THE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF GAZA
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FINAL PROJECT I
Hanan Hassan Radi Hala Mohammed El_Shorafa
220061228 220050049
Khlood Mansour Thabt Rania Fadel Nassar
220061590 220060935
Dr.Hatem El_Aidy
April 2010

# Title Page
I Abstract
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II Introduction
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III Statement of problem
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IV Proposal methodology
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V Expected outcomes
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VI Coast ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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VII Work plan
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VIII References
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Naturally, sun rays fall perpendicularly on fixed mirrors which results more ray's concentration at noon time. On the contrary, these rays fall on the mirrors to make acute or obtuse angles at the rest day times that results less ray's concentration.
A new idea is proposed for utilizing a big amount of the fallen rays on the earth through sun tracking during all day to make the rays fall perpendicularly on the mirrors at all time.
This requires knowing sun falling angles during the day and during the four seasons. This study describes a system that uses the Programmable Logic
Control (PLC) to control the motion of a two axis – axis sun tracking surface for water heating.
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Gaza is famous for its moderate weather. It's interested in sunny day. The most beautiful site is the golden bright sand, warm and the sun.
Not only is the sun beautiful, but also it's useful for heating water especially for Palestinian people who suffer a lot from electricity breaking off.
This disruption of electricity hinders a lot of human needs with Palestinian
Authority; this is a model of agenda power outage a week on the area of
Nusseirat – Sea as shown in the table (1-1)
8 am : 2 pm 2 pm : 10 pm Times
Days
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Table (1-1)
As described in the preceding table is a blackout during the days of the week in the morning four times and twice times during the evening,
There are many sources, for heating water, depend on electricity as electricity heaters and tank fewer heaters …… etc.
Although the Palestinians faced these difficulties which results from breaking of electricity, they use the solar system in heating water to solve some of these problem.
After taking statistics on a specific area of the Gaza Strip in the area of
Nusseirat found that 90% of households are using solar water heating, but with that in the winter, often resort to the use of heater using electricity for lack of efficiency of the mirrors fixed in the assembly as much energy as possible
For developing this system and making it more efficient in heating water during the day time to benefit Palestinian people and to overcome on the difficulties the Israeli occupation prescripts, a new idea sun tracking system is proposed.
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This idea is summarized in collecting more sun rays which fall in mirror to be these rays perpendicularly on mirror during the day time.
Exploitation of renewable energy sources in the Gaza Strip, such as solar power to solve the multiple problems in heating water using electricity and natural gas
This is summarized in collecting more sun rays which fall in mirror to be these rays perpendicularly on mirror during the day time. This requires knowing sun falling angles during the day year long.. This study describes a system that uses the Programmable Logic Control (PLC) to control the motion of a two axis – axis sun tracking surface for water heating.
The angular position of the sun as seen from a particular place on the surface of the earth varies from hour to hour and from season to season. The basic position of the sun at any instant can be described by two angles: the solar altitude (angle gamma) and azimuth (angle alpha).
The solar azimuth angle (angle alpha) is the angular distance between due South and the projection of the line of sight to the sun on the ground. A positive solar azimuth angle indicates a position East of
South, and a negative azimuth angle indicates West of South.
The altitude angle (angle gamma)
(sometimes referred to as the "solar elevation angle") describes how high the sun appears in the sky. The angle is measured between an imaginary line between the observer and the sun and the horizontal plane the observer is standing on. The altitude angle is negative when the sun drops below the horizon.
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To calculate the angles alpha and gamma, using sun position tool to find complete information during the 365 days (full year) and this requires knowledge of longitude and latitude of the Gaza Strip
The latitude and longitude bystanders in the Gaza Strip are:
31.30 N and 34.28 E , respectively.
As example of using program having data angles for one day as shown below in table (1-2)
Table (1-2)
Mathematically, the altitude angle is calculated as follows:
Sin (Al) = [cos (L) * cos (D) * cos (H)] + [sin (L) * sin (D)]
Where:
Al = Solar altitude angle
L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere)
D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere)
H = Hour angle
The azimuth angle is calculated as follows:
Cos (AZ) = (sin (Al) * sin (L) - sin (D)) / (cos (Al) * cos (L))
Where:
AZ = Solar azimuth angle
Al = Solar altitude angle
L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere)
D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere)
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After collecting the data, connecting it to PLC. The PLC has a programmable memory in which instructions are stored to implement various functions used to control the actuation of process. A designed program is included in the PLC system to determine the position of tracking surfaces which are functions of time. The program leads the actuator, which in turn moves the tracking surface into the required positions.
In this study, two tracking motors were used, one for the joint rotated around the horizontal axis to control gamma angle, and the other for the joint rotated around the vertical axis to control alpha angle.
Expected results to be obtained through the project using two axis tracking, may increase in energy accumulated by equivalent 20%compared to the fixed mirror or more .
After a detailed study on the subject found that the practice pieces necessary to complete the mechanical part of this project are summarized as follows:-
Two dish motor 300 shekels
Mirror 250 shekels
PLC 600 shekels
Other components
Total price of the project almost equivalent to 1200 shekels.
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1
2
Task
Period
First term 2010-2011
Second term 2010-
2011
October Nov.
March April May June
1 st &
2 nd
3 rd
&
4 rth week week
1 st &
2 nd
3 rd &
4 rth week week
1 st &
2 nd
3 rd &
4 rth
1 st &
2 nd week week week
&
3 rd
4 rth week
1
2 st & nd week
3 rd&
4 rth week
1 st &
2 nd week
Gathering references and
Collecting information
Choose the idea
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Write the proposal
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6
7
5
Make the final result
Simulate the result & connect it in mechanical part
Search for hardware equipment
Implement the hardware model
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9
Write the first final report
Building the mechanical hardware system
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Preparing and writing the last final report
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Presentation and Discussion
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[1] Selcuk University, Technical Science College, Konya, TURQUIEpp.
259–275, Jan. 2000.
[2] Gay, CF and Wilson, JH and Yerkes, JW (1982).
"Performance advantages of two axis tracking for large flat plate photovoltaic energy systems"
Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovoltaic Spec. Conf 16
[3] http://www.usc.edu/dept/architecture/mbs/tools/vrsolar/Help/solar_concepts.htm,l
Accessed on April, 2010
[4] Sun tracker system for a solar assembly, United States Patent 5600124 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5600124.html
[5] Tool calculates solar angle data , accessed on April, 2010 http://susdesign.com/sunangle/
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