hood.
Decontaminate all equipment in the hood before
removing it from the Designated Work Area.
4.
Decontaminate the Designated Work Area when the task
is completed.
5.
On leaving the Designated Work Area remove any
protective apparel (placing it in an appropriate
labeled container) and thoroughly wash hands,
forearms, face, and neck.
6.
Use a wet mop or a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA
filter instead of dry sweeping if the toxic chemical
was a dry powder.
7.
If using toxicologically significant quantities on a
regular basis (e.g., 3 times per week), consult a
qualified physician concerning desirability of regular
medical surveillance.
8.
Assure that contingency plans, equipment, and
materials to minimize exposures of people and property
are available in case of a spill.
9.
Store containers of these chemicals only in a
ventilated, limited access area, and where possible,
in appropriately labeled unbreakable chemically
resistant secondary containers.
10.
For a negative pressure glove box, ventilation rate
must be at least 2 volume changes/hour and pressure at
least 0.5 inches of water. For a positive pressure
glove box thoroughly check for leaks before each use.
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In either case trap exit gases or filter them through
a HEPA filter and release them into the hood.
11.
Use chemical decontamination whenever possible. Ensure
that containers of contaminated waste (including
washings from contaminated flasks) are transferred
from the controlled area in a secondary container
under the supervision of authorized personnel.
2.5. INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL
1.
All procedures using chemicals from the Chemistry inventory
must be approved by a Chemistry instructor before they are
implemented.
2.
Supervising instructors should consider and plan for the
use and disposal of the chemicals in any procedure before
approving them.
2.6. CONTAINER LABELING
1.
Before a chemical is received, information on proper
handling, storage, and disposal should be known to those
involved. No container will be accepted without an
adequate identifying label.
2.
When the annual chemical inventory up-date is made the
containers in which chemicals are stored should be
inspected for container and label integrity. Damaged
containers should be replaced. Labels that are
unsatisfactory, or in danger of becoming so, must be
replaced immediately. The replacement label should
indicate, in so far as possible, the information on the
original label [At a minimum: The chemical name, amount,
manufacturer or supplier, physical and health hazards and
date received by the department. If available it would be
useful to have any relevant physical characteristics (bp,
flash point, etc.) on the replacement label as well.]
3.
When containers are placed in the main stockroom storage
hood or the refrigerator they should have their labels
protected by a strip of wide banded clear plastic tape to
preserve their legibility.
4.
If chemicals are rebottled when a smaller quantity of a
solution is needed for a laboratory class, the label on the
new bottle should contain:
1.
Chemical name and concentration [when appropriate] in
the center of the label. NOTE: It is the supervising
instructor’s responsibility to provide a “key” for
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laboratory unknowns, as their identities will not be
on the containers.
5.
2.
Laboratory course number.
3.
Date/name of the worker/name of the responsible
laboratory supervisor.
4.
Hazard information, if any, just below the name and
concentration information [in bold print].
5.
If the chemical is to be used in the HOOD or to be
dispensed from the HOOD, that information should
appear on the label in bold, capital letters just
before the hazard information.
Containers placed in laboratories to receive chemicals
destined for recycling, recovery, conversion or waste must
be clearly labeled indicating the specific material to be
received, any precautions to be observed, the course
identity and name of the responsible instructor.
3. HOUSEKEEPING, MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
3.1. HOUSEKEEPING
1.
Keep work areas clean and uncluttered, with chemicals and
equipment being properly labeled and stored. Clean up work
area upon completion of an operation or at the end of each
day.
2.
After use, all chemicals must be stored in their assigned
locations.
3.
The hood is not to be used for chemical storage.
4.
Floors should be cleaned regularly.
5.
If natural gas was used as a fuel source, double check that
all natural gas stopcocks are securely shut off before
leaving a work area.
3.2. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
1.
Supervising laboratory instructors, should they have
laboratory workers under their direction, are to monitor
these workers to ensure they comply with the departmental
chemical hygiene and hazardous substances plan [CHHSP].
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2.
If a problem with equipment or the facility is detected,
the supervising laboratory instructor should be notified
and his/her responsibility is to notify the proper
authority to correct the defect.
3.
Informal housekeeping and chemical hygiene inspections will
be held periodically by the DCHO [or designate].
