INDONESIA’S EXPERIENCE : REGARDING OUR LOCAL WISDOM AND
PROMOTING COMMUNITY’S ROLES FOR FACING THE DISASTERS
By : Yodha Maharddhika
A paper presenter for the panel of technology, environments and natural/man-made
disasters
Public Administration Department, Gadjah Mada University
Indonesia
Email : yodha_m@yahoo.co.id
Indonesia, the country which is located on high-wealthy and also high-risky area
geographically, is prone to disasters. Lots disaster both natural and man-made happened
in the country like earthquakes, volcano’s eruptions, floods, droughts, high-tidal waves,
landslides, hurricanes, forest fires, and the newest one is the hot-mud flow as man-made
disasters and many more. In many years recent, there are some disasters which can be
notified as the most popular that had been interesting to be paid for attention. They are
tsunami in Aceh on December 26th 2004 due to Indian Ocean earthquake, the second is
Java earthquake in Yogyakarta and Klaten on May 27th 2006, and the last is the hot mudflow in Sidoarjo which has been flowing since June 2006.
At the present time, it is better to share about the Indonesian’s experience for facing
disasters within regarding more into local wisdom and community’s roles for conducting
human security in our region. For the following share, the Java earthquake in Yogyakarta
and Klaten, is the best experience which can be shared to be introduced about local
wisdom and communities. The disaster happened there had brought some significant facts
about the importance of local wisdom and community’s roles in order to response and
recovery for disaster, and also for prevention process which has been conducting in the
region.
Furthermore, by sharing the Indonesian’s experience on regarding the role of
communities and local wisdom, it is hoped can give contribution for promoting and
conducting human security in our region and its forthcomings.
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INTRODUCTION
Indonesia, a country which is laid on the across of two oceans as Indian and Pacific, and
two continent plates – Eurasia and Indo-Australia, also become meeting-point of the two
world’s volcano lines ( ring of fire ). Those geographic brings thankful of great natural
richness. As gratefully by the richness of natural blessings, the Indonesian also face the
large number of natural hazards. Tsunamis, volcano’s eruptions, earthquakes, landslides,
hurricanes, etc. In other side, the Indonesian also have been posing the man-made disaster
like forest fires, floods, many problem from industries.
Figure 1 World Seismicity. Indonesia has great number of risk and disaster
possibilities.
Source : ADRC, 2004
When the disasters happen, both naturally or man-made, usually bring billion
rupiahs losing ( equals to million dollars ). Like three years recent, lots of disaster
happened in Indonesia as the tsunami in Aceh Province and Nias Island within magnitude
9.1RS and killed more than 150.000 Indonesians and left USD 4.27 billion losing,
earthquake in Yogyakarta and Klaten within magnitude 5.9RS and killed more than 5000
Indonesians then left USD 2.92 billion losing, earthquake in another region which
happened frequently, into the man-made disasters like floods in Jakarta and Jember which
caused by forestry logging for settlement or other goals. Landslides in Banjarnegara and
Balikpapan. And the newest case: hot-mud flow in Sidoarjo, Eastern Java which caused
by gas exploding on the process of drilling oil inside and have been flowing toxic gas and
mud since June 2006 until now, and killed 11 people. The President of Indonesia had
stated that case as the worst industrial disaster.
The most recent disasters occurred in Indonesia ( until this paper is written ) is
earthquake in Bengkulu Province and West Sumatera Province – Sumatera Island which
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occurred on September 12th 2007 and killed 14 people and damaged lots buildings, and
also quake in Talaud Island – North Sulawesi Province at the same time, while quakes
also hit in Situbondo – East Java Province few days before.
Almost every month, the Indonesian hear the disasters occur from local or national
mass medias, especially middle until big earthquake ( more than 5 RS magnitude ) which
predicted still can be happened in Indonesia for next time in the regions which are located
on-shore of Indian Ocean and other regions which located on-shore the deep-sea, due to
the Eurasian plate and Indo-Australia plate still moving and seek the best form until stable
( Source : SCTV, 2007 ). The quakes also have been stimulating the volcanoes across the
country become more active.
