1
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988
(ICPSR 6035)
Principal Investigators
Frederic S. Pearson
Wayne State University
Robert A. Baumann
University of Missouri, St. Louis
First ICPSR Release
April 1993
Inter-university Consortium for
Political and Social Research
P.O. Box 1248
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION
Publications based on ICPSR data collections should
acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic
citations. To ensure that such source attributions are
captured for social science bibliographic utilities,
citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference
section of publications. The bibliographic citation for
this data collection is:
Pearson, Frederic S., and Robert A. Baumann.
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988
[Computer file]. St. Louis, MO: University of
Missouri-St. Louis, Center for International
Studies [producer], 1992.
Ann Arbor,
MI:
Inter-university Consortium for Political and
Social Research [distributor], 1993.
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES
To provide funding agencies with essential information
about use of archival resources and to facilitate the
exchange of information
about
ICPSR
participants'
research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to
send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed
manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover
letter which data were used.
DATA DISCLAIMER
The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the
relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses
of this collection or for interpretations or inferences
based upon such uses.
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DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION
Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988 (ICPSR 6035)
SUMMARY: This data collection documents all cases of military
intervention across international boundaries by regular armed
forces of independent states in the regions of Europe, the Americas
(and Caribbean), Asia and the Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the
Middle East/North Africa. Military interventions are
defined
operationally in this collection as the movement of regular troops
or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling, etc.) of one country into
the territory or territorial waters of another country, or forceful
military action by troops already stationed by one country inside
another, in the context of some political issue or dispute. The
study seeks to identify politically important actions
which
interpose a state directly into the conflict patterns occurring in
another state, and which conceivably involve a breach of the
sovereignty of the target state (albeit by invitation in some
cases). The collection identifies intervener and target countries
and specifies the starting and ending dates of the intervention. A
series of potential interests in or motives for intervention are
presented, including effects on the target's domestic disputes,
foreign or domestic policies, and efforts to protect social
factions in the target, to attack rebels in sanctuaries across
borders ("hot pursuit"), to protect or enhance economic/resource
interests, to protect military or diplomatic facilities, to save
lives, or to affect regional power balances
and
strategic
relations.
Information is provided on the direction of the
intervention, i.e., to support or oppose the target government, to
support or oppose opposition groups in the target, or to support or
oppose third-party governments or
opposition
groups.
Other
variables show the degree of prior intervention, the alliance or
treaty relationship between intervener and target, prior colonial
status, prior intervention, and measures of intervener and target
power size. A series of intensity measures, such as battle-related
casualties, is also included. For each type of incursion, by land,
sea, or air, an ordinal scale of involvement is presented, ranging
from minor engagement such as evacuation, to patrols, acts of
intimidation, and actual firing, shelling, or bombing.
Finally,
contiguity
information is provided to indicate both whether
intervener and target are geographically contiguous, and whether
the intervention was launched from contiguous territory. CLASS III
UNIVERSE: All cases of military
1988.
interventions
from
1946
through
NOTE: Part 2 of this collection contains SAS language statements,
data list, instream data, and other program statements to read the
file directly into SAS.
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EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable
(text) + accompanying computer programs
documentation
EXTENT OF PROCESSING: NONNUM/ BLANKS/ MDATA
DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length
Part 1: Main Data File
File Structure: rectangular
Cases: 667
Variables: 35
Record Length: 134
Records Per Case: 1
Part 2: SAS Program File with
Instream Data
Record Length: 80
RELATED PUBLICATIONS:
Pearson, Frederic S. "U.S.-Soviet Competitive Intervention:
Retrospect and Prospect." In Manuel J. Pelaez (ed.), PUBLIC LAW AND
COMPARATIVE POLITICS. TRABAJOS EN HOMENAJE A FERRAN VALLIS I
TABERNER.
Vol. XVII. Barcelona, Spain: Facultad de Derecho de la
Universidad de Malaga, et. al, 1991, pp. 4985-5017.
Pearson, Frederic S., and Robert A. Baumann. "International
Military Intervention in Sub-Saharan African Subsystems." JOURNAL
OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOCIOLOGY 17 (Spring 1989), 115-150.
Pearson, Frederic S., Robert A. Baumann, and Gordon N. Bardos.
"Arms
Transfers:
Effects
on
African
Interstate Wars and
Interventions." CONFLICT QUARTERLY (Winter 1989), 36-62.
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INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION,
1946-1988*
Data Development for International Research (DDIR) Project
Merriam Laboratory for Analytic Political Research
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
512 East Chalmers Street
Champaign, Illinois 61820
Principal Investigator:
Frederic S. Pearson, Director
Center for Peace and Conflict Studies
2319 Faculty-Administration Building
Wayne State University
Detroit, Michigan 48202
Co-Investigator:
Robert A. Baumann
Center for International Studies
University of Missouri-St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499
Revised Edition: October, 1992
*This project, which was completed in 1989, was supported by the Data
Development for International Research (DDIR) Project, which was
funded by The National Science Foundation. Additional support for the
International Military Intervention project was provided by the
Center for International Studies, and the Improved Research Quality
Fund, University of Missouri-St. Louis, and the University of
Missouri Weldon Spring Fund. The investigators are solely responsible
for the contents.
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ICPSR 6035
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ASSISTANCE
All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the Data
Development for International Research (DDIR) project should
acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original collector of
the data. The DDIR project directors urge all users of DDIR data to
use the following statement or some appropriate equivalent:
The data utilized in this study were made available by the Data
Development for International Research Project. The data for
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-88 were originally
collected by Frederic S. Pearson. Neither the collector of the
original data nor the DDIR project bear any responsibility for the
analyses or interpretations presented in this study.
Each user of DDIR data is expected to send two copies of each
completed manuscript to the DDIR project directors, Prof. Dina A.
Zinnes and Prof. Richard L. Merritt.
