This report contains the results of studies conducted to measure the effectiveness of the
PACE and Master the Code cognitive learning systems between 1995 and 2001. The
research data is representative of the results obtained by providers located in over one
hundred locations across the country. The SkillsRx and ReadRx cognitive training
systems utilized by LearningRx are enhanced versions of PACE and Master the Code.
STUDIES USING PACE AND MASTER THE CODE
2001 Studies
The data presented in Charts 1 & 2 were collected via a pretest using the Gibson
Cognitive Test Battery (GCTB) and a post-test using the same battery. Post-test scores
were collected following 36 hours (over a 12-week period) of PACE (Processing and
Cognitive Enhancement) training. Results are from 113 locations.
CHART 1: Change in years when pre-test was two or more years below age level.
6.9
7
6
Processing Speed
Change in Years
5
3.9
3.7
Working Memory
Visual Processing
4
2.8
3
2.2
Word Attack
Auditory Analysis
2.3
Logic & Reasoning
2
1
0
1
CHART 2: Change in years when pre-test was below age (regardless of number of years
below age).
6.7
7
6
Processing Speed
5
Change in Years
Working Memory
3.5
3.4
4
2.7
Word Attack
Auditory Analysis
2.2
3
Visual Processing
Logic & Reasoning
1.8
2
1
0
2
The data presented in Charts 3 & 4 were collected via a pre-test using the Detroit Tests of
Learning Aptitude (DTLA-3) and a post-test using the same battery. Post-test scores
were collected following 36 hours (over a 12-week period) of PACE (Processing and
Cognitive Enhancement) training.
CHART 3: Change in years when pre-test was two or more years below age level.
Long-term Memory (DTLA-3 DS)
5.3
6
Logic & Reasoning (DTLA-3 SR)
5
Comprehension (DTLA-3 SS)
3.9
3.6
Visual-Motor (DTLA-3 DR)
3.3
4
Change in Years
Short-term Memory/Attention (DTLA-3
SI)
Visual Processing (DTLA-3 PF)
3
1.9
1.8
2
1
0
DS= Design Sequences; SI= Sentence Imitation; PF= Picture Fragment; SR= Symbolic Relations;
SS= Story Sequences; DR= Design Reproduction
CHART 4: Change in years when pre-test was below age (regardless of number of years
below age)
Long-term Memory (DTLA-3 DS)
Short-term Memory/Attention (DTLA-3 SI)
4.6
5
Logic & Reasoning (DTLA-3 SR)
3.9
4.5
Visual Processing (DTLA-3 PF)
Comprehension (DTLA-3 SS)
4
3.4
Visual-Motor (DTLA-3 DR)
3
Change in Years
3.5
3
2.5
1.9
1.7
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
DS= Design Sequences; SI= Sentence Imitation; PF= Picture Fragment; SR= Symbolic Relations;
SS= Story Sequences; DR= Design Reproduction
3
The data presented in Charts 5 & 6 were collected via a pretest using the WoodcockJohnson Test of Cognitive Ability (WJ-R) and a post-test using the same battery. Posttest scores were collected following 36 hours (over a 12-week period) of PACE
(Processing and Cognitive Enhancement) training.
CHART 5: Change in years when pre-test was two or more years below age level.
8
8
7
5.9
5.5
Long-term Memory (TN)
Short-term Memory (MS)
Processing Speed (VM)
Auditory Processing (IW)
Visual Processing VC)
Change in Years
6
5
4
2.9
3
1.7
2
1
0
MS= Memory for Sentences; VM= Visual Matching; IW= Incomplete Words; VC= Visual Closure
CHART 6: Change in years when pre-test was below age (regardless of number of years
below age)
6.6
7
5.2
6
5.2
Long-term Memory (TN)
Short-term Memory (MS)
Processing Speed (VM)
Auditory Processing (IW)
Visual Processing VC)
Change in Years
5
4
2.9
3
2
1.4
1
0
MS= Memory for Sentences; VM= Visual Matching; IW= Incomplete Words; VC= Visual Closure
4
The data presented in Charts 7 & 8 were collected using a number of different Cognitive
tests batteries, including the Gibson Cognitive Test Battery (GCTB), Woodcock-Johnson
Reading Mastery Test (WRMT), or the Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test
(LACT). All pre and post-tests were conducted using the same battery. Post-test scores
were collected following 36 hours (over a 12-week period) of PACE (Processing and
Cognitive Enhancement) Training.
CHART 7: Change in years when pre-test was two or more years below age.
