Variations of In-Text Citations & Bibliography Set Up
Book (single author)
Take the title from the title page, not the cover.
The author's name should be written Last Name, First Name.
Smith, Scott. The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talking Revolution. New York: Oxford UP,
1997.
or
Smith, Scott.The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talking Revolution. New York: Oxford UP,
1997.
(two authors)
List the names in the order in they appear on the title page.
Only the first author's name should be reversed: Last Name, First Name.
Use a comma between the authors' names. Place a period after the last author's name.
Smith, Scott, and Peter Jones.The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talking Revolution New York:
Oxford UP, 1997.
(more than three authors)
Smith, Scott, et al.The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talking Revolution New York: Oxford
UP, 1997.
Two or More Works by the Same Authors
When citing two or more sources by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. For the
subsequent entries, type three hyphens, add a period, and skip a space (---. ) then give the title. The
three hyphens stand for the name(s) in the preceding entry.
Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of
Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation. New York: Morrow, 1961.
---. People and Places. Cleveland: World, 1959.
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Anthology/Editors
Garth, Jennifer, ed. Twentieth-Centruty literary Criticism. Vol.71. Detroit: Oxford UP, 1997. (multiple
editors are treated similar to authors)
Reference Work
When citing familiar reference books, especially those that often appear in new editions, it is not
necessary to include full publication information. Give the edition (if available) and the year of
publication.
If articles are arranged alphabetically, you do not need to give volume and page numbers.
Faron, Louis C. "Inca." Encyclopedia Americana. International Edition. 1999.
Ito, Robert. "The Haiku." Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1983.
When citing less familiar reference books, give full publication information.
"Refrigeration." The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia.
Ed. Donald Clarke. 28 vols. Westport: H.S. Stuttman, 1989.
Journal, Standard Form
Meyers, Jeffery. "Bogie in Africa." American Scholar 66 (1997): 237-50.
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Magazine
Abbreviate the months (except May, June, July). Give complete dates for magazines issued every week
or every two weeks, written in this order:
Day Month Year, e.g.19 January 1998
If the article is on consecutive pages, specify the page numbers of the entire article, e.g. 16-20. Give
just the last two digits of the second number, when possible: 188-89, but 196-200
If the article is not on consecutive pages -- if, for example, it begins on page 27, then skips to page 30,
and continues on page 32 -- write only the first page number, followed by a plus sign: 27+.
Do not give volume and issue numbers.
Gordon, Suzanne. "what Nurses Stand For." Atlantic Monthly Feb. 1997: 80-88.
If no author's name is given, begin with the title of the article.
"Where the Business Is." Motor Age Sep. 2000: 58.
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Newspapers
Take the name of the newspaper from the masthead, but omit any introductory article: Honolulu
Advertiser, not The Honolulu Advertiser.
If the city of publication is not part of the newspaper's name, add it in square brackets: News and
Observer [Raleigh, NC]
Specify the edition of the newspaper, if one is given on the masthead.
If the article is not on consecutive pages, write the first page number and a plus sign: B1+.
(signed article in daily paper)
Zeman, David. "Don't Presume Justice." The Miami Herald 25 Mar. 1991, Final ed. : B2.
Professional Site, Reference Database *
Documenting the American South. Ed. Natalia Smith. Oct. 1997. U of North Carolina. 12 Jan. 1998
<http://sunsite.unc.edu/docsouth>.
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Internet *
Web Site
Sources on the Internet usually require two dates, the date you accesssed the material and the date it
was published or revised.
Creator's name (if given). Web Page Title. Institution or organization. Date of access <URL network
address>.
Harden, Mark. Picasso the Legend. The Artchive. 6 Nov. 2000
<http://www.artchive.com/artchive/P/picasso_postww2.html>.
"Titanic." Britannica Online. Vers. 98.1. Sept. 1997. Enclycopaedia Britannica. 28 Dec. 1997 <http://
Titanic.www.eb.com/>.
Online Magazine
Author's name (if given). "Title of Article." Name of Magazine Date of Publication. Date of Access
<URL network address>.
Interview
Maxwell, Clara. Personal interview. 16 Feb. 1999.
Miller, J. Robert. Telephone interview. 8 Nov. 1998.
Government Publication
Give the name of the government first, then the name of the agency. Abbreviations may be used.
Hawaii. Dept. of Business and Economic Development. The State of Hawaii
Data Book: A Statistical Abstract. Honolulu: Dept. of Business
and Economic Development, 1998.
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Citations
Author and Page Number
"The 800,000 married enlisted soldiers were ofter torn between a pledge to support their families and
the duty they felt toward their country" (McPherson 134).
As many as 800,000 married soldiers enlisted, and they often were torn between a pledge to support
their families and their duty to defend their country (McPherson 134).
Author Cited in Text
John McPherson believes that as many as 800,000 married soldiers enlisted, and they often were torn
between a pledge to support their families and their duty to defend their country (134).
( for mutiple lines of quotation, indent the segment)
Multiple Authors
"The 800,000 married enlisted soldiers were ofter torn between a pledge to support their families and
the duty they felt toward their country" (McPherson and Howe 134).
(more than two authors)
"The 800,000 married enlisted soldiers were ofter torn between a pledge to support their families and
the duty they felt toward their country" (McPherson et al. 134). The "et al." denotes "all the other
authors."
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Multivolume Work
"The 800,000 married enlisted soldiers were ofter torn between a pledge to support their families and
the duty they felt toward their country" (McPherson 3: 134). The "3" denotes the volume number.
Newspaper
(no author)
Secretary of State Albright demanded that Serbian and Croation war criminals be brought to trial (Wall
Street Journal 1) Publication and page are noted.
(author)
Secretary of State Albright demanded that Serbian and Croation war criminals be brought to trial
(Deparle A14). Authors last name and the section and page.
(editorial)
Secretary of State Albright's demand that Serbian and Croation war ciminals be brought to trial is
overstepping her mandate ("What are We Doing Now!" A 20) Editorial title and section and page.
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Special Notes
If conflict occurs with authors with the same last name, use the authors initials first.
When ommitting a phrase of segment of a quote, use ...
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect quotation. An indirect quotation is a quotation that you
found in another source that was quoting from the original. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in"
to indicate the source.
For example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that
well" (qtd.in Weisman 259).
If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work
from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the other works by that same person.
For example:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he
has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill
development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
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Place quotations longer than four typed lines in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit
quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented one inch from the left margin, and
maintain double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks.
For example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room,
and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping
it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his
voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting
his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to
confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of
the house. (Brontë 78)
If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you
retrieved from an online database that your library subscribes to, you should provide enough
information so that the reader can locate the article either in its original print form or retrieve it from
the online database (if they have access).
Provide the following information in your citation:
Author's name (if not available, use the article title as the first part of the citation)
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Article Title
Publication Name
Publication Date
Page Number/Range
Database Name
Service Name
Name of the library where service was accessed
Name of the town/city where service was accessed
Date of Access
URL of the service (but not the whole URL for the article, since those are very long and won't
be able to be re-used by someone trying to retrieve the information)
The generic citation form would look like this:
Author. "Title of Article." Publication Name Volume Number (if necessary)
Publication Date: page number-page number. Database name. Service name.
Library Name, City, State. Date of access <electronic address of the database>.
Here's an example:
Smith, Martin. "World Domination for Dummies." Journal of Despotry Feb. 2000: 66-72.
Expanded Academic ASAP.
Gale Group Databases. Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette,IN. 19 February 2003
<http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com>.
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