Due to the great number of disasters occur in Indonesia, it stimulates the
government both local or national to do better-ordered disaster management in order to
make it handled and reduce the risk that will affect, even the Indonesian now recognise
the disasters as the part of their life and surrounding their life into God’s hand. In matter
of process on disaster management in Indonesia now, one method could not leave that is
using technology to detect the disasters, and the government also invite the people to
cooperate together in doing disaster management. Based on the facts and experiences on
response and recovery from Java Earthquake in Yogyakarta and Klaten, it is wisely to
invite the community and also people through local wisdom and give them big role to
make the disasters management to better-ordered. And the question is ‘how can local
wisdom and community have big role on disaster management ?’
CONDUCTING HUMAN SECURITY ON DISASTER TOWARDS LOCAL
WISDOM AND COMMUNITY
James Kamara from United Nations for Environment Programme ( through projects
for disaster management in Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, and Swaziland ) had stated
that traditional knowledge should be applied in term to raise awareness and also enhance
the efforts for environmental conservation and or make deal with natural disasters. (
Source : UNEP, 2006 ). The local wisdom which is meant like concerning and raising the
sensitiveness into natural sign to lessen the disaster casualties, although he was not
expressed what kind of environmental or natural disaster. The definition of traditional
knowledge will be described as following:
“Local wisdom is the knowledge that discovered or acquired by local people through the
accumulation of experiences in trials and integrated with the understanding of
surrounding nature and culture” ( Naritoom, -- )
Naritoom mentioned local wisdom as knowledge which had been accumulated and
learnt from various situation around the people in a region. The same meaning also
agreed by other definition:
‘Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK), and local knowledge generally
refer to the matured long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional,
indigenous, or local communities. Traditional knowledge also encompasses the wisdom,
knowledge, and teachings of these communities. In many cases, traditional knowledge has
been orally passed for generations from person to person. Some forms of traditional
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knowledge are expressed through stories, legends, folklore, rituals, songs, and even laws.
Other forms of traditional knowledge are often expressed through different means.” (
Citated from Wikipedia, 2007 )
The last citation had mentioned the definition more clearly through culture and its
way of transferring. From the definitions, we can refer that local wisdom is something
knowledge which acquired by the ancestors to make deal within the environment around
and mixed with their culture then introduce from generation into generation.
Local wisdom become valuable when the people regard it and claim it as their part
of life or can be called as the soul of their culture. We can note that local wisdom is very
preciously and internalised by local people and showed in their life as well. Every part of
their life guided by that soul which not only useful for daily activities and interactions
within others, but also useful for managing risk from disaster as well as other activities.
In the term of disaster management, Chatcharee Naritoom stated that local wisdom
is meaningful and useful for better understanding of local people’s perceptions of
constraints and potential solutions of biophysical circumstances. It facilitates cooperation
between researchers, extension agents, development workers, practitioners and others for
mutual benefits ( Naritoom, -- ).
On next, we will identify the level of disaster management, its major problem per
level which can be happened, and the role of community and local wisdom more clearly.
.
Response on Disaster & Chaos
When the disaster occur, usually chaos happens. It happens due to people get panic
at moment, and chaos can be defined as little until big chaos. According to human
security, the local wisdom and community through the honoured leader, can minimise the
chaos by leading the process and focusing to settle good coordination, thus the urgent
action and response procedures can be done as well.
Chaos also can happen on the urgent response action and the process of distribution
of aids. If chaos does not be handled, the procedure of the taken action will be disturbed
because the victim want to get aid as much as they can then it will bother the distribution
equally. It also can aggravate the casualties because people get panic and want to secure
themselves and their family as well as they secure their materials left.
One can be note that, when the chaos happens during disaster there will be conflict
of interest occurs also. Therefore, local wisdom and community really required to make it
handled.