4.
Eye wash fountains and showers will be inspected
periodically by Facilities [or designate].
5.
Other safety equipment (first aid kits, face masks,
respirators, lab aprons, etc.) will be inspected at least
annually by the DCHO [or designate].
APPENDIX III
CHEMICAL INVENTORY PROCEDURES
1. PROCUREMENT OF CHEMICALS
1.
Material safety data sheets [MSDS] are routinely sent with
ordered chemicals. When received by the department, the
original copy will be placed in the departmental files.
2.
The DCHO [or designate] will ensure that all chemicals
received are recorded in the departmental database computer
inventory along with the relevant data for each item
entered into inventory.
3.
At the time that a chemical is placed in inventory a unique
departmental inventory number will be assigned to it and
entered in the inventory record and a label with that
number will be affixed to the chemical container.
4.
As chemicals are received in the department and checked off
on the manufacturer's shipping list, the date and the
initials of the instructor ordering them are inscribed on
the label.
6.
The instructor or stockroom manager unpacking chemicals
received in the department inspects them for defective
packaging and labeling and any deficiencies corrected
before they are placed in storage or use.
2. DISTRIBUTION
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1.
When the requirements above in part 1 are
chemical may be released for its intended
the various stock locations until needed.
location of the chemical must be recorded
database.]
satisfied the
use or stored in
[The intended
in the inventory
2.
After the chemical in a stock bottle has been exhausted,
that chemical must be removed from inventory. After first
cleaning the contents from the container [three rinses with
a solvent in which the substance is soluble for water
insoluble substances], place the clean, empty container in
the REMOVE FROM INVENTORY location on the laboratory bench
that is above the safety equipment drawers located along
the south wall to the right of the refrigerator in the
second floor stockroom, ASCI 209.
3.
Periodically the stockroom manager will use the empty
containers to remove their record from the departmental
inventory.
3. STORAGE
1.
The chemistry department has several locations for the
storage of chemicals. When placed in storage, the
properties of the chemical will dictate the location
selected. The following general guidelines are suggested.
1.
Chemicals of low volatility and corrosivity, but of
acute toxicity [eg. cyanide salts], are placed in the
locked cabinet in the outside stockroom.
2.
Chemicals of high volatility but relatively low
toxicity and corrosivity [flammable solvents and
haloorganics] are stored in yellow flammable storage
cabinets in ASCI 209.
3.
Chemicals of high corrosivity are stored in blue
corrosives cabinets in ASCI 209.
4.
Case quantities on concentrated chemicals of high
corrosivity such as concentrated acids are stored in
the small outside stockroom.
5.
Large volumes [> 2 gallons, metal containers, or 4 L,
glass containers] of chemicals that are of moderate to
high volatility and that represent a fire hazard
[mostly solvents] are to be placed in the large
outside stockroom.
6.
Other chemicals may be placed on the appropriately
located general shelves in the main chemical
stockroom, the large outside stockroom, laboratory
storage shelves or the faculty research laboratories
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wherever appropriate. Large quantities of chemicals
should not, however, be allowed to accumulate in
instructional laboratories nor faculty research
laboratories.
2.
For purposes of inventory, the location of the chemical is
crucial information. It is important that this information
be recorded on the departmental inventory as indicated in
section 1 above.
APPENDIX IV
FACULTY, STOCKROOM PERSONNEL AND UNDERGRADUATE LABORATORY ASSISTANT
TRAINING—A PROPOSED SYLLABUS
NEW ASSISTANTS, STOCKROOM PERSONNEL, FACULTY
INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of this training session is to enable faculty and student
laboratory assistants to perform their functions in the department
safely, effectively and knowledgeably. This one-half day training
session is mandatory and faculty and students that have not completed
this training program successfully cannot be certified to work in the
departmental laboratories.
The training program is divided into three major segments:
HAZARD COMMUNICATION: THE CHEMICAL WORKER'S RIGHT TO KNOW
HANDLING HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL SAFETY MEASURES, SPILLS, AND DISPOSAL
The training session will require about four to four and one-half
hours [approximately one and one-half hours on each segment]. Each
segment will include a short introductory video followed by a minilecture and some hands-on experience to give a practical emphasis to
the thrust of the training.
