WOMEN IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD - MID 18TH C-MID 19TH
I.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FOR WOMEN
A.
INTRODUCTION
1.
DEV OF INDUSTRIALIZATION FROM MID 18TH C. ON
2.
BROUGHT DRAMATIC CHANGES TO EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE
3.
WOMEN GREATLY AFFECTED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION PROCESS
4.
PEOPLE MOVED FROM WORKING ON THEIR OWN SCHEDULES
5.
TO MACHINERY OPERATED WITH SET TIME
a.
THAT DID NOT ALLOW FOR PERSONAL CHOICE
6.
TRADITIONAL FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES DID NOT YIELD EASILY
TO NEW BEAT OF URBAN INDUSTRIAL LIFE
7.
WOMEN OFTEN CAUGHT IN MIDDLE
8.
HISTORIANS TODAY DEBATING ON HOW OPPRESSED WOMEN
WERE
9.
& HOW DISPLACED FAMILIES BECAME
10.
PROBLEMS LIE IN THOSE WRITING AT TIME OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION LIKE FREDERICK ENGELS
11.
VERSUS WHAT RESEARCHERS HAVE FOUND HAPPENED TODAY
B.
WHY THIS MOVEMENT TO INDUSTRIALIZATION?
1.
INDUSTRIALIZATION LONG & COMPLEX PROCESS
2.
MANY FACTORS ACCOUNT FOR WHY SOCIETY SHIFTED FROM
MAN POWER TO MACHINE POWER
3.
EARLIEST INDUSTRY THAT BEGAN TO MAKE CHANGES FROM
MAN TO MACHINE POWER
a.
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
4.
SPINNERS OF THREAD COULD NOT PRODUCE AS MUCH THREAD
AS WEAVERS NEEDED
5.
THIS IMBALANCE HAD BEEN CREATED DURING 1730'S BY JAMES
KAY'S INVENTION OF FLYING SHUTTLE
a.
THEREBY INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY OF WEAVERS
6.
VARIOUS PEOPLES OFFERED PRIZES FOR INVENTION OF MACHINE
TO ELIMINATE THIS BOTTLENECK
a.
1765 JAMES HARGREAVES INVENTED SPINNY JENNY
b.
BY CLOSE OF CENTURY 130 SPINDLE JOB
7.
SPINNING JENNY BROKE BOTTLENECK BUT STILL PIECE OF
MACHINE USED IN COTTAGE
8.
INVENTION THAT TOOK COTTON TEXTILE MANUFACTURE OUT
OF HOME
9.
& PUT IT INTO FACTORY
a.
RICHARD ARKWRIGHT'S WATER FRAME
(1)
PATENTED 1769
(2)
WATER POWERED DEVICE DESIGNED TO PERMIT
PRODUCTION OF PURELY COTTON FABRIC
(3)
RATHER THAN COTTON FABRIC CONTAINING LINEN
FIBER FOR DURABILITY
10.
NOT UNTIL LATE CENTURY USED STEAM ENGINE PERFECTED BY
JAMES WATT
a.
TO RUN TEXTILE MACHINERY IN URBAN CENTERS WHERE
POPULATION WAS
C.
REASONS WHY BEGAN IN ENGLAND FIRST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D.
2
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
(1)
NO LONGER LAND LYING FALLOW
(2)
NEW CROPS,
(a)
POTATOES, TURNIPS & CLOVER (TO BE
ANIMALS
(3)
EXCESS PROFITS INTO INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT
GOVERNMENT FAVORABLE TO BUSINESS & MERCHANT CLASS
INCREASING MARKETS
a.
OVERSEAS EMPIRE
NATURAL RESOURCES OF COAL & IRON
SUFFICIENT CAPITAL & FAVORABLE BANKING POLICIES
TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATIONS CHANGES &
INVENTIONS
POPULATION EXPLOSION
a.