Recovery from Disaster & Cooperation
Cooperation can be initialled as the keypoint for recovery process from disaster.
Cooperation means working together through agents ( both local / national and
international ) and also can be meant as negotiation within local wisdom and community.
Cooperation will make the recovery will be done faster, and more effectively.
Cooperation is required for many steps on the recovery process including damage
assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation. Without any good cooperation, the recovery
will take long time to be finished.
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Prevention for Disaster & Commitment
After the recovery to be finished, then the next level is prevention for next disaster.
The main problem usually happen is commitment among the agent or government to
make the prevention as well as the previous level. Commitment means funds, time, and
work.
Good commitment very useful for forming good preparation. The preparation
contains risk assessment and risk mitigation / risk management. Kates and Kasperson (
1983 ) on Smith ( 1996 ), had comprised the three steps of risk assessment:
 An identification of hazards likely to result in disasters, i.e. what hazardous events
may occur ?
 An estimation of the risks of such events, i.e. what is the probability of each
event?
 An evaluation of the social consequences of the derived risk, i.e. what is the loss
created by each event?
( Keith, 1996 : 58 )
Smith said that risk assessment and risk perception combine in the managerial
adjustments made by society to environmental hazards ( Keith, 1996 : 71 ).
The community and local wisdom will help the agent to make assessment and
management better. The local wisdom can be source for the information about disaster
and the local culture, that can assist the agent to create the right way to built participation
for assessing and make the community moving. Then the community really help the agent
to do risk management to be well ordered. Local wisdom also can be used by its
traditional early warning system which reliable, cheap, and have good accuracy.
At the same time, the community and local culture will help the people to settle
their own security from disaster both mentally and or physically, by the training and
campaign for facing disaster and ‘how to survive’ programs.
The Importance of Community for Disaster Management
Other reason that community should be regarded on disaster management is to
conduct more effective disaster management, that the government or agent should make
adjoin and cooperation within community and will be described as following:
 It empowers people and community, and strengthen human spirit and dignity
when the disaster occur
 It helps address the real needs
 It ensures the assistance goes to the right and helps facilitate some level of equity
 It increases accountability and responsibility
 It can help reduce social divisions in disaster affected communities
 It builds people’s collective ‘community power’ in many different ways like
management skill, social relations and collective action, livelihood
 Because geography demands it, especially the large country
( Source: ACHR, -- )
People and community should be involved in order to response, recover, and
prevent for disaster. Even government has several agents to do the duties, but when the
disaster occur, chaos will be also happened. That is why, social participation or social
capital is needed to make it handled
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The following cases will describe moreover about disaster and local wisdom which
happened in Yogyakarta and Central Java in 2006
SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR ARISING FROM DISASTER
Overview
The uniqueness from this case is the complexity of the condition which occurred
before and after earthquake happened. Before the earthquake happened, the people in
Yogyakarta paid their awareness into Merapi Volcano1 which started to active at the
moment.
When the earthquake happened on May 27th 2006 at 05.54 ( GMT +7 ) in the
morning within magnitude 5.9RS ( Indonesia ) or 6.3RS ( USGS ) within 17,1 km depth,
people in northern area of the province automatically looked into the volcano in the
northern Yogyakarta , while at the time also exploded some toxic gases like hydrogen
sulphide, or well-known as ‘Wedhus Gembel’ by the local people ( Wedhus Gembel
means Woolly-sheep ). After seen Wedus Gembel, then people identified the earthquake’s
causal was the volcano’s eruption. But some moments later, people in the north-side
heard that the epicentrum of the earthquake was in the south ( Indian Ocean ). A little
time then, an issue widespread : Tsunami !.
By remembering how hazardous the tsunami in Aceh before, people got panic and
ran away from their houses into northern side where the volcano in. In the middle of the
province area, in the County of Sleman, the mass were concentrated: people from south
ran away to the north, while the people from the north / volcano ran away to the south.