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ICPSR 6035
Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page(s)
International Military Intervention: An
Introduction
4 - 6
List of Related Publications
7 - 8
Variable List
9
CODEBOOK
10 - 15
Appendix A: List of Country and Organization
Codes
16 - 23
Appendix B: Military Intervention Dataset
Sources
24 - 33
Appendix C: Cox-Jacobson Power Scale
34 - 35
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ICPSR 6035
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION,
1946-1988
Introduction
The international military intervention data set covers the
1946-1988 period. Final coding accumulated 667 cases of military
intervention across international boundaries by regular armed forces
of independent states in the regions of Europe, the Americas (and
Caribbean), Asia and the Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle
East/North Africa.
Several innovations and changes distinguish this data set from
our prior compilation (1948-67), as well as from other data sets
which encompass interventions (see codebook). These changes are
apparent in a number of the key issues in identifying intervention
which we have listed in prior analyses: definition; confirmation;
determination of dates; specification of auspices and motives;
enumeration of repetition; determination of magnitude and import. /1
We continue to define military intervention operationally as the
movement of regular troops or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling,
etc.) of one country into the territory or territorial waters of
another country, or forceful military action by troops already
stationed by one country inside another, in the context of some
political issue or dispute. Regular forces here do not include
paramilitary forces, as defined by the MILITARY BALANCE publications
of the IISS, and since actions by border guards or police are
therefore excluded, we run less risk than in the past of including
very minor border skirmishes and shooting incidents.
We have tried in this study to identify politically important
actions which interpose a state directly in the conflict patterns
going on in another state, and which conceivably involve moves which
could breach the target state's sovereignty (albeit by invitation in
some cases). Excluded are random or clearly accidental border
violations, and military involvements by colonial powers in their
colonies (since sovereignty is not being breached); interventions by
others in colonies are treated as interventions in the colonial
power. The shipment of arms or materiel, and covert subversion, while
forms of intervention, are not included here as MILITARY
intervention. Transport of troops, even troops of another country,
into a fighting zone is considered intervention. Evacuations are
treated as a minor form of intervention, since they imply that the
host state cannot guarantee the safety of resident aliens, and that
normal channels of travel cannot suffice; they also offer the pretext
for deeper potential involvements by the intervener. In addition,
interventions in disputed territory are included in this compilation,
with consideration of prior occupation of the territory and legal
standing in determining who is the intervener and who the target.
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ICPSR 6035
Page 5
Military engagements on the high seas are excluded, unless they
involve disputed territories such as uninhabited but previously
occupied islands.
We speak of forceful interventions, meaning the use of troops in
some form of compellant or deterrent role, rather than to build roads
or administer medical relief programs, even when the latter might
influence the course of battle. Military advisors, technicians, or
instructors are not considered interveners, unless they engage in,
lead, or direct (at frontlines) active combat. Initiatives by
military commanders are considered intervention, if they qualify by
other criteria, even if they were not specifically authorized by the
home government (since they have implications for further conflict
and breaches of sovereignty). Troops stationed on military bases are
not considered interveners, unless they arrive in the midst of a
political dispute, or unless they leave the base to take some
forceful action in the context of such a dispute.
While adversaries frequently accuse each other of aggression and
intervention, the researcher must insist on as much confirmation by
independent sources as possible. Therefore, we have roamed widely
for source material (see bibliography attached), including
newspapers, chronologies and archives, monographs, almanacs, and
prior conflict studies. A complete review of the NEW YORK TIMES INDEX
and FOREIGN AFFAIRS chronologies for the years under study was used
to identify potential cases which might have been missed in other
sources. By using both US and non-US sources, and particularly
regionally specific chronologies, we aimed to minimize cultural
biases. Sources are specified for each intervention case to assist
in evaluation, replication, and supplemental studies.
Conventions have been adopted for dating the interventions
(beginning and ending). Exact dates are specified where known;
approximate dates are used where specified (such as by month), with
the last day of months or years adopted as the designation.
Interventions are considered continuous over a period of time if
repeated acts occur with no break longer than six months. Resumption
after six months is designated a new intervention, as is a "step
level" change of commitment, as when US troops were sent to Vietnam
in 1965 to supplement the existing bombing campaign.
Interventions by multilateral actors are included, with
designation of the international organization undertaking the action.
Individual states participating in multilateral peacekeeping are not
listed separately, but rather only under the I.O. rubric. An
individual state participating in such multilateral intervention is
considered as having intervened in the target, though, for purposes
of counting repetitive intervention.
A series of potential interests in or motives of intervention
are presented, including effects on target's domestic disputes,
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ICPSR 6035
foreign, or domestic policies, and efforts to protect social factions
in the target, to attack. rebels in sanctuaries across borders ("hot
pursuit"), to protect or enhance economic/resource interests, to
protect military or diplomatic facilities, to save lives
("humanitarian"), or to affect regional power balances and strategic
relations. In addition, we have added more detail than previously as
to the direction of the intervention--i.e., to support or oppose the
target government, to support or oppose opposition groups in the
target, or to support or oppose third party governments or opposition
groups. This adds greater nuance to the political context of
interventions than our old categorization of "friendly" or "hostile."
Another innovation is inclusion of variables designed to show
the degree of prior intervention, or intervener's stake in the
target. These include a conflict number designation in addition to an
intervention number, so that analysts can determine which
interventions arise most frequently from which basic domestic or
international conflicts. We specify the alliance or treaty
relationship between intervener and target, as well, along with their
prior mutual colonial status since 1648. We also note whether the
given intervener has previously (since 1945) intervened in this
target.
In order to help researchers specify the diplomatic importance
of the intervention in question, measures of the intervener and
target power size /2 also are included (the presumption is that people
will want to look closely at the interventions of large, medium, and
small powers), along with intensity measures such as battle related
casualties (deaths and injuries, when both are known, otherwise
deaths) for intervener and target (or groups in the target).
Admittedly, accurate casualty figures are extremely elusive, and best
estimates of observers must be accepted; a large amount of missing
data persists in the casualty area. For each type of incursion, by
land, sea, or air, an ordinal scale of involvement is presented,
ranging from minor engagement such as evacuation, to patrols, acts of
intimidation, and actual firing, shelling, or bombing.