6.1
Selective Attention (GCTB)
7
Visual Auditory Processing (WRMT)
6
Lindamood Auditory
Conceptualization Test (LACT)
Change in Years
5
3.4
4
2.7
3
2
1
0
CHART 8: Change in years when pre-test was below age (regardless of number of years
below age).
5.6
Selective Attention (GCTB)
6
Visual Auditory Processing (WRMT)
Lindamood Auditory
Conceptualization Test (LACT)
5
Change in Years
3.4
4
2.3
3
2
1
0
5
The data presented in Charts 9 & 10 were collected using a number of different Cognitive
tests batteries, including the Gibson Cognitive Test Battery (GCTB), Woodcock-Johnson
Reading Mastery Test (WRMT), Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test (LACT) or
the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude. All pre and post-tests were conducted using the
same battery. Post-test scores were collected following approximately 19 sessions (over
approximately a 6-week period) of Master The Code (MTC) training that was given in
conjunction with PACE.
CHART 9: Change in years when pre-test was two or more years below age level.
9.8
10.0
9.0
Word Attack (GCTB)
8.0
Auditory Analysis (GCTB)
6.3
Change in Years
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.1
Logic & Reasoning (GCTB)
Visual Auditory Learning (WRMT)
5.1
Word Attack (WRMT)
4.3
5.0
Passage Comprehension (WRMT)
3.4
4.0
3.0
Lindamood Auditory
Conceptualization Test (LACT)
Comprehension (DTLA-3 SS)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
SS= Story Sequences
CHART 10: Change in years when pre-test was below age (regardless of number of
years below age).
9.8
10
9
Word Attack (GCTB)
8
6.8
Auditory Analysis (GCTB)
Change in Years
7
Logic & Reasoning (GCTB)
5.3
6
5
4.8
4.5
4.1
3.9
Visual Auditory Learning (WRMT)
Word Attack (WRMT)
Passage Comprehension (WRMT)
4
2.7
Lindamood Auditory
Conceptualization Test (LACT)
Comprehension (DTLA-3 SS)
3
2
1
0
SS= Story Sequencing
6
1997 Study:
The data in Charts11, 12, & 13 reflect pre and post-test data collected using the Detroit
Tests of Learning Aptitude (DTLA-3). The post-test was administered after 30 hours of
PACE training over a 10-week period.
CHART 11: Change in years on a specific skill on the DTLA-3 test battery when the
student was two or more years below age for that skill.
5.66
6
5
3.98
3.73
4
Change in Years
3.32
3.08
2.98
3
2.48
2.31
2.01
2
Long-term Memory (DS)
Short-term Memory/Attention (SI)
Processing Speed/Attention (VM)
Auditory Processing (LACT)
Visual Processing - Closure (PF)
Logic & Reasoning (SR)
Comprehension (SS)
Visual - Motor (DR)
Selective Attention (VT)
1
0
DS= Design Sequences; SI= Sentence Imitation; VM= Visual Memory, letters; LACT= Lindamood
Auditory Conceptualization Test; PF= Picture Fragment; SR= Symbolic Relations; SS= Story Sequences;
DR= Design Reproduction; VT= Visual Tracking
CHART 12: Change in years on a specific skill on the DTLA-3 test battery when the
student was below age for that skill (regardless of number of years below age).
4.32
4.34
4.5
4
3.38
3.5
3.11
3.09
Change in Years
3
2.50
2.15
2.5
1.88
2
1.61
1.5
1
0.5
0
7
Long-term Memory (DS)
Short-term Memory/Attention (SI)
Processing Speed/Attention (VM)
Auditory Processing (LACT)
Visual Processing - Closure (PF)
Logic & Reasoning (SR)
Comprehension (SS)
Visual - Motor (DR)
Selective Attention (VT)
DS= Design Sequences; SI= Sentence Imitation; VM= Visual Memory, letters; LACT= Lindamood
Auditory Conceptualization Test; PF= Picture Fragment; SR= Symbolic Relations; SS= Story Sequences;
DR= Design Reproduction; VT= Visual Tracking
CHART 13: Combined average (using two or more tests) change in years in a cognitive
skill area when the pre-test score on the appropriate subtests of the DTLA-3 were two or
more years below age.
3.78
4
3.29
3.5
2.87
3
2.46
Processing Speed
Attention
Visual Processing
Memory
Auditory Processing
Change in Years
2.14
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
8
1996 Study:
The study reported in Chart 14 reflects data collected on both children and adults in a
clinical setting. Change in IQ scores were measured before and after receiving 30 hours
of PACE training spread over a 10-week period. The TONI-2 is a test of nonverbal
intelligence, which measures the ability to reason without words and to solve spatially
defined problems. An IQ of 100 is considered normal.