At the conclusion of the training each participant will be expected
to complete and pass a quiz over the content of the session and sign
and date a statement certifying that they were in attendance.
COURSE OUTLINE
A. HAZARD COMMUNICATION: THE CHEMICAL WORKER'S RIGHT TO KNOW
1. View the 14 minute training video program on this topic.
a. Comments by the instructor and answers to questions
raised by the program.
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2. Distribution of the Departmental Chemical Hygiene Plan
a. Comments by the instructor about the plan and answers to
questions raise by participants.
3. Distribution of material informing the participants of the
location of:
a. The Departmental Chemical Hygiene Plan.
b. Information related to hazard communication in the
Department of Chemistry.
(1). MSD sheets.
(2). Departmental collection of reference works on
safety.
(3). Emergency personnel and phone numbers.
(4). Resource persons on campus and/or related to
campus.
4. Discussion of the Departmental computer on-line chemical
inventory.
a. Map of the lay-out for the location of chemicals.
b. Procedure for accessing the inventory record.
c. Procedure for keeping the inventory current.
5. Discussion of Material Safety Data Sheets [MSDS].
a. Instruction on how to use the information on the MSDS.
b. Location of the departmental MSDSs hard copy files.
c. On-Site practicum in accessing MSDSs ON THE INTERNET.
6. Discussion of the place of chemical labels and departmental
hazard and health signs in communicating hazards.
a. The procedure to be followed in relabeling chemicals to
be used in courses.
b. Label format for relabeled bottles.
B. HANDLING HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
1. View the 17 minute training video program on this topic.
a. Comments by the instructor and answers to questions
raised by the program.
2. Discussion of the four hazardous categories of chemicals,
procedures for handling each type, and the locations of each
type in the department.
a. Corrosives.
b. Reactives.
c. Flammables.
d. Toxics.
3. Discussion of safe lab procedures.
a. Procedures to be used by the laboratory assistants when
they handle chemicals.
b. Prevention of dangerous practices sometimes used by the
students we teach.
c. On site practicum in the handling of chemicals safely
and detection of dangerous laboratory practices.
C. CHEMICAL SAFETY MEASURES, SPILLS, AND DISPOSAL
1. View the 17 minute training video program on this topic.
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a. Comments by the instructor and answers to questions
raised by the program.
2. Discussion of the personal laboratory protective equipment
available in the department.
a. Location of the equipment.
b. Characteristics of important equipment.
c. Judgement to be used in the selection of the proper gear
for protection.
(1). Eye.
(2). Respiratory system.
(3). Skin.
3. Discussion of the response to laboratory accidents, spills
and emergencies.
a. Location of materials to be used in response to
accidents, spills and emergencies.
b. Sources of information to be consulted in response to
spills and emergencies.
c. On-site practicum responding to simulated laboratory
emergencies.
4. Discussion of the disposition of spent chemicals, student
products, residues and left over starting material.
a. Purification and recycling of solvents and other largevolume use chemicals.
b. Reclaiming unused starting materials.
c. Conversion of a more toxic material to less hazardous
material for consideration for disposal.
e. When a material is considered a waste.
d. Dilution and disposal of non-hazardous liquid wastes.
f. Disposal of non-hazardous solid wastes.
g. Hazardous waste and its special disposition and
disposal.
RETURNING FACULTY, STOCKROOM PERSONNEL, FACULTY
INTRODUCTION:
Objectives of this training for the returning faculty, stockroom
personnel and undergraduate laboratory assistants are:
1. To up-date these employees concerning changes and additions
in the Department Chemical Hygiene Plan and safety equipment and
procedures.
2.
To review essential safety procedures.
3. To enhance the trainees hands-on experience in using
departmental safety databases.
COURSE OUTLINE
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A. HAZARD COMMUNICATION: THE CHEMICAL WORKER'S RIGHT TO KNOW
1. Same as parts A. 1 - 6 above except part 5.c. is omitted.
B. REFRESHER TRAINING ON DEPARTMENTAL DATABASES
The following exercises are prepared on an individual basis and
the trainee will complete and submit the 5-page assignment within 7
days of the regularly scheduled training session in which the
assignment was received. Return completed assignments to the
departmental chemical hygiene officer.