The main road of the province got heavy traffic-jump. Due to the big chaos which
occurred on those moment, lot of traffic-accidents happened and were made the number
of death increased.
At the same-time, The Yogyakarta Province was isolated: railroad abandoned,
airport closed caused by the terminal also abandoned, and for some moments, there were
no transportation lines came to the province, caused it stopped in the border between
Yogyakarta Province and Central Java Province in the north side and west side. The
telecommunication lines and electricity were abandoned also, made the residents could
not made communication or got information and lived on the black-occurred for one or
more days.
The counties which hit hardest by the earthquake were Bantul and Yogyakarta in
Yogyakarta Province, also Klaten in the eastern side of the province which belongs to
Central Java Province.
“Coastal residents fled inland in fear of a tsunami, but such an event did not transpire.
Borobudur, an ancient Buddhist stupa well north of the earthquake area, apparently
survived completely intact, but the Hindu temple at Prambanan which, being located on
the city outskirts, is significantly closer to the main earthquake area, suffered substantial
damage and was closed for assessment. The Royal Graveyard of Imogiri, just east of
Bantul, was extensively damaged and has been closed to public access.” ( Source :
Wikipedia, 2007 )
1
Merapi is the most active volcano in Indonesia, almost erupts every year
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Figure 2 Java Earthquake May 27th 2007
Source : Wikipedia, 2007
Statistical Report
The following part will describe more clearly about the casualties which are left by
the earthquake in Yogyakarta and Klaten.
Table 1 The statistical report for The Java Earthquake and its impacts
The Java Earthquake May 27th 2006
Coverage Area
Yogyakarta Province and Klaten County,
Central Java Province ( total 6 counties ). ±
50km around epicenter
Magnitude
5.9RS ( ID ) / 6.3 RS ( US )
Death
5.782 people
Injured
48.854 people
Displace Casualty
1.5 million people
Coverage Impact on Infrastructure
Railroad, Airport, Road, Power lines and other
fundamental infrastructures
Nominal Losing
± IDR 29.2 trillion / USD 2.92 billion
Source : Processed from various
Only 55 minutes, the quake had broken almost every material in the surface.
Houses, offices, airport, railroad, bus terminals, roads, and other buildings and
infrastructures had been destroyed. Then it caused the dead of the area for some moments.
Business and another livelihood activities had stopped.
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Even the quake was not extremely great, but the victims were lots. It caused by the
major victims both dead or alive, had fallen down by the pillars of their homes which
traditionally built within Javanese style but used low quality materials and nothing have
strong fundamental structure.
In other side, lots of heritage site also became the victims. Like Hindu Temples in
Prambanan, Imogiri Royal Graveyard, Complex of Javanese Traditional Palace, and
another tourism sites which around. As fact, The City of Yogyakarta ( Capital of the
province ) is well-known as tourism city, which become the third most popular tourism
destination across the nation.
Outside of materials, the psychology of the victims also were shaken. It made the
serious problem and can stimulate people to give up. Then it need more than a year for
building up as well like before.
Disaster Management
As soon as possible on the day, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono instructed
the army moved to the earthquake area to rescue and to evacuate the victims. A team from
his Cabinet Minister also had been sent to lead the operational for recovery. Then, the
President also came to the area in the following day.