CHART 14. Change in IQ scores when the pretest nonverbal intelligence quotient was
less than or equal to 100 and when the pretest nonverbal intelligence quotient was greater
than 100.
28.15
30
Change in Years
25
<= 100
>= 100
20
15
9.89
10
5
0
9
The studies reported in Charts 15 -17 reflect data collected on both children and adults in
a clinical setting. A series of subtests from the Woodcock Johnson Test of Cognitive
Ability (WJ-R), Structure of Intelligence-Learning Abilities Test (SOI-LA), Gardner
Test, and Gibson Cognitive Test Battery (GCTB) were given as a pre-test and the posttest consisted of the same tests given after 30 hours of PACE training over a 10-week
period.
CHART 15: Change in years in a cognitive skill area as measured by the Woodcock
Johnson Test of Cognitive Ability when the pre-test score was two or more years below
age level.
4.67
5.00
4.26
4.50
3.82
Change in Years
4.00
3.47
3.50
3.00
2.65
3.18
3.00
2.86
3.00
3.04
2.51
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Processing Speed (fixv - GCTB?)
Attention/Processing Speed (trck - GCTB?)
Visual Processing/Memory (rfrq - Gardner)
Visual Processing (Closure; cfu-SOI-LA)
Short-term Memory/Attention (stvm-SOI-LA)
Logic & Reasoning (logc-SOI-LA)
Processing Speed (fixh - GCTB?)
Attention/Processing Speed (wj3 - WJ-R)
Visual Processing (visualization; visz-SOI-LA)
Visual Processing (Manupliation; efu-SOI-LA)
Visual-Motor (vmtr-SOI-LA)
Fixv= calling out vertical column of numbers; fixh= calling out horizontal row of numbers; trck= tracking a
line with other lines present; WJ3= Visual Matching from Woodcock Johnson Cognitive Test Battery;
rfrq= reversal frequency test from Gardner; Visz= pictures set of ideas in the mind; cfu= visual closure;
efu= evaluate and discriminate among complex figures; stvm= short-term visual memory; vmtr= eye-hand
coordination; logc= logic
10
CHART 16: Change in years in a cognitive skill area when the pre-test score was below
age level (regardless of number of years below age level).
4.17
4.50
3.64
4.00
Change in Years
3.00
3.26
3.10
3.50
2.85
2.28
2.50
2.79
2.93
2.81
2.13
1.81
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Processing Speed (fixv - GCTB?)
Attention/Processing Speed (trck - GCTB?)
Visual Processing/Memory (rfrq - Gardner)
Visual Processing (Closure; cfu-SOI-LA)
Short-term Memory/Attention (stvm-SOI-LA)
Logic & Reasoning (logc-SOI-LA)
Processing Speed (fixh - GCTB?)
Attention/Processing Speed (wj3 - WJ-R)
Visual Processing (visualization; visz-SOI-LA)
Visual Processing (Manupliation; efu-SOI-LA)
Visual-Motor (vmtr-SOI-LA)
Fixv= calling out vertical column of numbers; fixh= calling out horizontal row of numbers; trck= tracking a
line with other lines present; WJ3= Visual Matching from Woodcock Johnson Cognitive Test Battery;
rfrq= reversal frequency test from Gardner; Visz= pictures set of ideas in the mind; cfu= visual closure;
efu= evaluate and discriminate among complex figures; stvm= short-term visual memory; vmtr= eye-hand
coordination; logc= logic
CHART 17: Combined average (using two or more tests) change in years in a cognitive
skill area when the pre-test was two or more years below age level.
3.684
3.7
Attention
Visual Processing
Memory
3.6
Change in Years
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.162
3.141
3.2
3.1
3
2.9
2.8
11
1995-1996 Studies:
The data in the studies reported in Charts 18-30 were collected from individual
practitioner’s offices in the United States and Canada. Various test batteries were
administered to show changes from pre to post-test-results, including the TONI-2 (test of
nonverbal intelligence), the NSI (a subtest from the Structure of Intelligence-Learning
Abilities Test (SOI-LA)), a modified Groffman Tracking Test, and the Woodcock
Johnson Cognitive Test battery. Changes in scores from pre to post-test were measured
after 30 hours of PACE training over a 10-week period. In those studies that used a
control group, the control group received no PACE training for the 10-week period.