1. Identification and location exercises on chemical inventory.
2. Identification of hazard characteristics of some example
chemicals from the departmental hard copy files of MSDS
inventory.
3. Searching for chemicals in the internet MSDS database and
determination of properties and procedures for handling the
chemicals.
4. Location of information in the departmental chemical hygiene
plan and identification of proper procedure and action based
upon the information retrieved.
5. Presentation of specific chemical hygiene problems and their
solution based upon data retrieved from available safety
information located in the departmental resources.
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APPENDIX V
DETAILED SPENT CHEMICALS PROCEDURES
RECOVERY, RECYCLING, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
NOTE: Chemical substances should not be indiscriminately
designated as wastes simply because they reside in the
laboratory of someone who doesn't want them. Any chemical that
might have potential value, even if purification is required,
should be carefully sealed in a suitable, labeled container with
a tight fitting cap wrapped with parafilm and stored until its
disposition has been decided.
1.
2.
When choosing laboratory exercises for classes, instructors will
give consideration to disposition of the spent chemicals
generated in the laboratory procedures.
1.
Instructors are to take responsibility for the disposition
of all spent chemicals, products, by-products and residues
generated in laboratories for which they are responsible.
2.
Procedures that generate large amounts of hazardous
residues that cannot be made non-hazardous are to be
avoided if at all possible.
3.
Laboratory supervisors should consider laboratory procedure
modification (reduction in scale, steps added to convert
hazardous residues to non-hazardous residues, etc) to
facilitate the disposition decisions on spent chemicals.
In general, each instructional student will dispose of spent
chemicals and residues generated during an experiment as
directed by the instructional supervisor.
1.
Designated liquids may be poured down the drain.
2.
Designated solids should be placed in the trash cans
provided in the laboratory.
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3.
3.
Broken glassware should be placed in the special
receptacles so labeled.
4.
For spent chemicals requiring special treatment or targeted
for recycling:
1.
The supervising instructor will provide a properly
labeled receptacle for EACH chemical to be collected.
Read labels -- do not mix chemicals that are to be
recycled!
2.
The supervising instructors will be responsible for
recycling or properly disposing of those chemicals
collected from their laboratory sections.
3.
At the end of each semester the supervising instructor
for each laboratory section will be responsible for
the disposition of any unwanted chemicals used in
their laboratory sections. The remaining chemicals to
be used in the next term are to be stored on the
stockroom stack(s) assigned for the course, unless
adequate and appropriate storage exists in the
laboratory.
The following general procedures for treatment and disposal of
spent chemicals are useful options for the department and
include:
1.
Criteria for Using the Waste Water System [drain disposal].
1.
Substances must be water soluble to at least 3%. (see
Appendix VI for guidelines.)
2.
No flammable or explosive liquids, solids or gases may
be disposed of to the waste water system [including
gasoline, naptha, benzene, fuel oil].
1.
May be allowed if the flammable chemical is water
soluble and diluted with enough water to render
it nonflammable.
3.
No Solids or viscous materials in a size capable of
causing obstruction to the water flow.
4.
No chemicals that form water insoluble gels and that
may become intractable in the sewer system.
5.
No Chemicals containing chromium, copper, zinc or
heavy metals in toxic concentrations (see Appendix VI
for allowable concentrations).
6.
No wastes containing poisons in toxic concentrations.
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2.
7.
No wastes having corrosive properties capable of
causing damage or hazard to the sewer system.
8.
Acidic or basic solutions should be neutralized (pH
between 5.0 and 9.5) before using the drain for
disposal.
Solutions of precious metal inorganic ions are to be
recovered.
1.
2.
3.
Large quantities of copper (II) solutions (total
amount of Cu greater than 0.1 moles) will be collected
for recovery of metallic copper and eventual
recycling. Copper will be recovered from copper
solutions by the method described in Appendix VII,
Recovery and Disposal Methods.
Mercury and mercury compounds will be collected for
recovery of metallic mercury and eventual recycling.
1.
Metallic mercury is to be covered carefully with
water and placed in a special heavy-walled glass
or plastic bottle located in the stockroom for
eventual off-site recycling.
2.
Mercury will be recovered from mercury compounds
and solutions by the method described in Appendix
VII, Recovery and Disposal Methods.