Following on the theoretical work of Starr and Most /3 as well as
our own prior studies, contiguity information is provided to indicate
both whether intervener and target are geographically contiguous, and
whether the intervention is launched from contiguous territory.
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Page 7
FOOTNOTES
/1. Fredcric S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "International
Military Interventions: Identification and Classification,"
INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS, vol. 14, no. 2 (1988), pp. 173-180.
/2. Cox-Jacobson Power Scale, from Robert Lyle Butterworth, MANAGING
INTERSTATE CONFLICT, 1945-74: DATA WITH SYNOPSES (Pittsburgh:
University Center for International Studies, University of
Pittsburgh, 1976), p. 486. Adapted by Butterworth from: Robert W. Cox
and Harold K. Jacobson, THE ANATOMY OF INFLUENCE. (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1973), pp. 437-443.
/3. Harvey Starr and Benjamin A. Most, "Contagion and Border Effects
on Contemporary African Conflict," COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES,
vol. 16, no. 1 (1983), pp. 92-117; and "The Forms and Processes of
War Diffusion: Research Update on Contagion in African Conflict,"
COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES, vol. 18, no. 2 (1985) pp. 206-227.
Page 8
ICPSR 6035
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Frederic S. Pearson, "U.S.-Soviet Competitive Intervention:
Retrospect and Prospect." in PUBLIC LAW AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS.
TRABAJOS EN HOMENAJE A FERRAN VALLS I TABERNER. Vol XVII. ed. by
Manuel J. Pelaez. Barcelona, Spain: Facultad de Derccho de la
Universidad de Malaga, et alia 1991, pp. 4985-5017.
Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "International Military
Intervention In Sub-Saharan African Subsystems." JOURNAL OF
POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOCIOLOGY, Vol. 17, (Spring, 1989), pp.
115-150.
Frederic S. Pearson, Robert A. Baumann, and Gordon N. Bardos, "Arms
Transfers: Effects on African Interstate Wars and Interventions,"
CONFLICT QUARTERLY, Winter, 1989, pp. 36-62.
Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "International Military
Interventions: Identification and Classification." INTERNATIONAL
INTERACTIONS, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Fall, 1988), pp. 173-180.
Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "Toward a Regional Model
of International Military Intervention: The Middle Eastern
Experience." ARMS CONTROL, Vol. 4, No. 3 (December 1983), pp.
187-222.
Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "Foreign Military
Intervention and Changes in United States Business Activity." JOURNAL
OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOCIOLOGY, Vol. 5, No. 1, (Spring 1977),
pp. 79-97.
Frederic S. Pearson, "American Military Intervention Abroad: A Test
of Economic and Non-Economic Explanations." in THE POLITICS OF AID,
TRADE AND INVESTMENT, ed. by Satish Raichur and Craig Liske. Sage
Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy Series, (John Wiley &
Sons, Halsted Press Division, 1976), pp. 37-62.
Frederic S. Pearson, "Geographic Proximity and Foreign Military
Intervention: 1948-67." JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION, Vol. 18, No.
3, (September 1974), pp. 432-60.
Frederic S. Pearson, "Foreign Military Interventions and Domestic
Disputes." INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Vol. 18, No. 3,
(September 1974), pp. 259-90.
Frederic S. Pearson, "Foreign Military Intervention by Large and
Small Powers." INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS, Vol 1 (1974), pp.
273-278.
Frederic S. Pearson, "Patterns of Foreign Military Intervention:
1948-67." OCCASIONAL PAPERS, No. 731. University of Missouri-St.
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ICPSR 6035
Page 9
Louis, Center for International Studies.
60 pp.
Frederic S. Pearson, "A Perceptual Framework for Analysis of
International Military Intervention." OCCASIONAL PAPER, No. 735.
University of Missouri-St. Louis, Center for International Studies.
93 pp.
Page 10
ICPSR 6035
VARIABLE LIST
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
001
002
003
004
005
Data set name
Intervener Country Code
Target Country Code
Starting Date
Ending Date
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
006
007
008
009
010
Intervention Number
Conflict Number
Source of Intervention
Direction of Intervener Supporting Action
Type of Troop Activity
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
011
012
013
014
015
Amount of Troop Incursion
Air Incursion
Naval Incursion
Size of Naval Force Employed
Firing From Outside the Target
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
016
017
018
019
020
Number of battle casualties to the intervener
Number of battle casualties to the target
Colonial history?
Previous intervention?
Alliance Partners?
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
021
022
023
024
025
Domestic Dispute?
Affect policies or conditions in target?
Social Protective Intervention?
Pursuit across border?
Economic Protective Intervention?
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
026
027
028
029
030
Strategic Intervention?
Humanitarian Intervention?
Territorial Intervention?
Military/Diplomatic Protective Intervention?
Contiguity
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
031
032
033
034
035
Intervention from contiguous country?
Alignment of Target
Power Size of Intervener
Power Size of Target
Description of Intervention
ICPSR 6035
Page 11
CODE BOOK
Variable Number
Column(s)
Variable Name
and/or Description
VAR 001
1 - 4
Acronym for data sct name, i.e.:
MINT
VAR 002
6 - 10
Intervener Country Code. (use the
Russett, Singer, Small country codes
listed in Appendix A).
VAR 003
12 - 16
Target Country Code. (use the Russett,
Singer, Small country codes listed
in Appendix A).
VAR 004
18 - 25
Starting Date. year/month/day. 8
digits. e.g., 19871019 is October
19, 1987.
VAR 005
27 - 34
Ending Date. year/month/day. 8
digits e.g., 19860603 is June 3,
1986. (If ongoing, code 19881231;
if day unknown, code last day of
month; if month unknown code last
month of year; if date unknown,
code 99999999).
VAR 006
36 - 39
Intervention number. A unique case
number. (4 digits).
VAR 007
41 - 44
Conflict number. A unique conflict
number. (4 Digits).
VAR 008
46
Source of Intervention
1. Nation crossing border or
demarcation line.
2. Nation whose troops are already
present in the country participating in the intervention.
3. Both 1 and 2
4. International Organization.
9. Unclear (know troops are there
but do not know if they were
already there or if they crossed
a border), or not ascertained.