SO CHEAP LABOR POOL
(1)
1800 - 190 MILLION IN EUROPE
(2)
1850 - 260 MILLION
(3)
1900 - 500 MILLION IN EUROPE
(4)
ENGLAND & WALES
(a)
1750 - 6 MILLION
(b)
1800 - 10 MILLION
(5)
DUE TO LESS FAMINE
(6)
FEWER WARS
(7)
FEWER EPIDEMICS
(a)
PLAGUE DISAPPEARED
(b)
BROWN RAT TOOK OVER BLACK RAT &
BROWN RAT NOT PLAGUE CARRIER
(8)
IMPROVED & EXPANDED GRAIN PRODUCTION
(9)
WIDESPREAD USE OF POTATO
IMPACT OF POPULATION EXPLOSION GREAT
a.
CREATED NEW DEMANDS FOR
(1)
GOOD, GOODS, JOBS, SERVICES
(2)
PROVIDED NEW POOL OF LABOR
(3)
TRADITIONAL MODES OF PRODUCTION & LIVING
HAD TO BE REVISED
(4)
MIGRATION INCREASED
b.
GROWTH OF COTTAGE INDUSTRY IN RURAL AREAS
(1)
SAME PEASANTS WHO TILLED LAND IN SPRING &
SUMMER
(2)
OFTEN SPUN THREAD OR WOVE TEXTILES IN WINTER
(3)
THIS COTTAGE INDUSTRY CHALLENGED MONOPOLY
OF URBAN CRAFT GUILDS
c.
INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR COTTON
GENERAL DISCUSSION ON ROLES OF WOMEN IN INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1.
BY HER EARLY TEENS YOUNG WOMAN CONSIDERED ABLE TO
SUPPORT HERSELF
a.
FROM LATE 18TH C ON
2.
5 CHIEF WAYS FOR YOUNG CITY WOMAN WITHOUT CHILDREN TO
E.
3
EARN MONEY
a.
DOMESTIC SERVICE
b.
FACTORY WORK
c.
STREET-SELLING
d.
MANUAL LABOR
e.
PROSTITUTION
3.
PIECEWORK IN HOME PAID LESS
a.
LARGELY DONE BY MARRIED WOMEN WITH CHILDREN
4.
GENERALLY WORK WOMEN DID BEFORE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
a.
THREAD PRODUCTION, (TEXTILE & GARMENT PRODUCTION
b.
AGRICULTURAL WORK
c.
& DOMESTIC SERVICE & SALES
5.
CONTINUED TO BE SAME WORK DONE BY WOMEN AFTER
MACHINERY REPLACED HAND POWER
6.
BUT NOW ENTIRE FAMILY DID NOT WORK
7.
LARGELY WOMEN ALONE DOING WORK
8.
ENTRY OF WOMEN INTO TRADE SIGNAL THAT TRADE BEING
DOWNGRADED
9.
& THIS STILL TRUE THROUGHOUT INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD
10.
WE FIND THAT AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION
11.
WOMEN STILL EARNED 1/3 TO 1/2 OF MEN'S WAGES
12.
LATER PART OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
a.
NEW JOBS WILL BE ADDED FOR WOMEN
b.
CLERKING IN NEW DEPARTMENT STORES
c.
SECRETARIES & TYPISTS IN BUSINESSES
(1)
FORMER MALE PRESERVES
d.
TEACHING FOR WOMEN
13.
& PROSTITUTION - WITH RISE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
14.
& SEPARATION OF SPHERES OF WORK
15.
PROSTITUTION ROSE GREATLY IN URBAN CENTERS
16.
ALWAYS MORE WOMEN SEEKING EMPLOYMENT THAN THERE
WERE JOBS AVAILABLE
17.
ALL MAJOR EUROPEAN CITIES 19TH C THOUSANDS OF
PROSTITUTES
18.
BECAME WAY FOR WOMEN TO WORK TEMPORARILY
19.
THEN GET MARRIED AFTER AMASSING ENOUGH MONEY &
GOODS
a.
USUALLY WITH NO STIGMA ATTACHED
CONDITIONS FOR WOMEN IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1.
BUT DESPITE THIS DIFFERENCE IN TIMING OF IR
2.
CERTAIN CONDITIONS FOR WOMEN
3.