Soluble silver compounds will be collected for
recovery of metallic silver and eventual recycling by
the method described in Appendix VII, Recovery and
Disposal Methods. Insoluble silver salts will be
collected as directed in Appendix VII to be sold to a
scrap dealer.
3.
Organic solvents (dichloromethane, toluene, etc.) will be
collected by the supervising course instructor and
redistilled for recycling.
4.
Small quantities (1 liter or less) of volatile flammable
liquids that are not soluble in water may be burned as a
fuel under appropriate conditions.
5.
Used oils, such as that from vacuum pumps and oil baths,
should be taken to Facilities and combined with the drums
of used vehicle oil and stored for recycling.
6.
Each chemical waste must be reviewed to determine the most
appropriate, environmentally sound and economical feasible
mechanisms for treatment and/or disposal. If there are
questions about proper disposal of a chemical, consult with
the DCHO. Procedures for disposition of some hazardous
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chemicals (recycling, conversion to non-hazardous, etc.)
are given in Appendix VII, Recovery and Disposal Methods.
7.
Containers of hazardous chemicals are considered empty
(non-hazardous) if the container has been i) triple rinsed
using a solvent capable of removing the chemical, ii) has
been cleansed by another method that has been shown in the
scientific literature or by tests conducted by the
generator to achieve equivalent removal, or iii) the inner
liner of the container has been removed. The inner liner
must be treated (as in i or ii above) to be deemed nonhazardous. (40 CFR 261.7)
8.
Gas cylinders will be recycled to the distributor when
possible. For those that are not returnable, they may be
EMPTIED (valve opened under the hood) and placed into the
general trash or sold for scrap metal. [Unless gas
cylinders contain chemicals listed in 40 CFR Part 261.33e
(acutely toxic, the "P" list), they may be handled in this
manner.]
1.
A compressed gas cylinder that contained a hazardous
chemical is empty when the pressure in the cylinder
approaches atmospheric. (40 CFR 261.7)
9.
When disposal of hazardous substances become necessary, the
stockroom manager will arrange for the disposal through the
Facilities Department. In all cased the DCHO will be kept
informed.
10.
For off-site disposal each batch of hazardous material must
be in its own suitable container, which must be adequately,
fully, carefully, and legibly labeled. The label must
indicate the contents of the container (which must include
specific commercial or chemical name(s)) and the person and
department responsible for certifying that the contents
match the label. Because the University may incur harsh
penalties (fines up to $25,000 per day) if containers are
inadequately labeled or mislabeled, UNLABELED MATERIALS
WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED AND INDIVIDUALS WHO DO NOT COOPERATE
OR WHO MISREPRESENT MATERIALS WILL BE DEALT WITH FIRMLY.
When labeled containers are ready to be considered for
possible designation as hazardous waste, contact the DCHO.
The DCHO along with the stockroom manager will coordinate
ultimate disposal with the Facilities.
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APPENDIX VI
DRAIN DISPOSAL
COMPOUNDS SUITABLE FOR DISPOSAL INTO THE
WASTE WATER SYSTEM WITH ADEQUATE DILUTION
(From "Prudent Practices for the Disposal of Materials from
Laboratories" National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 1983.)
DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alcohols with fewer than 5 carbon atoms; t-amyl alcohol,
alkanediols with fewer than 8 carbon atoms; glycerol; sugars and
sugar alcohols; alkoxyalcohols with fewer than 7 carbon atoms
Aldehydes with fewer than 5 carbon atoms
Amides (primary and secondary) with fewer than 5 carbon atoms;
(tertiary) with fewer than 11 carbon atoms
Aliphatic amines with fewer than 7 carbon atoms; benzylamine;
pyridine
Carboxylic acids and diacids with fewer than 6 carbon atoms;
salts of carboxylic acids with fewer than 21 carbon atoms
Esters with fewer than 5 carbon atoms; isopropyl acetate
Ethers such as tetrahydrofuran
Ketones with fewer than 6 carbon atoms
Nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile
Sulfonic acids as their sodium or potassium salts
DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC SALTS OF THE FOLLOWING IONS
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CATIONS
ANIONS
Aluminum A13+
Calcium Ca2+
Potassium K+
Lithium Li+
Magnesium Mg2+
Sodium Na+
Ammonium NH4+
Stannous Sn+2
Strontium Sr2+
Titanium Ti3+,Ti4+
Zirconium Zr2+
Borate BO3-3 , B407-2
Bromide BrCarbonate CO3-2
Chloride ClBisulfite HS03Cyanate OCNIodide INitrate N03Phosphate P04-3
Sulfate SO4-2
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APPENDIX VII
SOME METHODS OF RECOVERY OR DISPOSAL
ACIDS NEUTRALIZATION
Before neutralization, acids should be diluted to 1-3 M with
water using standard dilution procedure [acid into cold water].