VAR 009
48
Direction of Intervener
Supporting Action.
0. non-supportive or neutral intervention
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ICPSR 6035
1. support government (including
immediate restoration to abort
coup)
2. oppose rebels or opposition groups
3. oppose government
4. support rebel or opposition groups
5. support or oppose 3rd party
government
6. support or oppose rebel groups in
sanctuary
9. not ascertained
VAR 010
50
Troop Activity (outside bases-code
highest level).
0. none
1. Evacuation of troops or personnel
(any nationality) in context or
dispute.
2. Transport or negotiate-observe
3. Patrol/guard/Defend (SAMS)
4. Intimidation
5. Combat
9. not ascertained
VAR 011
52
Amount of Troop Incursion
(code at highest level).
0. none
1. 1-1000
2. 1001-5000
3. 5001-10,000
4. 10,000+
9. not ascertained
VAR 012
54
Air Incursion (note: reconnaissance
flights are not included-code at
highest level).
0. none
1. evacuation of troops or personnel
2. transport troops or personnelsupply/support
3. act of intimidation/air defense/
patrol
4. bombing or strafing, firing
(offense)
9. not ascertained
VAR 013
56
Naval Incursion (code at highest
level).
0. none
1. evacuation of troops or personnel.
2. transport troops or launch forces
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3.
4.
5.
9.
inside territorial waters for
combat or application of force
laying or removing mines in
territorial waters/commando raid.
act of intimidation or patrol in
territorial waters or disputed
waters already occupied
Shelling/firing
not ascertained
VAR 014
58
Size of Naval Force Employed
(within territorial waters of
target).
1. small force (1-4 ships)
2. large force (5 or more ships)
9. not ascertained; not applicable
VAR 015
60
Firing (by artillery, guns or ships)
by the intervener from outside the
target.
0. no
1. yes
9. no report; no information; not
ascertained; not applicable
VAR 016
62 - 64
Number of battle (military) casualties
to the intervener (whenever possible
include number killed + number wounded)
associated with this intervention.
Count all casualties if targets are
camps or villages.
000. none
XXX. number of casualties (at least)
998. at least 998 casualties
999. not ascertained
VAR 017
66 - 68
Number of battle (military) casualties
to the target associated with this
intervention.
000. none
XXX. number of casualties (at least)
998. at least 998 casualties
999. not ascertained
VAR 018
70
Colonial History? (i.e. historically,
did target have one of the listed
relationships with this intervener?)
0. none
1. colony, since 1648
2. protectorate, since 1648
3. previously unified country or
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empire, since 1648 (in the
territory under question).
9. not known/not
ascertained
VAR 019
72
Previous Intervention (post 1945/
post-independence) by this
intervener in this target?
0. no
1. yes
9. N.A.
VAR 020
74
Are the intervener and target
military alliance or security
treaty partners (including
agreements to consult if attacked),
non-aggression pacts, and regional
pacts - OAU, Commonwealth, etc.?
(U.N. considered security pact if
multinational intervention only).
0. no
1. yes
9. N.A.
VAR 021
76
Intervene to take sides in a domestic
dispute?
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained; not applicable
VAR 022
78
If 0 or 9 on VAR 020, attempt to
affect conditions in and/or foreign
or domestic policies of target.
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained;
not applicable
VAR 023
80
Social Protective Intervention (e.g.,
to protect a socio-ethnic faction(s)
or minority of the target country)?
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained
VAR 024
82
Intervener pursuing rebel or terrorist
forces across border or into sanctuary?
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained
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VAR 025
84
Economic Protective Intervention?
(intervener attempts to protect
economic or resource interests
of self or others).
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained
VAR 026
86
Strategic Intervention? (e.g.,
regional power balances, stability,
or ideological issues mentioned
by the intervener or clearly connected to the intervention?)
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained
VAR 027
88
Intervention for Humanitarian
Reasons (e.g., to "save lives,"
"relieve suffering," distribute
foodstuffs to prevent starvation)
apart from social protection (#23).
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained
VAR 028
90
Intervention for acquisition or
retention of territory, delineation
of frontiers, or specification of
sovereign status.
0. no
1. yes - intervention in established
territory
2. yes - intervention in disputed
territory under other state's
control or prior usage.
9. not ascertained
VAR 029
92
Intervention to protect own military
and/or diplomatic interests and
property inside or outside the target?
(e.g., military property; diplomats;
diplomatic property)
0. no
1. yes
9. not ascertained
VAR 030
94
Are intervener and target neighboring
contiguous countries?
0. no
1. yes
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ICPSR 6035
2. less than or equal to 150 miles of
water between borders
9. not ascertained
VAR 031
96
Does intervention come from neighboring contiguous countries?
0. no
1. yes
2. less than or equal to 150 miles
of water between borders
9. not ascertained
VAR 032
98
Alignment of target (by security
treaty).
1. non-aligned leaning West
2. non-aligned leaning East
3. non-aligned
4. West bloc
5. East bloc
6. Allied, but not East or West
9. not ascertained
VAR 033
100
Power Size of Intervener. (Use CoxJacobson Scale. See Appendix C).
1. smallest
2. small
3. middle
4. large
5. super
9. not applicable
VAR 034
102
Power Size of Target. (Use CoxJacobson Scale. See Appendix C).
1. smallest
2. small
3. middle
4. large
5. super
VAR 035
104 - 134
Description of Intervention
ICPSR 6035
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APPENDIX A
This section includes the RSS Country Codes. The RSS Country
Code is a standard International Relations Country Code developed by
Bruce M Russett, J. David Singer and Melvin Small (see Russett,
Singer, and Small, "National Political Units in the Twentieth
Century: A Standardized List," THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW
vol. 62, no. 3 (September 1968) p. 932-951.)
Included in the list arc codes for multi-national organizations
and forces, and for political entities that were not included in the
RSS Country Code list but which met the criteria for inclusion in
this study. These codes were assigned arbitrarily, but were made to
conform with the RSS method of denoting the region in which the
country is located. On the list below, these codes arc marked with
an asterisk to indicate that they are NOT codes developed by Russett,
Singer, and Small.