The international relief were offered to help the reconstruction. Like showing on the
following table:
Table 2 The International Aids for Recovery after The Java Earthquake
The International Relief
Japan
China
Norway
United Kingdom
Canada
France
Saudi Arabia
India
Italy
United Arab Emirates
Islamic Relief
Red Cross
Kuwait
The Church of Jesus Christ
Red Crescent
of Latter Day Saints
European Union
Netherlands
OXFAM
United States
Belgium
UNICEF
Malaysia
Singapore
UNWHO
Vietnam
Isle of Man
Jordan
MERCY
IOM
Medecins sans Frontiere
Source : Processed from various ( exclude any NGO’s and agents which not listed )
As the urgent response and for a year recovery, the clustered approach were taken
on reconstruction and recovery for twelve months. The agents for doing the missions
were local or governmental organizations and international relief which listed above. And
the clustered programs were listed as the most important requirements such as:
 Tents and transitional shelters
 Medical services, included emergency hospital on-site
 Temporary educational services and facilities
 The adequate food and nutrition
 Water and sanitations
 Psychological and protection services
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 Information and telecommunication services
 The logistics
 Livelihoods
 Training on disaster management
( Source : UN-OCHA, 2007 )
“The earthquake's shallow depth was a major factor, but the scale of the damage was
made worse by failure to meet safe building standards and employ basic earthquakeresistant construction methods, according to FutureArc. Most homes in the area were built
with low-quality materials without structural frames and reinforcing pillars. Many deaths
and injuries occurred when buildings and walls collapsed. Villagers rebuilt their homes
with extremely limited resources, using simple affordable materials. They turned to
traditional materials, such as bamboo, because of the damage inflicted by collapsing brick
walls.” ( Source : Wikipedia, 2007 )
The critical point for recovery were to assist the residents and the victims to build
their home which can restrain the earthquake, even also to help the people to continue
their life as well as before by doing their business alike before. It means that the recovery
concerned on people and community. Another way was aimed into some cultural heritage
sites which widespread located in and around Yogyakarta, which suffered damage.
At present, many trainings introduce into local people to prepare them and will have
their own rescue and survival capability in order to support the government’s work for
response and recovery. Another point, the information also widely spread by both local
and national agents for conducting early warning system better than before.
The Gemeinschaft of Yogyakarta and Central Java
Yogyakarta
Before the earthquake happened, there was a cirrostratus cloud appeared a day
before, which attracted people but meant nothing, because they had been known about the
meaning. But for some traditional people who believe in a Javanese Tradition mentioned
the cloud was the natural sign, even they became the witness or victim also. The villagers
who live in the plateau in northern side were looked that some animals moved down from
the forest around the volcano, these condition were informed by the local mass-media, but
people made it meant as the awareness for the volcano’s eruption2.
Yogyakarta Province consists of five counties and well-known as the center of
Javanese Culture where its Kingdom still can be found on the Yogyakarta City, that is
why the people still have the strong gemeinschaft characteristic among them and give
high-honour to The Sultan who leads the province. According to the beliefs, The Sultan
has a supernatural power from another realm, and he has two special assistants who have
duty to keep the security for the province area, one is located in the northern side on the
volcano to make relationship well within The King of The Mountain, and another is
located in the southern province to make relationship well within The Queen of The
South Sea ( Indian Ocean ).
When earthquake happened, there was nothing caution from the recent sultan. It had
made some opinions among local people asked where the power of the sultan in. Many
2
The Merapi Volcano erupted on June 2006, killed 2 volunteer by its hot-clouds of toxic gas
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elders said that these earthquake never happened before. Eventhough, the local people
still have been regarding the sultan as well until present. The strength point from those
characteristic is the major affluence power from the sultan to unite the local people and
please them to be patient faced the earthquake, then they have to show good-spirit to
reconstruct and recover their life and their environments.
The campaign was worked effectively while the people showed their best spirit and
gave highly-motivated participation to arise from the suffers, and to make great
cooperation among them and other aid-agents.
Klaten, Central Java
The county is located in the border between Yogyakarta Province and Central Java
Province. It situated on the line between Yogyakarta in western and Solo in eastern which
known as the heart of Java Culture. Even the capital city of the province far away from
the area, but due to the Javanese’s gemeinschaft the response and recovery had been done
on a same-kind within the treatments in Yogyakarta Province. The treatments also were
highly-participated by the people whose Javanese and have same spirit to do cooperation.