Place the acid to be neutralized in a large pyrex beaker or
flask filling the vessel no more than 1/3 to 1/2 full. Equip it
with an adequate magnetic stirring bar and bring to a vigorous
stir on a magnetic stirring plate. Use an inexpensive base to
neutralize the acid [LYE, which is commercial grade solid NaOH
or some other basic substance such as Na2CO3 (soda ash) may also
be used.]
Since much heat is generated in the reaction, add the LYE
SLOWLY. The neutralization should be done in the HOOD with the
hood window lowered as far as possible. The worker should have
gloves, an apron and full-protection goggles in place when doing
this procedure. When the pH has increased to above 5, but below
9, the neutralization is considered complete. Upon cooling the
salt solution may be disposed of to the drain with running water
for dilution.
NOTE: Acids containing toxic ions such as chromic acid may NOT
be disposed of in this manner, however such acids may be
neutralized by this procedure.
CYANIDE DESTRUCTION
Dilute the cyanide solution to 25mg/mL or lower, then mix with
an equal volume of 1M NaOH and two volumes of 5.25% sodium
hypochlorite (NaClO) [commercial product: Chlorox], stir 3
hours, test for completeness of destruction, neutralize and
dispose to the drain. refer to G. Lunn and E. B. Sansome,
Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory", p 80 for
the procedure for testing for completeness of cyanide
destruction. [This reference is not yet available at CLU].
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SILVER RECOVERY
SOLUBLE SALTS Add metallic copper or iron to the solution of
silver ion diluted to about 0.5M silver ion concentration.
Allow to stand 5-10 days at which time silver crystals are
separated from the unreacted copper or iron and collected by
vacuum filtration, washed with water, then alcohol and dried and
added to the silver recovery bottle. The silver in the recovery
bottle will eventually be sold to a scrap metal dealer. Spent
iron solution may be diluted and disposed of down the drain.
Recover the spent copper supernatant and recover the copper
using the method in the next section.
INSOLUBLE SALTS Collect the spent silver salts by vacuum
filtration, wash with water, then alcohol and allow to aspirate
until mostly dry under a piece of opaque paper. Each chemically
different salt must be bottled separately in an amber or other
dark bottle. The salts will eventually be sold to a metal scrap
dealer, but are only acceptable if kept separate.
COPPER RECOVERY
SOLUBLE SALTS Use essentially the same procedure as for silver,
however use iron or zinc to displace the copper from solution.
Lack of a blue solution color, characteristic of aqueous copper
II ion, may be used as an indicator of completeness of reaction.
The spent zinc supernatant (if zinc metal is used) may only be
disposed of after receiving instructions from the DCHO. Spent
iron solution may be disposed of to the waste water drain after
dilution with tap water.
PEROXIDE DETECTION AND DESTRUCTION IN ETHER SOLVENTS
For a SIMPLE QUALITATIVE TEST, one adds 1 mL of the ether to be
tested to a freshly prepared solution of 100 mg of sodium or
potassium iodide in 1 mL of glacial acetic acid. A yellow color
indicates a low concentration of peroxide in the sample; a brown
color indicates a high concentration.
PROCEDURES FOR THE DESTRUCTION of these peroxides include
passing the solvent (400 mL) through a column (2 cm x 30 cm)
containing about 80 g of basic activated alumina. Larger
amounts of water insoluble ethers (such as diethyl ether) can be
treated with ferrous sulfate solution. One liter of ether
should be shaken (separatory funnel) with a solution of 6 g of
FeS04-7H20 and 6 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid in 11 mL of
water. Be certain to retest the ether after treatment.