COUNTRY
RSS
COUNTRY
RSS
Abu Dhabi
691*
Bahrain
692
Afghanistan
700
Bangladesh
749*
Albania
339
Barbados
053
Algeria
615
Belgium
211
Andorra
232
Belize
080
Angola
540
Benin
434
Anguilla
061*
Bhutan
760
Antigua
058
Bolivia
145
Arab League
619*
Botswana
(Bechuanaland)
571
Argentina
160
Brazil
140
Australia
900
Brunei Darussalam
835
Austria
305
Bulgaria
355
Bahamas, The
031
Burkina
Fasso
439
Page 18
ICPSR 6035
Burma
775
Dahomey (See Benin)
Burundi
516
Denmark
390
Cambodia
811
Dominica
054
Cameroon
471
Dominican Republic
042
Canada
020
Ecuador
130
Central African
Republic (and Central
African Empire)
482
Egypt
651
El Salvador
092
Equatorial Guinea
411
Ceylon (See Sri Lanka).
Chad
483
Ethiopia
530
Chile
155
Fiji
950
China, People's
Republic of
710
Finland
375
France
220
Gabon
481
China, Republic of
(See Taiwan).
Colombia
100
Gambia, The
420
Commonwealth
204*
Germany, Dem. Rep.
of (East)
265
Comoros
581
484
Germany, Fed. Rep.
of (West)
255
Congo, People's
Republic of
(Brazzaville)/
(French Congo)
Ghana
452
Great Britain (See United Kingdom)
Congo,
Kinshasa (Belgian
Congo). (See Zaire).
Costa Rica
094
Cuba
040
Cyprus
352
Czechoslovakia
315
Greece
350
Grenada
055
Guatemala
090
Guinea
(French Guinea)
438
Guinea-Bissau
(Portuguese Guinea)
404
1
ICPSR 6035
Page 19
Guyana
(British Guiana)
110
Kuwait
690
Haiti
041
Laos
812
Honduras
091
League of Arab States
(See Arab League)
Hungary
310
Lebanon
660
Hyderabad
755*
Lesotho
(Basutoland)
570
Iceland
395
Liberia
450
India
750
Libya
620
Indonesia
850
Liechtenstein
223
Iran
630
Luxembourg
212
Iraq
645
Ireland
205
Madagascar/
Malagasy
Republic
580
Israel
666
Malaya (See Malaysia)
Italy
325
Malawi
553
Ivory Coast
437
Malaysia (Fed.
of Malaya)
820
Jamaica
051
Maldives
781
Japan
740
Mali
432
Jordan
663
Malta
338
Junagadh
753*
Mauritania
435
Mauritius
590
Mexico
070
Monaco
221
Mongolia
712
Morocco
600
Mozambique
541
Kampuchea (See Cambodia)
Kashmir
754*
Kenya
501
Korea, Dem.
People's Republic
of (North) .
731
Korea, Republic of
(South)
732
1
Page 20
Multinational Force
(in Lebanon)
Multinational Force
and Observers
(in Sinai)
ICPSR 6035
661*
Rhodesia/Southern
Rhodesia (See Zimbabwe)
Romania
360
Rwanda
517
Saint Christopher
(Kitts)-Nevis
060
Saint Lucia
056
Saint Vincent
057
653*
Muscat-Oman (See Oman)
Nepal
790
Netherlands, The
210
New Zealand
920
Nicaragua
093
Niger
436
Nigeria
475
Norway
385
Oman
698
Salvador, El (See El Salvador)
San Marino
331
Saudi Arabia
670
Senegal
433
Seychelles
591
Sierra Leone
451
429*
Sikkim
761
Organization of
American States
029*
Singapore
830
Somalia
520
Pakistan
770
South Africa
560
Panama
095
Papua New Guinea
910
Paraguay
150
Peru
135
Philippines
840
Poland
Organization of
African Unity
South Yemen (See Yemen,
People's Dem. Rep. of)
Spain
Sri Lanka
230
780
Sudan
625
Suriname
(Dutch Guiana)
115
290
Portugal
235
Swaziland
572
Qatar
694
Sweden
380
1
ICPSR 6035
Page 21
Switzerland
225
Syria
652
Taiwan (Rep. of
China) (Formosa)
713
Tanganyika (See Tanzania)
Vietnam, Socialist
Rep. of (formerly
North Vietnam)
816
Vietnam, Rep. of
(South)
817
Western Samoa
990
West Indies
Associated States
049*
Yemen Arab Republic
(North)
678
Tanzania
510
Thailand
800
Tibet
709*
Togo
461
Tonga
955
Trinidad & Tobago
052
Yemen, People's Dem.
Rep. of (South)
680
Tunisia
616
Yugoslavia
345
Turkey
640
Zaire
490
Uganda
500
Zambia
551
U.S.S.R.
365
Zanzibar
511
United Arab
Emirates
Zimbabwe
552
695*
United Arab
Republic (See Egypt)
United Kingdom
200
United Nations
001*
United States of
America
002
Upper Volta (See Burkina Fasso)
Uruguay
165
Vanuatu
935
Vatican City
328
Venezuela
101
1
Page 22
ICPSR 6035
RSS Country Codes in Numerical Order
001*
002
020
029*
031
040
041
042
049*
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
060
061*
070
080
090
091
092
093
094
095
100
101
110
115
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
200
204*
205
United Nations
United States of America
Canada
Organization of American
States
The Bahamas
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
West Indies Associated
States
Jamaica
Trinidad/Tobago
Barbados
Dominica
Grenada
St. Lucia
St. Vincent
Antigua
St. Christopher (Kitts)Nevis
Anguilla
Mexico
Belize (British Honduras)
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Colombia
Venezuela
Guyana
Suriname
Ecuador
Peru
Brazil
Bolivia
Paraguay
Chile
Argentina
Uruguay
United Kingdom
Commonwealth
Ireland
210
211
212
220
221
223
225
230
232
235
255
265
290
305
310
315
325
328
331
338
339
345
350
352
355
360
365
375
380
385
390
395
404
411
420
429*
432
433
434
435
436
The Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
France
Monaco
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Spain
Andorra
Portugal
Federal Republic of
Germany (West)
Democratic Republic of
Germany (East)
Poland
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Italy
Vatican City
San Marino
Malta
Albania
Yugoslavia
Greece
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Romania
U.S.S.R.