The spirit to do recovery together in Yogyakarta and Central Java become the
mostly important social capital in matter for survival from the disaster. In other side, The
Javanese people also have their own culture for helping themselves independently and
take the aids as the second agent which can help their mission. It means that the victims
or local people has strong spirit to survive within their efforts through local wisdom and
communities ( Manfield, 2007 )
Figure 3a Local cooperation tradition ( left ). 3b “Jaran Kepang” one of the
Javanese Art Dances, played in Klaten County in the time of recovery ( right )
Source : Flickr, 2007
Emotional Tied in Yogyakarta and Klaten
Emotional tied in Yogyakarta and Central Java lots influenced by the gemeinschaft
sense inside. The sense unite the victims and local people to be together and face the
reality. In the process of recovery, the compassion and conscience each other showed by
them even some conflict of interests also happened. But the major point is the social
capital really recognised by them.
The victims also held kerja bakti spontaneously, which means working together
without profitability goal, to build something that focused and needed by mostly people in
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a region. For example like rebuilding houses together, organising public kitchen, rescuing
death or injured victims, and also organising siskamling a residential security system
which done by men for keeping the security of their material left and environment around
from the burglars. As facts, there were some groups who took the opportunity after
disaster happened to steal the materials left, then it motivated the people to made it
secured. They also did courage each other and did busy to forget the bad memory. By
giving care each other and concern into public affairs, they had showed their solidarity
among the victims and made the emotional tied became more tightly.
Empathy from outside region
The recovery from disaster also supported by people from outside region. Within
the image of Yogyakarta City as the center of education of the country. Each year, the
city invite great number outsider to come and study there. When the disaster happened,
lots parents came and helped not only their children but also local people who became
victims. The same-kind also had done by the people who had great memories in the city
when he or she studied in there.
Other fact mentioned that the image of Yogyakarta City as the center of Javanese
Culture and one of the tourism destination of the country, also brought lots and overseas
empathy up. Not only the Javaneses who felt took responsible as gemeinschaft sense, but
also others who came from the nation and foreigners who have great memories in there.
That condition made the emotional tied became more tightly and supported the local
people as victims to survive.
From the description above, we can note that the gemeinschaft which are showed by
the communities within its culture and local wisdom, and also the compassions inside had
been making the recovery stage successfully doing. We can refer that community power
is more effective for doing recovery. Compared by the tsunami case in Aceh3, The Java
Earthquake in Yogyakarta and Klaten is the better sample in collaborate the community
and its local wisdoms and other efforts to conduct the human security, in other reason
Yogyakarta has better image as center of education and also the one of tourism
destination which gained lots empathy from outsiders.
The Keypoint




3
The Java Earthquake on May 27th 2006 in Yogyakarta and Klaten happened after
a year tsunami in Aceh and leaved casualties lower than tsunami in Aceh and Nias
Island, made the people and government more capable to response and settled
better coordination.
The psychological rehabilitation was in a shorter session rather than tsunami in
Aceh and Nias Island.
The victims and local people were highly motivated by the cultural spirit and local
wisdom which concern on self help culture
The recovery process were supported by the highly participation from the victims
or local people and the communities in and outside the region, and also supported
Aceh was area of conflict and separatism when disaster occured
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by positive image of Yogyakarta as center of education and one of tourism
destination of the nation which made emotional tied stronger.
LESSON AND RECOMMENDATION
Social capital is the most important value for people in order to survive on disaster
When disasters happens, it needs some moment until the aids come and be
distributed. At the such moment, the victims have to survive by themselves only. It does
not simply thing, but needs great power to survive. The victims have to face the reality
and the damages, they also have to help his or her family members and or others, and
have to face the worst condition like psychological shock, physical suffering, and even
famine.
At the bad moment described above, the victims really need power to survive. The
easiest way to struggle always giving courage among themselves and it works due to they
have to face the sad reality together. The courage among them show us how precious the
social capital which give them power to survive from disaster. The way like gotong
royong or sharing the burdens together, distribute the sources like food – clothes – funds
– aids equally, and also protect the weak from hazardous things happened in Yogyakarta
and Central Java, also in Aceh and Nias and lots region which affected by disasters. The
social capital does not only can be found in Indonesia, but we can find it in lots regions of
the world.