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SOLVENT RECOVERY BY DISTILLATION
Prior to distillation the solvent, if water insoluble, should be
washed with water if it has been in contact with either acid or
base (in a separatory funnel) to remove traces of those
contaminants. The solvent should then be dried over a suitable
drying agent (anhydrous CaCl2, Na2SO4 or other suitable agent).
Only DRY solvent should be distilled.
Set up for a standard atmospheric distillation in the hood using
equipment of sufficient volume to distill the solvent to be
recovered. The distillation flask should be filled no more than
2/3 full and several boiling chips should be in place. Open
flame heat sources should be avoided. The procedure is suitable
only for relatively pure solvents where the impurities have
boiling points that differ substantially from that of the
solvent. After collecting a forerun and the temperature has
stabilized at the correct boiling temperature for the solvent,
collect the main fraction until the temperature has risen no
more than 2-4 degrees above the expected temperature OR the
boiling flask begins to approach dryness. Stop the distillation
and remove the heating source while there are still several
milliliters of solvent remaining. Bottle and label the
recovered solvent, dismantle and clean the equipment, and follow
the supervising instructor's directions as to the disposition of
the forerun and any residues.
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APPENDIX VIII
SELECTED CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES
MERCURY SPILL
Mercury spills (e.g. broken thermometers): Obtain the mercury
cleanup kit (mercury "magnet" or hand-held vacuum recovery unit)
from the stockroom and clean up all visible droplets of mercury
[follow the procedure described in the directions with the kit].
Dust powdered sulfur (flowers of sulfur) around the area and
sweep it up to collect any remaining residue of mercury. The
spent sulfur may be bagged and disposed of to the wastebasket in
the stockroom only if all visible droplets or mercury were
removed from the spill area.
Place the metallic mercury into a labeled recovery vessel and
deposit with the Stockroom Manager. Return the Mercury Cleanup
Kit to the Stockroom Manager.
If a broken thermometer was the source of the spill, score the
bulb with a file and break it with a plier (if not already
broken) to remove and collect the mercury contained therein.
Use a pipet bulb to blow any remaining mercury out of the
capillary in the stem of the thermometer. Put the mercury in
the labeled mercury recovery vessel.
Discard the glass in a receptacle designated for glass.
ACID SPILL
Clear the area, obtain sodium bicarbonate [baking soda] from the
safety island and liberally sprinkle the acid spill area with
this material until evidence of gas evolution subsides.
Clean the area by wet mopping and dispose of the neutralized
clean-up wastes by dilution with water to the drain.
If the spill needs to be contained, bank with the spill pillow
booms stored at the safety showers.
If the acid emits toxic vapors [e.g. Glacial Acetic, conc.
hydrochloric acid], the entire work area must be evacuated and
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the clean-up emergency response team, having breathing
protection against acidic vapors, must be called in.
Neutralized solid waste materials [sand or other absorbent] may
be bagged in a plastic garbage bag and placed in the building
dumpster in back of Ahmanson Science Center.
CAUSTIC [BASE] SPILL
Clear the area, obtain 6M acetic acid from the Stockroom Manager
and slowly neutralize the base by pouring the acid on the spill
until the pH of the spill is lowered to below 9, but above 5
[test aliquots of the spill with wide-range pH paper]. If it
becomes necessary to contain the spill bank it with spill pillow
booms located at the safety shower. Dispose of any neutralized
solution with water dilution to the drain. Neutralized solid
waste materials may be bagged in a plastic garbage bag and
placed in the building dumpster at the back of Ahmanson Science
Center.
FLAMMABLE OR VOLATILE SOLVENT SPILL
Clear the area, the entire work area if flammable or volatile
and potentially explosive or toxic conditions exist.
Emergency response personnel must wear respirators to work in
the area.
For flammables, extinguish all sources of open flame and
possible electrical ignition.
Use clay kitty litter (or vermiculite) to absorb and contain the
spill.
Once absorbed, collect the absorbent in heavy gage plastic bags
and twist seal them.
Consult the DCHO for the proper disposal procedure for the
absorbed spill materials.
AQUEOUS SPILL
Clear the spill area.
For non-toxic and most dilute solutions absorb the material by
wet mop or a sponge.
Emergency response personnel should use the usual physical
barriers [gloves, goggles and laboratory coats/aprons].