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Iceland
Guinea-Bissau
(Portuguese Guinea)
Equatorial Guinea
The Gambia
Organization of African
Unity
Mali
Senegal
Benin (Dahomey)
Mauritania
Niger
1
ICPSR 6035
437
438
439
450
451
452
461
471
475
481
482
483
484
490
500
501
510
511
516
517
520
530
540
541
551
552
553
560
570
571
572
580
581
590
591
600
615
616
619*
Page 23
Ivory Coast
Guinea (French Guinea)
Burkina Fasso (Upper
Volta)
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Togo
Cameroon
Nigeria
Gabon
Central African
Republic/Central
African Empire
Chad
Congo, People's
Republic of (French
Congo) (Brazzaville)
Zaire (Democratic
Republic of)
(Belgian Congo)
(Kinshasa)
Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania
Zanzibar
Burundi
Rwanda
Somalia
Ethiopia
Angola
Mozambique
Zambia
Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
(Southern Rhodesia)
Malawi
South Africa
Lesotho (Basutoland)
Botswana (Bechuanaland)
Swaziland
Madagascar/Malagasy
Republic
Comoros
Mauritius
Seychelles
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
Arab League
620
625
630
640
645
651
652
653*
660
661*
663
666
670
678
680
690
691*
692
694
695*
698
700
709*
710
712
713
731
732
740
749*
750
753*
754*
755*
760
761
770
775
780
781
790
Libya
Sudan
Iran
Turkey
Iraq
Egypt
Syria
Multinational Force and
Observers (in Sinai)
Lebanon
Multinational Force
(in Lebanon)
Jordan
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Yemen Arab Republic
Yemen, People's Dem.
Republic of (South)
Kuwait
Abu Dhabi
Bahrain
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Oman
Afghanistan
Tibet
China, Peoples Republic
of
Mongolia
Taiwan (Republic
of China)
Korea, Democratic
People's Republic
of (North)
Korea, Republic of
(South)
Japan
Bangladesh
India
Junagadh
Kashmir
Hyderabad
Bhutan
Sikkim
Pakistan
Burma
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Maldive Islands
Nepal
1
Page 24
800
811
812
816
817
820
830
835
840
850
900
910
920
935
950
955
990
ICPSR 6035
Thailand
Kampuchea (Cambodia)
Laos
Victnam, Socialist
Republic of (North)
Vietnam, Rep. of (South)
Malaysia (Malaya)
Singapore
Brunei
Philippines
Indonesia
Australia
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Vanuatu (New Hebrides)
Fiji
Tonga
Western Samoa
ICPSR 6035
Page 25
APPENDIX B
International Military Intervention Dataset Sources
General Sources
The Economist
Facts on File
Foreign Affairs, Chronology
(annual issues, 1981-1988)
Keesings Contemporary Archives
Thc New York Times
The New York Times Index
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Wall Street Journal
The World Almanac
The Times (London)
The Daily Telegraph
(London)
LeMonde
Newsweek
The Statesman's Yearbook
Blechman, Barry and Stephen S. Kaplan (1978). FORCE WITHOUT WAR.
Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Butterworth, Robert L. (1976). MANAGING INTERSTATE CONFLICT. 1945-74:
DATA WITH SYNOPSES. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, University
Center for International Studies.
Center for Defense Information (1983). "A world at war--1983." THE
DEFENSE MONITOR 12,1.
Citrin, Jack (1965). UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES: A CASE
STUDY IN ORGANIZATIONAL TASK EXPANSION, Monograph Series in World
Affairs, III: 1. Denver: The Social Science Foundation and Graduate
School of International Studies, University of Denver.
Day, Alan J. (ed.). (1987). BORDER AND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES. SECOND
EDITION. (A Keesing's Reference Publication. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Day, Alan J. (ed.) (1982). BORDER AND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES. (A
Keesing's Reference Publication). Detroit: Gale Research Company.
Donelan, M. D. and MJ. Grieve (1973) INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES: CASE
HISTORIES 1945-1970 New York: St. Martin's.
Duner, Bertil (1985). MILITARY INTERVENTION IN CIVIL WARS: The 1970s.
Aldershot, England: Gower.
Eckhardt, William and Edward A. Azar (1978). "Major world conflicts
and interventions, 1945 to 1975." INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS 5,1:
75-110.
Gleditsch, Nils Petter and Totto Befring (1986). THE COMPOSITION OF
THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM, 1945-86. Oslo: International Peace Research
Institute.
1
Page 26
ICPSR 6035
Gochman, Charles S. and Zeev Maoz (1984). "Militarized interstate
disputes, 1816-1976: procedures, patterns, and insights." THE JOURNAL
OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 28,4 (December): 585-616.
Goose, Steven D. (1987). "Armed Conflicts in 1986, and the Iraq-Iran
War." pp. 297-320. in SIPRI YEARBOOK 1987, WORLD ARMAMENTS AND
DISARMAMENT. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haas, Ernst B. (1986). WHY WE STILL NEED THE UNITED NATIONS. THE
COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT. 1945-1984. (Policy
Papers in International Affairs, No. 26). Berkeley: Institute of
International Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
Hosmer, Stephen T. and Thomas W. Wolfe (1983). SOVIET POLICY AND
PRACTICE TOWARD THIRD WORLD CONFLICTS. Lexington, NU: Lexington
Books.
Jessup, John E. (1989). A CHRONOLOGY OF CONFLICT AND RESOLUTION.
1945-1985. New York: Greenwood Press.
Kaplan, Stephen, S. et al. (1981). DIPLOMACY OF POWER: SOVIET ARMED
FORCES AS A POLITICAL INSTRUMENT. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings
Institution.