& PART THEY PLAYED IN INDUSTRIALIZATION
4.
SAME REGARDLESS OF COUNTRY
5.
INCLUDING UNITED STATES
6.
PROCESS IN EARLY MODERN PERIOD THAT BEGAN MORE STRICT
DELINEATION BETWEEN MEN'S & WOMEN'S WORK
7.
INCREASED IN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY
8.
THIS SEPARATION BETWEEN MALE & FEMALE SPHERES
HEIGHTENED
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
II.
4
WITH WORKING CLASS WOMEN MORE VISIBLE OUTSIDE HOME
NOW WITH FACTORIES, ETC.
THIS LED TO MIDDLE CLASS BLAMING THEM FOR CONTRIBUTING
TO DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL FAMILY
a.
AS THEY SAW IT
BUT IN REALITY WORKING CLASS WOMEN
a.
BY WORKING FOR PITTANCE
b.
ALLOWED MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN TO NOT WORK
WORKING CLASS WOMEN SUFFERED MOST
WHETHER IN AGRICULTURAL WORK, FACTORY WORK, DOMESTIC
WORK, PIECE WORK WITHIN HOME
ENLARGEMENT OF FARMS & NEW FARMING MACHINERY
a.
LED TO WOMEN BEING FORCED TO FIND DAY LABOR JOBS
WHERE BEFORE ASSISTED IN FAMILY FARM
a.
SUPPLEMENTING INCOME RAISING POULTRY, MILK
PRODUCTS, VEGETABLES, ETC.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION'S IMPACT ON WORKING CLASS WOMEN
A.
FACTORY WORK
1.
AS TEXTILE INDUSTRY FIRST TO INDUSTRIALIZE
2.
& LONG HISTORY OF SPINNING & CLOTH PRODUCTION
a.
TRADITIONALLY WOMEN'S WORK
3.
EXPECTED WOMEN WOULD GO INTO TEXTILE FACTORIES
4.
& EXCESS YOUNG FEMALES IN AGRICULTURE
a.
COULD BE HIRED FOR HALF OF MAN'S WAGES
5.
BY 1830'S TEXTILE CENTERS
a.
IN LOWELL MASS. U.S.
b.
LYONS FRANCE
c.
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND
6.
EMPLOYED TENS OF THOUSANDS OF WOMEN
7.
IN EARLIEST YEARS MARRIED WOMEN WENT TO WORK IN
FACTORIES TOO
8.
ALONG WITH THEIR SMALL CHILDREN
9.
FEW FAMILIES COULD SURVIVE W/O WAGES OF WOMEN &
CHILDREN
10.
BUT FACTORY WORK PRIMARILY JOB DONE BY SINGLE WOMEN
11.
AS WOMEN'S ENDURANCE & DOCILITY PRIZED BY FACTORY
OVERSEERERS
12.
FAMILIES INITIALLY NOT AGAINST THEIR CHILDREN WORKING IN
FACTORIES TOO
13.
AS THEY WERE ABLE TO DISCIPLINE & CONTROL THEM
THEMSELVES
14.
BUT ONCE FACTORIES ORGANIZED IN A MORE MODERN FORMAT
15.
WHEN MANAGERS & FOREMEN TOOK OVER CONTROL
16.
THEN PARENTS PROTESTED INHUMAN CONDITIONS THEIR
CHILDREN ENDURING
17.
NOT UNTIL 1819 ILLEGAL TO EMPLOY CHILDREN UNDER 9 IN
COTTON-MILLS
a.
& ILLEGAL TO KEEP OLDER CHILDREN AT WORK FOR
MORE THAN 12 HOURS A DAY
5
EVEN THEN LAW EASILY & FREQUENTLY EVADED AS NO
FACTORY INSPECTORS
19.
IN MANY CASES WORKING CONDITIONS POOR
20.
COTTON MILLS FILLED WITH DUST
21.
IN CASES WHERE PRODUCTION REQUIRED PROCESSING WITH
WATER OR STEAM
22.
WOMEN WORKERS COMPELLED TO SPEND HOURS IN DAMP
CLOTHING & HUMID AIR
23.