CHART 18: Change in IQ scores when the pretest nonverbal intelligence quotient
(TONI-2) was less than 100.
42
45
40
35
26
Change in Years
30
22
23
22
25
20
12
15
10
5
0
12
23
23
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
CHART 19: Change in IQ scores when the pretest nonverbal intelligence quotient
(TONI-2) was equal to or greater than 100.
19
20
18
14
16
Change in Years
14
12
10
12
9
8
10
8
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
6
3
4
1
2
0
CHART 20: Change in IQ when the pre-test score on the NSI (logic and reasoning)
subtest of the Structure of Intelligence-Learning Abilities Test (SOI-LA) was 2 years or
more below age level.
7
6.2
5.5
5.5
6
4.8
4.6
4.6
Change in Years
5
4.1
3.8
4
3
2
1
0
13
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
CHART 21: This represents the overall change in processing and cognitive skills when
the pre-test scores were two or more years below age level.
4.6
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.8
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.5
3.6
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
Change in Years
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
CHART 22: This represents the average change in attention when the pre-test scores on
the modified Groffman Tracking Test and the Visual Matching subtest of the Woodcock
Johnson Cognitive Test Battery were two or more years below age level.
4.6
5.0
4.2
4.1
4.5
4.1
3.8
3.5
4.0
3.1
Change in Years
3.5
2.6
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
14
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
CHART 23: Average change in processing speed when the pre-test scores were two or
more years below age level.
3.7
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.1
Change in Years
3.0
2.6
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
2.5
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
CHART 24: Average change in visual processing when the pre-test scores were two or
more years below age level.
4.4
4.5
3.8
4.0
3.2
3.5
3.0
2.7
Change in Years
3.0
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
15
2.6
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
CHART 25: Change in short-term visual memory when the pre-test score on the shortterm visual memory subtest of the Structure of Intelligence-Learning Abilities Test (SOILA) was two or more years below age level.
4.7
5.0
4.3
4.5
3.7
4.0
3.3
Change in Years
3.5
3.1
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.5
1.5
2.0
New York
Ontario
Georgia
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Idaho
Maryland
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
CHART 26: Change in comprehension as measured by subtests of the Structure of
Intelligence-Learning Abilities Test (SOI-LA).
2.6
2.6
CMR (ability to see relations
between words)
CMU (vocab & verbal concepts)
2.5
ESC (ability to classify symbolic
information)
Change in Years
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2
16
CHART 27: Changes in grade for four students as measured by the Woodcock Johnson
Test of Cognitive Ability.
16
14.6
14
13.7
12.6
12.3
12.1
11.8
Change in Years
12
11.1
10.9
9.5
10
8.1
8
6.9
6.6
6
4.9
3.7
4
2
0
5.4
5.1
3.2
1.5
1.2
0.9
0
0
1.1
0
17
Long-term Memory
Short-term Memory
Processing Speed
Sound Blending
Visual Closure
Visual Recognition
CHART 28: Change in years in cognitive skill areas for students undergoing PACE
training versus students receiving no special training in a clinical trial in Indiana.
2.8
3.0
Processing Speed (fixv)
2.6
Processing Speed (fixh)
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.0
Letter Reversal Frequency (RF)
1.9
2.0
Change in Years
Processing Speed/Selective Attention (PS/SA)
Short-term Memory (measured by SOI-LA)
1.7
1.6
Visualization (visz from SOI-LA)
Logic & Reasoning (NSI from SOI-LA)
1.5
Eye-hand Coord (vmtr from SOI-LA)
0.9
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
Fixv= calling out vertical column of numbers; fixh= calling out horizontal row of numbers; Visz= pictures
set of ideas in the mind; NSI= logic and reasoning; vmtr= eye-hand coordination; logc= logic
CHART 29: Change in years in cognitive skill areas for students undergoing PACE
training versus students receiving no special training in a clinical trial in Illinois.
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.7
Processing Speed (fixv)
3.5
Processing Speed (fixh)
2.8
3.0
2.9
Processing Speed/Selective Attention (PS/SA)
Change in Years
Letter Reversal Frequency (RF)
Short-term Memory (measured by SOI-LA)
2.5
2.0
2.1
1.8
Visualization (visz from SOI-LA)
Logic & Reasoning (NSI from SOI-LA)
1.7
Eye-hand Coord (vmtr from SOI-LA)
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
Fixv= calling out vertical column of numbers; fixh= calling out horizontal row of numbers; Visz= pictures
set of ideas in the mind; NSI= logic and reasoning; vmtr= eye-hand coordination; logc= logic
18