Kende, Istvan (1978). "Wars of ten years: 1967-1976." JOURNAL OF
PEACE RESEARCH 15,3: 227-241.
____________(1971). "Twenty-five years of local wars," JOURNAL OF
PEACE RESEARCH 8,1: 5-22.
Luard, Evan (ed.) (1970) THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF FRONTIER
DISPUTES. London: Thames and Hudson.
Maoz, Zeev (1982). PATHS TO CONFLICT: INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE
INITIATION, 1816-1976. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Menon, Rajan (1986). SOVIET POWER AND THE THIRD WORLD. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
Northedge, F. S. (ed.). (1974). THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS. New York: The Free Press.
Northedge, F. S. and M. D. Donelan (1971). INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES:
THE POLITICAL ASPECTS. London: Europa Publications.
Porter, Bruce D. (1984). THE USSR IN THIRD WORLD CONFLICTS: SOVIET
ARMS AND DIPLOMACY IN LOCAL WARS 1945-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Riggs, Robert E. and Jack C. Piano (1988). THE UNITED NATIONS:
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND WORLD POLITICS. Chicago: The Dorsey
1
ICPSR 6035
Page 27
Press.
Schmid, Alex P. and Ellen Berends (1985). SOVIET MILITARY
INTERVENTIONS SINCE 1945. Leiden. The Netherlands: State University
of Leiden. Center for the Study of Social Conflicts. Research Report
17.
Singer, J. David and Melvin Small (1972). THE WAGES OF WAR,
1816-1965: A STATISTICAL HANDBOOK. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Small, Melvin and J. David Singer (1982). RESORT TO ARMS:
INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WARS 1816-1980. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage
Publications.
Tillema, Herbert K. (1989). "Foreign Overt Military Intervention in
the Nuclear Age." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, 26,2: 176-196.
____________(1986). "Regional patterns in international military
intervention: states' orientations toward the use of force,
1946-1983." Paper presented at the 27th Annual Convention of the
International Studies Association, Anaheim, Calif.: 25-29 March.
____________(1973. APPEAL TO FORCE: AMERICAN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN
THE ERA OF CONTAINMENT. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
____________ and John R. Van Wingen (1982). "Law and power in
military intervention: major states after World War II."
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY 26,2 (June): 220- 250.
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1983).
STATUS OF THE WORLD'S NATION. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O.
Van Wingen, John R. and Herbert K. Tillema (1980). "British military
intervention after World War II: militance in a second-rank power."
JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 17,4: 291-303.
Wainhouse, David W. (1973). INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING AT THE
CROSSROADS: NATIONAL SUPPORT-EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS. Baltimore: The
Johns Hopkins University Press.
____________(1966). INTERNATIONAL PEACE OBSERVATIONS: A HISTORY AND
FORECAST. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1
Page 28
ICPSR 6035
Wilson, G. Kenneth and Peter Wallensteen (1988). "Major Armed
Conflicts in 1987." pp. 285-298. in SIPRI YEARBOOK 1988: WORLD
ARMAMENTS AND DISARMAMENT. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Zacher, Mark W. (1979) INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COLLECTIVE
SECURITY. 1947-77. New York: Praeger Publishers.
AFRICA
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL
AFRICA CONTEMPORARY RECORD. Colin Legum, editor. New York: Africana
Publishing Company. various annual volumes.
AFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SERIES.
Various volumes.
African Diary. Various volumes.
Akpan, Ntieyong U. (1971). THE STRUGGLE FOR SECESSION, 1966-1970. A
PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR. London: Frank Cass.
ANNUAIRE DE L'AFRIGUE ET DU MOVEN-ORIENT 1980: LES ARMEES et la
defense. Annual suplement to a jeune afrique. Paris.
Bruce, Neil (1975) Portugal: THE LAST EMPIRE. London: David & Charles.
____________ (1973). PORTUGAL'S AFRICAN WARS. London: Institute for
the Study of Conflict. Conflict Studies, No. 34.
Chabal, Patrick (1981) "National liberation in Portuguese Guinea,
1956-1974." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 80,318 (January): 75-99.
Damis, John (1984). "THE OAU AND WESTERN SAHARA." pp. 273-296 in
Yassin El-Ayouty and I. William Zartman (eds.) The OAU After Twenty
Years. New York: Praeger Publishers.
De St. Jorre, John (1972). THE BROTHERS' WAR. BIAFRA AND NIGERIA.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
El-Ayouty, Yassin (ed.) (1975) THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY
AFTER TEN YEARS: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES. New York: Praeger
Publishers.
El-Ayouty, Yassin and I. William Zartman (eds.) (1984). THE OAU AFTER
TWENTY YEARS. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Gavshon, Arthur (1981). CRISIS IN AFRICA: BATTLEGROUND OF EAST AND
WEST. New York: Penguin Books.
ICPSR 6035
Page 29
Hallett, Robin (1978). "The South African Intervention in Angola."
AFRICAN AFFAIRS 77,308 (July): 347-386.
Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (1980). THE ANGOLAN WAR: A STUDY IN SOVIET
POLICY IN THE THIRD WORLD. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Legum, Colin and Bill Lee (1977). CONFLICT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA.
London: Rex Collings.
Leogrande, William M (1980). CUBA'S POLICY IN AFRICA, 1959-1980.
Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International
Studies.
MacFarlane, Neil (1985). INTERVENTION AND REGIONAL SECURITY. London:
The International Institute for Strategic Studics, Adelphi Paper No.
196.
____________(1984). "Africa's decaying security system and the rise
of intervention." INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 8,4 (Spring): 127-151.
____________(1983/84). "Intervention and Security in Africa."
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 60,2 (Winter): 53-56.
Marcum, John A. (1978). THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION, VOLUME II. EXILE
POLITICS AND GUERILLA WARFARE (1962-1976). Cambridge, MA: The MIT
Press, 1978.
Marks, Thomas A. (1976) "Spanish Sahara--background to conflict."
AFRICAN AFFAIRS 75,298 (January): 3-13.