MACHINERY SOMETIMES REQUIRED UNCOMFORTABLE OR
DANGEROUS PROCEDURES
24.
WOMEN WHO EXTRACTED SILK FROM COCOONS IN FACTORIES
OF LYONS
a.
WORKED 14-16 HOURS , 6 DAYS WEEK
b.
HAD TO THRUST THEIR HANDS INTO NEAR BOILING WATER
c.
SUFFERED FROM PAIN & SORES THAT FORMED UNDER
THEIR FINGERNAILS
d.
SILK DUST PENETRATED THEIR PORES & LUNGS
(1)
PRODUCING HIGH RATES OF SKIN DISEASE &
TUBERCULOSIS
AT HOME - PIECE WORK
1.
MARRIED WOMEN WITH CHILDREN
a.
BECAUSE OF CHILD CARE PROBLEMS
2.
PREFERRED TO EARN INCOME IN THEIR OWN HOMES
3.
TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT
a.
TAKING IN LODGERS
b.
DID PIECEWORK
c.
OR BOTH
4.
BOTH TYPES OF WORK GROSSLY UNDERCOUNTED IN CENSUSES
& SURVEYS
5.
IN GROWING INDUSTRIAL CITIES SPACE PREMIUM
6.
IN 1900 HAMBURG ONE QUARTER OF HOUSEHOLDS IN HAMBURG
KEPT LODGERS
7.
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY EXPANDED DOMESTIC PIECEWORK
8.
UNEVEN PACE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
9.
& VARIOUS BOOM & BUST PERIODS
10.
MEANT COTTAGE INDUSTRIES IN COUNTRYSIDE TRANSPLANTED
TO CITIES TOO
11.
TYPES OF PIECEWORK
a.
MAKING MATCHBOOK COVERS, MATCHES
b.
PLAITING STRAW FOR BONNETS
c.
SEWING
d.
LACE-MAKING
12.
WAGES TERRIBLY LOW FOR PIECE WORK
a.
LIKE NUMBER OF MATCHBOXES GLUED
b.
SHIRTS SEWN
13.
ASSUMPTION THAT MOST WOMEN WHO WORKED FOR INCOME
AT HOME MARRIED
a.
USED TO JUSTIFY LOW RATES OF PAY
14.
MEN'S RESPONSE TO ABYSMAL CONDITIONS OF WOMEN'S
PIECEWORK IN HOME
18.
B.
6
WAS TO TRY TO PREVENT WOMEN FROM WORKING AT ALL IN
FIELDS TRADITIONALLY RESERVED FOR MEN
16.
FEAR THAT WOMEN'S ENTRY INTO FIELD WOULD LOWER WAGES
&
a.
DEPRESS STATUS OF CRAFT REAL CONCERN
17.
IN 18TH & 19TH C SKILLED WOMEN WORKERS
18.
FOUND THAT HOME PRODUCTION REDUCED EVEN WAGES FOR
TRADES THAT REQUIRED TRAINING
19.
BUT MEN COULD FIND EMPLOYMENT ELSEWHERE
20.
WOMEN WITH CHILDREN COULD NOT
21.
DECLINE OF WOMEN'S SKILLED WORK ESPECIALLY APPARENT IN
a.
LARGEST OF HOME INDUSTRIES
(1)
GARMENT-MAKING
b.
PRIOR TO 19TH C TO BE APPRENTICED TO DRESSMAKER,
ETC.
(1)
GOOD WAY TO GAIN GOOD INCOME
22.
BUT WITH MECHANIZATION MOST OF OPERATION OF GARMENT
MOVED OUT OF HOME
23.
SO HAD UNLIMITED SUPPLY OF WOMEN WITH CHILDREN WHO
NEEDED WORK
24.
& WOULD WORK FOR LOW WAGES
DOMESTIC WORK
1.
FROM 2ND HALF OF 18TH C ON
2.
DOMESTIC SERVICE JOBS FOR WOMEN EXPANDED
TREMENDOUSLY
a.