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The recovered spill materials may be diluted and disposed to the
drain.
For concentrated solutions and those containing potentially
toxic materials, contain the spill with clay kitty litter or
vermiculite.
Concentrated, non-toxic materials may be sponge or wet mopped
and the recovered liquids diluted with water for drain disposal.
The solid absorbent should be rinsed with water and disposed of
in a thick-walled plastic bag to the building dumpster located
behind the Ahmanson Science Center.
Concentrated toxic spill solutions should be recovered with as
little dilution as possible by sponge or wet mop. Both the
solution and solid absorbent will have to be disposed of in an
environmentally sound manner. Once cleaned up and isolated,
discuss the options with the DCHO.
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APPENDIX IX
SELECTED DEFINITIONS
DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS
1. hazardous chemical - chemical for which there is
statistically significant evidence based on at least one study
conducted in accordance with established scientific principles
that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed
employees.
2. health hazard - includes chemicals which are carcinogens,
toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants,
corrosives, sensitizers, hepatoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins,
agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which
damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
3. hazardous waste - Materials (solids and liquids, pure
substances and mixtures) which have been declared unusable that
are either specifically named as hazardous wastes (for instance
they are on EPA lists), or substances which exhibit any of the
hazardous properties: corrosive, flammable, reactive, toxic.
4. Hazardous chemical waste is identified using the following
Federal definitions - All hazardous chemical wastes will be
identified using the criteria defined by the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), Subtitle C,
Hazardous Waste Regulations 40 CFR, Part 261. The
identification criteria for listing a chemical as hazardous are
summarized below:
1.
Chemical Characteristics (40 CFR Part 261.21-24)
1.
Ignitable (flammable)
- Liquids having a flash point below 140 degrees
F. (Aqueous solutions containing less than 24%
alcohol by volume are excluded)
- Examples include: xylene, ethyl ether, acetone,
methanol
2.
Corrosive (strong acid or base)
- Acid having a pH of 2 or less
- Base having a pH of 12.5 or more
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- Examples may include: hydrochloric acid,
sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide
2.
3.
3.
Reactive (violently unstable or reactive to air,
water or pressure)
- Waste materials violently unstable at normal
temperatures or pressure or permitting the
release of toxic fumes or vapors-Examples may
include: picric acid, hydrogen peroxide (>30%),
perchloric acid (>60%)
4.
EP Toxic (toxic due to a heavy metal or specific
chlorinated pesticide content, EPA's D list)
- Wastes which contain certain toxic materials
which could be leached into ground water supplies
- Examples include: arsenic, barium, mercury,
silver, 2.4-D
Acutely Hazardous Chemical Wastes (40 CFR 261.33e, P
list)
1.
Specifically listed because of their extreme
toxicity.
2.
Presently (July, 1987) included only if they are
of commercially pure grade, technical trade, or
of formulations in which the chemical is the sole
active ingredient.
3.
This list will be amended when regulations
change. The Federal Register will be the source
for any amendments.
4.
Chemicals subject to this classification of
hazardous chemical waste have stricter threshold
generation limits applied (l kg vs. 1000 kg, see
40 CFR Section 261.5e1).
5.
Examples include: arsenic containing compounds,
cyanides, sodium azide, osmium tetroxide,
warfarin.
Commercial Chemical Products and Manufacturing
Chemical Intermediates (40 CFR 261.33f, U list)
1.
2.
3.
Included only if they are of commercially pure
grade, technical grade, or of formulations in
which the chemical is the sole active ingredient.
The 1 kg threshold limit does not apply to this
category of chemical wastes.
Examples include: acetaldehyde, acetone, numerous
benzene derivatives, carbon tetrachloride,
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chloroform, ethyl ether, formaldehyde, mercury,
phenol, toluene, xylene.
4.
Hazardous Wastes from Non-specific Sources (40 CFR
261.31, F list) and Specific Sources (40 CFR 261.31, K
list)
1.
Mixtures containing wastes that are listed as
exhibiting toxic characteristics.
2.
Except those specifically excluded in 40 CFR
261.20 and 261.22
3.
Examples include: cyclophosphamide, phenol, PCB's
(also under separate EPA regulations), ethylene
oxide, uracil, mustard.
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