Mercer, John (1976) "The cycle of invasion and unification in the
western Sahara." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 75,301 (October): 498-510.
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo and June S. Belkin (eds.) (1872) CUBA IN AFRICA.
Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh, University Center for
International Studies; Center for Latin American Studies.
New African Yearbook 1985-86 (1985). WEST & CENTRAL AFRICA. London:
IC Magazines Ltd.
New African Yearbook 1984-85 (1984). EAST, SOUTHERN AFRICA & NIGERIA.
London: IC Magazines Ltd.
Pittman, Dean (1984). "The OAU and Chad." pp. 297-325 in Yassin
El-Ayouty and I. William Zartman (eds). THE OAU AFTER TWENTY YEARS.
New York: Praeger Publishers.
Stevens, Christopher (1976). "The Soviet Union and Angola." AFRICAN
AFFAIRS 75,299 (April): 137-151.
Stremlau, John J. (1977). THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF THE NIGERIAN
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ICPSR 6035
CIVIL WAR, 1967-1970.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Venter, Al J. (1974). AFRICA AT WAR. Old Greenwich, CT: The
Devin-Adair Company.
Wiseman, Henry (1984). "The OAU: Peacekeeping and Conflict
Resolution." pp. 123-153 in Yassin El-Ayouty and I. William Zartman
(eds.). THE OAU AFTER TWENTY YEARS. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Zartman, I. William (1984a). "Issues of African diplomacy in the
1980s." pp. 137-155 in Richard E. Bissell and Michael S. Radu (eds.),
AFRICA IN THE POST-DECOLONIZATION ERA. New Brunswick, N.J.:
Transaction Books.
____________(1984b). "The OAU in the African state system:
interaction and evaluation," pp. 25-27 in Yassin El Ayouty and I.
William Zartman (eds.), THE OAU AFTER 20 YEARS. New York: Praeger
Publishcrs,
____________(1979). "Social and political trends in Africa in the
1980s." pp. 69-119 in Colin Legum, I. William Zartman, Steven Langdon
and Lynn K. Mytclka (cds.). AFRICA IN THE 1980S: A CONTINENT IN
CRISIS. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
AMERICAS
Bolland, O. Nigel (1986). BELIZE: A NEW NATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986.
Child, Jack (1984). "Inter-State Conflict in Latin America in the
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DYNAMICS OF LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICIES: CHALLENGES FOR THE
1980S. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Fauriol, Georges (ed.) (1985). LATIN AMERICAN INSURGENCIES.
Washington, D.C.: The Georgetown University Center for Strategic and
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Ferris, Elizabeth G. and Jennie K. Lincoln (ed.). (1981) LATIN
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICIES: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DIMENSIONS. Boulder,
CO: Westview Press.
Goldhamer, Herbert (1972). THE FOREIGN POWERS IN LATIN AMERICA.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gott, Richard (1970). GUERILLA MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA. London:
Nelson.
Hart, Jeffrey A. (1988). "U.S. Interventions in Latin America Since
World War II,' pp. 59- 84 in Michael Stohl and George A. Lopez (eds.)
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1
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New York: The Greenwood Press.
Ireland, Gordon (1971). BOUNDARIES, POSSESSIONS, AND CONFLICTS IN
CENTRAL AND NORTH AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. New York: Octagon Books.
Johnson, Cecil (1970). COMMUNIST CHINA & LATIN AMERICA, 1959-1967.
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Kreslins, Janis A. (1982). "The Falklands Islands War." Chronology
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Kumar, V. Shiv (1987). U.S. INTERVENTIONISM IN LATIN AMERICA.
DOMINICAN CRISIS AND THE OAS. New York: Advent Books.
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Setzekorn, William David (1981). FORMERLY BRITISH HONDURAS: A PROFILE
OF THE NEW NATION OF BELIZE. Chicago: Ohio University Press.
SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (1985). First
Edition. London: Europa Publications Limited.
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1985).
BRAZIL-COLOMBIA BOUNDARY, Internatioal Study No. 174.
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BRAZIL-VENEZUELA BOUNDARY. International Boundary Study No. 175.
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Winter, Stephanie (1985). "Foreign Military Intervention in Latin
America 1968-1985." Unpublished MA. Thesis, Department of Political
Science, University of Missouri- St. Louis.
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Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). AFGHANISTAN: THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF SOVIET
OCCUPATION. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University.
Blum, Robert (1966). THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA IN WORLD AFFAIRS.
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
The Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (1970). THE INDOCHINA
STORY. New York: Pantheon Books.
Gullick, J. M (1963). MALAYA. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
Hammond, Thomas T. (1984). RED FLAP OVER AFGHANISTAN, THE COMMUNIST
COUP, THE SOVIET INVASION, AND THE CONSEQUENCES. Boulder, CO:
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APPENDIX C
COX-JACOBSON POWER SCALE
This table was adapted by Robert Lyle Butterworth from a rank
ordering developed by Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson.
1
Country
1945-55
1956-61
1961-
U.S.
U.S.S.R.
China (Peking)
France
Germany (West)
U.K.
Japan
India
Italy
Canada
Sweden
Switzerland
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
South Africa
Belgium
Denmark
Indonesia
Netherlands
Poland
Spain
Austria
Cuba
Germany (East)
Israel
Mexico
Norway
Pakistan
U.A.R.
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Finland
New Zealand
Philippines
Turkey
Venezuela
Nigeria
Luxembourg
All Others
super
super
large
large
middle
large
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
small
middle
middle
small
middle
small
middle
small
small
middle
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
smallest
super
super
large
large
large
large
middle
large
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middlc
middle
middle
middle
small
middle
middle
small
middle
small
small
small
small
middle
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
smallest
super
super
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
large
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
middle
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
small
smallest
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ICPSR 6035
SOURCE: Robert Lyle Butterworth, MANAGING INTERSTATE CONFLICT,
1945-74: DATA WITH SYNOPSES (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh,
University Center for International Studies, 1976), p. 486. Adapted
by Butterworth from: Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson, THE
ANATOMY OF INFLUENCE. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp.
437-443.