BETWEEN 1/3 AND 1/2 OF ALL WOMEN WHO EARNED
INCOME OUTSIDE HOME
b.
DID SO AS DOMESTIC SERVANTS
3.
FOR TWO REASONS THIS INCREASE IN DOMESTIC WORK FOR
WOMEN
a.
AS WEALTH GREW MORE FAMILIES COULD AFFORD TO
HIRE SERVANT
(1)
25% OF INCOME IN ENGLAND ON SERVANTS
b.
IN FRANCE FOR EXAMPLE IN FIRST HALF 18TH C BETWEEN
1/3 AND 1/2 OF ALL TOWN SERVANTS MEN
c.
BY END OF 18TH C 8/10TH TO 9/10TH WOMEN
d.
BY BEGINNING OF 20TH C 91.5% ENGLISH SERVANTS &
82.9% OF FRENCH SERVANTS WOMEN
4.
FEMALE SERVANTS CONSISTENTLY CAME FROM POOREST
FAMILIES
5.
DOMESTIC SERVICE JOB FOR YOUNG WOMEN OFTEN JUSTIFIED
ON GROUNDS IT WOULD PREPARE THEM FOR
a.
GOOD WIVES & MOTHERS
6.
BUT DOMESTIC SERVICE - NOT ONE SINGLE WOMEN WANTED TO
WORK IN
7.
IF THEY COULD THEY MOVED TO FACTORY WORK
8.
WHY?
a.
BAD WORKING CONDITIONS
(1)
WORKED 16 + HOURS PER DAY
(2)
IF GOT SICK USUALLY FIRED
15.
C.
D.
E.
7
(3)
OLDER SERVANTS ROUTINELY DISMISSED
(4)
SERVANTS EXPECTED TO SAVE FOR THEIR OLD AGE
b.
& DEGRADING TREATMENT BY EMPLOYERS
c.
OFTEN SERVANTS CAME UNDER DIFFERENT LAW CODES
THAN REST OF POPULATION
d.
IN DISPUTE MASTER'S WORD TOOK PRECEDENCE
e.
IN FRENCH LAW MASTER'S AFFIRMATION HE HAD PAID
SERVANT'S WAGES ALL NEEDED
f.
SEPARATE LAW CODE FOR GERMAN SERVANTS IN FORCE
FROM 1810-1918
g.
SEDUCTION BY MASTERS CONSTANT PROBLEM
COAL MINE WORK
1.
IN MINES WOMEN DID WORST TASKS
a.
"FEMALES SUBMIT TO WORK IN PLACES WHERE NO MAN
OR EVEN LAD COULD BE GOT TO LABOR IN" ONE MINE
FOREMAN REPORTED
2.
WORKED UP TO KNEES IN WATER IN POSTURE NEARLY DOUBLE
3.
MINE WORK ALLOTTED TO CHILDREN EQUALLY SEVERE
4.
CRAWLED ALONG PASSAGES 18" HIGH OR LESS
5.
CARRIED HUNDREDS OF POUNDS OF COAL IN BASKETS
SUSPENDED FROM THEIR FOREHEADS BY LEATHER STRAPS
a.
OR PULLED CARTS OF COAL
6.
WORKED UP TO KNEES IN WATER IN POSTURE NEARLY DOUBLE
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1.
SINCE WOMEN'S WAGES 1/2 TO 2/3 A MANS FOR SAME WORK
2.
WORKING CLASS WOMEN NEEDED TO MARRY TO SURVIVE
3.
IT WAS AIM OF EVERY GIRL TO GET MARRIED & THOSE WHO DID
NOT WERE LOOKED UPON WITH PITY & WERE SAID TO BE ON THE
SHELF
4.
SINGLE WOMEN COULD ONLY MAKE ENOUGH MONEY TO PAY
RENT
5.
NOT ENOUGH FOR FOOD OR CLOTHING
6.
MEN DID NOT HELP WITH CHORES & CHILDREN
a.
IF THEY DID THEY WERE RIDICULED
(1)
CALLED MOP RAGS OR DIDDY MEN
7.