Social capital does not only required on the response, but also on the recovery
process which will support the cooperation. And also useful for prevention stage that will
support the process by their emotional tied. That is why, people centered on disaster
management really important to be concerned due to it value in order to motivate the
people to increase their survival capability to face the disaster.
Local wisdom and or culture is to be wisely adopted for disaster management that
should be mixed within technology
We should regard our local wisdoms as well as technology developments.
Suthiwong Pongpaiboon said the government should make use of local wisdom in tandem
with modern ideas ( Pongpaiboon, 2005 ). In matter of disaster aspect, local wisdoms are
useful for all-level of disaster management. On the response for disaster, it works for
handle the conflict of interests and or chaos through by its regarded values which valuable
for the people. For the recovery process, local wisdom also required for settling the
interactions and understanding between the local people and the agents who like to help
them then conducting good participation among them. And for prevention stage, local
wisdom usually meaningful for influencing people to give their best commitment through
community to face the threat together and enhance the social capital. Local wisdom also
important for disaster risk reduction for disseminating traditional early warning system
through simply technology which reliable, cheap and have good accuracy ( example :
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Kentongan4 for Javanese, Angklung5 in Sunda, Smoong6 in Simeleu ). For some reasons,
traditional technology still required due to its cheap expense, simply, and reliable. Like in
Indonesia and many developing countries which the people sometimes do not understand
the modern technology that claimed as complex, expensive, and sometimes has errorproblem. That is why they do not use modern technology properly, even steal it to be
sold.
The combination on local wisdom and technology also useful for managing our
environment wisely for preventing man-made disasters.
Community is the best partner for cooperation on disaster management
To do disaster management needs huge number of power to make it works as well.
Therefore, the disaster management needs cooperation system which can be meant as
complexity on to handle the every part or people through the system. We can note that as
great number of people will make the mission finished shorter and more efficient. But the
large number of people also threatened the coordination which can make the system
unregulated. Then the solution is to make system within enough number of people to
participate within good coordination to ensure the mission can be done well-ordered.
Community can be an answer for that reason.
Community, as the group of people who have same idea or willing and values to be
settled together, can do as the partner for local-governmental and international aid agents
to do disaster management. Community can be source of power that can be handled by its
leader. That is the reason why the community should not be forgotten in matter to do
disaster management.
If the local wisdom become the soul, then community become the body in order to
settle good participation from people or victim to do disaster management together within
agents ( local – governmental or international ).
Arousing our sensitiveness into environment
Environments should be paid attention because it is the part of our nature – earth.
When the natural disaster happens, it usually marks by the natural signs previously, like
appearance in the sky such clouds, blizzards, sun, moon and or the changes of animal’s
behaviour different from usual ( Source : RAIPON, -- ). Another fact said that human
error on environments caused the disasters all-over the world. Anyway, environments still
should be cared for doing development, for people, for our society, and for conducting
human security.
Kentongan is Javanese’s traditional instrument made from wood which usually used for disseminating early warning
system of disaster and another urgently information like stealing, death, etc. The technique and its repeatedly beat has
different meaning for each accident.
4
5
6
Angklung almost same with Kentongan. Angklung also purposed for musical instrument.
Smoong means runaway to the hill for rescuing from huge wave.
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References
Electronic Media
ACHR, -- . Why Do People Centered Recovery Important ?.
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ADRC. 2004. Indonesia Country Report 2004.
http://web.adrc.or.jp/countryreport/IDN/2004/page.html ( accessed September 6th
2007 )
Flickr. 2007. Photo of Bantul and Klaten
http://www.flickr.com/photo_zoom.gne?id=230680586&context=set72157594249895195&size=o ( accessed Sep 6th 2007 )
International Herald Tribune. 2007. Indonesians put faith in disaster management – July
18th 2007.
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