Bio 120
Fall 2015
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Exam 3 Review Sheet
The exam will consist of primarily (~60%) multiple choice questions, and several matching and short
answer questions (worth 1-8 pts each). Study lecture notes and handouts. Good luck studying!
Lecture Topics that will be on this Exam: Plant/Animal Interactions, Animals (general
characteristics, Invertebrates and Vertebrates)
Week 8 and 9: Plant/Animal interactions (mostly pollination, briefly seed dispersal):
Note: In class, I handed out an article on pollination and coevolution.
1. What is pollination? What methods do plants use for pollination?
2. If given a description of a flower, you should be able to guess as to what kind of pollination
method it uses.
3. What is the function of nectar in a plant?
4. Why would a plant want to avoid self-pollination? How do plants avoid self-pollination? (you
should know the methods for avoiding self-pollination described in lecture)
5. Why do animals pollinate plants? (Is it out of the kindness of their hearts?)
6. What adaptations can be found in plants that help them attract animal pollinators? Know all
adaptations described in class, and be able to describe how these are attractive to animals.
7. Know the types of adaptations found in animals that help them get pollen or nectar from
plants. (You should know the specific types discussed in lecture).
8. Know the meaning of the following terms:
nectar guides
proboscis
pollen baskets (on honeybee legs)
9. What is coevolution, and how is coevolution relevant to the great diversity of flower forms that
exist in the angiosperms? Be able to describe one example of coevolution.
10. What is the difference between pollination and seed dispersal?
11. Know what types of adaptations plants have to aid in seed dispersal. If given a description of
a fruit (e.g., barbed, winged, juicy and sweet), you should know the most likely seed dispersal
agent.
Bio 120
Fall 2015
Page 2 of 5
Exam 3 Review Sheet
Weeks 9, 10, and 11: Animals
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Also refer to the Animal Evolution tree drawn on the board
1. Know the meaning of the following terms:
zygote
embryo
cleavage
morula
blastula
gastrulation
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
protostomes
deuterostomes
2. Know that animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain their food
by eating. (this distinguishes them from fungi)
3. In what trophic levels can animals be found?
4. Refer to your Trophic Levels handout, given out earlier in the semester, for the
following: If given a description of its feeding habits, you should be able to say whether an
animal is a primary consumer, a secondary consumer, a tertiary consumer, or an omnivore.
Know what each of these terms mean.
5. Know the order/pattern of animal development from zygote to blastula.
6. What is the only animal phylum that does not have true tissues?
7. Which animal phyla have radial symmetry, and which have bilateral symmetry?
8. The evolution of bilateral symmetry was a major breakthrough in animal evolution. What
advantages does bilateral symmetry provide for animals? Why? What can bilaterally
symmetrical animals do that radially symmetrical animals can’t do?
Invertebrates:
1. Know the meaning of following terms. If the term refers to a structure, you should also know
the use(s) of that structure:
tissues
spicules
choanocytes
amoebocytes
cnidocytes
nematocysts
polyp
Bio 120
Fall 2015
Page 3 of 5
Exam 3 Review Sheet
medusa
mantle
radula
segmentation
water vascular system
tube feet
chelicerae
carapace
2. Know the distinguishing characteristics of these phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida,
Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Craniata or Chordata (from vertebrates
lecture). If given a characteristic that is unique to or characteristic of one of these phyla, you
should be able to identify the phylum in which is it present. Examples of unique characteristics
are given in the terms list above, but this list is not all-inclusive. Know the characteristics of
each phylum given in lecture.
3. Know the phylum in which each of the following types of organisms are placed:
Sponges, coral, sea anemones, jellyfish, earthworms, leeches, polychaetes (marine worms),
chitons, snails, slugs, nudibranchs, limpets, mussels, clams, scallops, octopus, squid, cuttlefish,
insects (beetles, butterflies, flies, etc.), spiders, scorpions, crabs, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, sea
stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, brittle stars
4. Know the four different feeding modes exhibited by animals within the phylum Annelida. For
each feeding mode, give an example of an Annelid that feeds that way.
5. Within the Phylum Arthropoda, be able to distinguish among the three groups we studied
(Insecta, Chelicerata, Crustaceans), based on the number of body segments, number of
legs, and/or other distinguishing features (such as use of silk, chelicerae, carapace).
6. With respect to insect life histories, what is meant by holometabolous? What is
hemimetabolous?
7. Know the stages involved in holometabolous and hemimetabolous life cycles and what each
stage is like (for example, in which state does growth occur? Which stage has wings?...). You
may be asked to diagram these stages, and describe each one.
8. Why are insects so diverse? Propose some explanations for the incredible diversity of insect
species.
Vertebrates:
1. What major features distinguish vertebrates (Phylum Chordata, group Craniata) from
invertebrates?
2. What is ontogeny? What can the ontogeny of vertebrates tell us about their evolutionary
history?
Bio 120
Fall 2015
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Exam 3 Review Sheet
3. If given one or more distinguishing characteristic(s), you should be able to distinguish among
these vertebrate classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia,
Aves, Mammalia
4. You should know what vertebrate class each of the following types of animals belongs to:
lampreys, sharks, rays, skates, sunfish, bony fish, garibaldi, eels, salmon, frogs, toads,
salamanders, newts, turtles, lizards, snakes, penguins (and all other birds), platypus, bats, whales,
sea lions, seals, dolphins, elephants, otters, humans, squirrels
5. Know the meaning of following terms:
Cartilaginous
Placoid scales
Ovoviviparous
Oviparous
Viviparous
Internal fertilization
External fertilization
Amplexus
Homeothermic
Endotherms
Ectotherms
Placenta
6. Know that sharks can be both ovoviviparous and oviparous. What is a “mermaid’s purse”?
7. Are all sharks carnivorous? Give an example of a shark that is not carnivorous. How does it
feed?
8. What is the most diverse vertebrate class?
9. In what ways are amphibians suited to life on land, and in what ways are they tied to water?
10. What are three adaptations found in reptiles that help them survive and reproduce on dry
land?
11. How does the amniotic egg allow for reproduction in dry environments?
12. Describe the structure and function of the amniotic egg, including the structure and function of
each of its various parts: chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion, and amniotic fluid (see
handout and drawing from board).
13. Know the three considerations listed that contribute to the flight efficiency of birds.
14. What adaptations seen in birds help reduce their weight (thereby helping them with flight)?
Bio 120
Fall 2015
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Exam 3 Review Sheet
15. Within the mammals, be able to describe the difference in development of young among the
monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. You should be able to give an example
of a monotreme, a marsupial, and a placental mammal.
16. What substances are carried from mother to fetus across a placenta? What substances are
carried from fetus to mother?