WOMEN WHO FAILED TO MANAGE OR SPENT TOO MUCH COULD
BE EXPECTED TO BE HIT
a.
VIOLENCE TO WIVES COMMON & WOMEN WERE NOT TO
ADMONISH OR PROSECUTE
b.
NO ONE INTERVENED UNLESS MAN BEAT ANOTHER MAN'S
WIFE OR FEAR OF WOMAN'S DEATH
c.
& WIVES DID NOT DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT BECAUSE THEY
NEEDED THEIR HUSBAND'S WAGES TO SURVIVE
8.
MOTHERS SACRIFICED FOR THEIR CHILDREN IN OTHER WAYS
TOO
a.
ATE LESS THAN THE HUSBAND & CHILDREN
9.
19TH C. SICILIAN PROVERB
a.
IF THE FATHER IS DEAD, THE FAMILY SUFFERS, IF THE
MOTHER DIES, THE FAMILY CANNOT EXIST
8
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
III.
SOME MOTHERS RESORTED TO INFANTICIDE
a.
DOMESTIC SERVANTS ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE
b.
AS PREGNANCY ALMOST AUTOMATIC GROUNDS FOR
DISMISSAL
c.
MOST WOMEN TRIED FOR INFANTICIDE IN 18-=19TH C.
SERVANTS
WHAT WAS DIFFERENT THAN PREVIOUS CENTURIES WAS NOW
STATISTICS SHOW INFANTICIDE EQUALLY PRACTICED ON BOYS
& GIRLS
MOTHERS WERE DESPERATE
OTHERS PLACED CHILDREN IN FOUNDLING HOSPITALS
NEGLECT & EXPLOITATION ALSO OCCURRED
IN GERMANY PARENTS PRACTICED ANGEL-MAKING
CHILDREN WERE MUTILATED INTENTIONALLY & MADE SICK SO
THEIR MISERY WOULD INSPIRE PITY ON ARM OF FEMALE
BEGGAR
a.
EVENTUALLY DIED
PROSTITUTION 19th c
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
AS IN PAST ERAS MOST LUCRATIVE ITEM WOMAN COULD SELL
ON STREETS
a.
SEXUAL USE OF HER BODY
2.
WELL INTO 20TH PROSTITUTION MOST PROFITABLE MEANS OF
EARNING INCOME
3.
PROSTITUTE COULD EARN IN DAY
4.
WHAT OTHER WORKING-CLASS WOMEN MADE IN WEEK
5.
TRADITIONALLY WOMEN BECAME PROSTITUTES
a.
IN TIMES OF EXTREME WANT
b.
PORT CITIES WHERE LARGE NUMBERS OF SINGLE MEN
WITH MONEY
c.
AS IN ENGLAND WITH TOWNS OF LARGE ARMY OR NAVAL
POPULATIONS
6.
BUT PROSTITUTION ALSO FORM OF EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN
WHEN ALL ELSE FAILED
7.
YOUNG PROSTITUTES ALMOST ALWAYS CAME FROM POOREST
GROUPS
8.
& OFTEN HAD ONE OR BOTH PARENTS DEAD
9.
ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF WOMEN & THEIR CONSEQUENT
POVERTY 1 OF CHIEF CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION
10.
FEWER PROSTITUTES IN MANUFACTURING TOWNS AS MORE
STEADY EMPLOYMENT THERE
11.
WOMEN PROSTITUTES FOR RELATIVELY FEW YEARS
12.
WHEN ABLE MOVED BACK INTO REGULAR WORK FORCE OR
MARRIED
13.
THERE WAS NO STIGMA ATTACHED FOR LOWER WORKING CLASS
PROSTITUTES
14.
DIFFICULT TO FIGURE NUMBER OF PROSTITUTES
15.
ESTIMATES
a.
30,000 IN ENGLAND & WALES IN MID 19TH C.
9
B.
b.
100-200.000 GERMANY BY 20TH C.
REGULATION OF PROSTITUTION
1.
PROSTITUTION GENERALLY LEGALIZED
2.
& SUBJECT TO CENTRAL GOVT & MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS ON
CONTINENT
3.
POLICE GAVE PERMISSION & SUPERVISED THE BROTHELS
4.
FRANCE INSTITUTED REGISTRATION DURING NAPOLEONIC ERA
5.
MOST OTHER NATIONS FOLLOWED SUIT
6.
IN PARIS YOUNG WOMAN WENT WITH HER BIRTH CERTIFICATE
TO POLICE
a.
TO PROVE 16
7.
IF SHE WAS MARRIED HER HUSBAND'S PERMISSION HAD TO BE
OBTAINED
8.
19TH C. NATIONS GAVE POLICE SUCH POWER OVER WOMEN
9.
BECAUSE OF FEAR OF VENEREAL DISEASE SPREAD
10.
& TO PROTECT MALE CLIENTS FROM INFECTED PROSTITUTE
11.
PREJUDICE & IGNORANCE COMBINED TO PREVENT ANY
INSPECTION OF MEN
12.
COMPULSORY MEDICAL INSPECTIONS WERE REQUIRED
13.
GENERALLY EACH PROSTITUTE CARRIED A CARD SIGNED &
DEATH ATTESTING TO HER FREEDOM FROM VENEREAL DISEASE
14.
IF FOUND W/VENEREAL DISEASE SENT TO HOSPITAL
15.
MEDICAL IGNORANCE ALMOST CERTAINLY WORSENED HEALTH
OF INFECTED WOMEN
16.
19TH C. DOCTORS SPREAD INFECTION DURING MEDICAL
EXAMINATIONS
17.
MOST HOSPITALS TREATED WOMEN BY IRRIGATING THEIR
VAGINAS WITH SOME DOUCHE
a.
THOUGHT TO ALLEVIATE VENEREAL SYMPTOMS
b.
USING SAME UNWASHED SYRINGE FOR ANY NUMBER OF
WOMEN
c.
IDEAL METHOD OF SPREADING VENEREAL DISEASE
18.
FRENCH PROSTITUTES CALLED THE DOCTOR'S SPECULUM
a.
"THE GOVERNMENT'S PENIS
19.
ONCE CURED ALLOWED TO RESUME PROFESSION
20.
PROSTITUTES IN ENGLAND WERE NOT EXAMINED
21.
& THEN GIVEN MEDICAL OK TO PRACTICE THEIR TRADE
22.
BUT WHEN SYPHILIS BECAME ALMOST EPIDEMIC IN ENGLAND,
23.
PARLIAMENT PASSED THE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACTS
24.
ANYONE WHO POLICE SUSPECTED OR IDENTIFIED AS A
PROSTITUTE COULD BE REQUIRED TO UNDERGO IMMEDIATE
INTERNAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION FOR VENEREAL DISEASE
25.
THOSE FOUND W/DISEASE CONFINED TO LOCK HOSPITALS FOR
MONTHS
26.
& THEN SUBJECT TO RIGOROUS MORAL & RELIGIOUS
INSTRUCTION
27.
THIS ACT WAS REPEALED W/AID OF JOSEPHINE BUTLER
28.
WHO SAW THIS AS A DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
29.
CONCLUSIONS RE PROSTITUTION
a.
REGULATION & REGISTRATION MADE PROSTITUTE EVEN
C.
10
MORE OUTCAST THAT ALREADY HAD BEEN
b.
& REGULATION & REGISTRATION TENDED TO INCREASE
NUMBER OF PROSTITUTES
(1)
WHO REMAINED IN BUSINESS FOR LIFE
JACK THE RIPPER
1.
PREYED ON LOWER CLASS PROSTITUTES IN EAST END OF
LONDON
a.
GHETTO QUARTER OF LONDON
2.
BODIES WERE RIPPED - DEEP JAGGED INCISIONS IN LOWER
ABDOMEN AS WELL AS OTHER MUTILATIONS
3.
5 PROSTITUTES KILLED
4.
NEVER DISCOVERED WHO JACK WAS
a.
IDEAS FROM DOCTOR TO VICTORIA'S GRANDSON DUKE OF
CLARENCE
b.
KEY PAPERS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED