1. General features
Consider your paper to be a little book .
Title page:
Please provide the following information: Semester, type and title of the seminar, name of the university teacher, title of the paper, your name and "Fachsemesterzahl", address and email address or telephone number. The title page is not numbered.
Table of contents:
The table of contents includes page numbers and corresponds to the chapter headings in the paper itself in every detail. The page containing the table of contents is usually not numbered.
Format :
DIN-A4 printed on one side, font "Times New Roman" 12 pt or "Arial" 11 pt, spacing 1.5. Leave a large margin for comments (left about 3 cm, right about 2 cm, top and bottom about 2.5 cm). Use tabs to indent the first line of each paragraph, except for lines immediately following a heading. Justify your text
("
 locksatz").

Length: about 3500-4000 words ( Proseminar ), about 8500-9000 words ( Hauptseminar )
A scholarly work always has an introduction . Its function is to guide the reader to the topic of the paper and give a brief outlook on what is going to be discussed and in which way the topic is approached (main focus etc.). After the main chapters , which elaborate the main points, and before the alphabetical list of bibliographical references (on which see below), the content part of the paper closes with a conclusion .
Here you may summarize your paper and give a brief outlook (what has not been discussed, aspects of future studies etc.). Avoid using the title of your whole paper as a heading of a chapter: The title of the paper covers the whole work and not only one part of it. Instead, chapter headings (apart from introduction and conclusion) should give an indication of your line of argument. Do not use "Chapter 1" or "Main Part".
2. Formal conventions
2.1. Underlining and italics
Underlining on a typewriter or in handwriting corresponds to italics on a computer and in a printed text. The following forms are underlined or set in italics :
 letters, words and sentences which function as linguistic evidence
 foreign words and phrases
 titles of books (monographs, collections, journals)
Example:
The word cousin still has the meaning 'relative' in Shakespeare's What You Will .
Note: The title which you find on the first page (and usually also on the cover) of a book, a volume of a collection or a journal is set in italics . This is the title which is entered in your library catalogue.
Note: No italics in the case of articles in journals or collections, chapters of books, shorter poems.
Note: Do not overuse underlining / italics for the indication of emphasis. You may achieve emphasis by lexical and syntactic means as well.
2.2. Footnotes
You may use footnotes (no endnotes, please!) to provide additional information that would distract from the main text. Footnotes are also an appropriate place for cumbersome references to more than two sources. However, footnotes should be used sparingly.

2.3. Examples
Linguistic examples and example sentences should be numbered consecutively and may be referred to in the text by means of this number. Related examples may have the same number but be distinguished by "a.", "b." etc.
Example:
Example (12) illustrates the basic type. Alternative structures involving subject-to-object raising and subject-to-subject raising are given in examples (13a) and (13b), respectively.
(12) The authorities believe that the IRA planted the bomb.
(13) a. The authorities believed the IRA to have planted the bomb. b. The IRA was believed by the authorities to have planted the bomb.
2.4. Quotation marks
Single quotation marks are used for meanings, definitions and quotations within quotations.
Examples:
The Old English verb sellan had the general meaning of 'give'; Middle English sellen , however, was narrowed to 'sell', that is, 'give for money'.
Hawkins (2003: 187) argues that "[s]ince combination was defined above as 'two categories A and B are in a relation of combination iff they occur within the same syntactic mother phrase or maximal projection' it will be clear that some relations between a given A and B will involve both, and [he will] refer to these as combinatorial dependencies ."
Double quotation marks are used for shorter quotations (cf. 2.3., below), titles of articles in journals or collections, and also for shorter poems.
2.5. Quotations and adaptations
Shorter quotations within the text are marked by double quotation marks. Longer quotations (three lines or more) are indented on the left side about 1.25 cm (= about 0.5 inch), beginning in a new line, single-spaced and without quotation marks.
It is unacceptable in scholarly work to change form or contents of a quotation (e.g., no translation, no italics if not original italics)! Additions or comments are inserted within square brackets and are marked as changes and followed up by your initials, e.g. "This [our experiences with the physical world; N.N.] explains why". Changes in grammatical concord, e.g. changing the author’s
"I" to "[he]", and typographical adaptations, e.g. capitalization at the beginning of a quote, are also indicated by using square brackets (cf. the example under 2.3 above). Omissions within quotations are marked by three dots in square brackets "[...]". If there is a mistake in the original text, you may add
"[sic]" (Latin for so 'this is the way I found it') immediately after the error.
Example of shorter quotations embedded in the text:
In his book on metaphor, Kövecses always takes into account the principle of unidirectionality, which is grounded on the observation that "the metaphorical process typically goes from the more concrete to the more abstract" (Kövecses 2002: 6) and is explained by the fact that "the physical world serve[s] as a natural and logical foundation for the comprehension of more abstract domains" (2002: 6).
2

Example of a longer quotation:
There has been some debate on the relationship of the source and the target domains in metaphors. It seems that one particular direction is most frequent:
[I]n most cases of everyday metaphors the source and target domains are not
reversible. […] This is called the principle of unidirectionality; that is, the
metaphorical process typically goes from the more concrete to the more abstract but
not the other way around. (Kövecses 2002: 6)
Note: There is no full stop behind the bibliographical information.
Note: Frequent quoting from secondary literature is not necessarily an indication of a high scholarly standard. Please concentrate on quoting statements on focal points, if you quote at all, and paraphrase other opinions concerning your topic.
All sources have to be indicated, not only direct quotations. Every time you render an opinion or a result from the work of another scholar, you must indicate this, using "cf." 'confer to' before name, year, and page number. If you do not heed this scholarly practice, you become guilty of plagiarism and risk that your paper will not be accepted.
There are different ways to document quoted material. The method presented here is one of the most commonly used in English and American studies and convenient both for the reader and the writer of a paper. If you choose to use a different style of documentation, please remember that you have to be consistent and precise, and you should check with your lecturer if this is acceptable.
3. Bibliographical references
Each quotation and each use of a source has to be acknowledged by an exact bibliographical reference which is usually placed directly in the text and refers to the list of references at the end of the paper
(cf. 4., below). Indicate page numbers wherever possible.
Examples of bibliographical references in the text:
... as Chomsky (1964: 22) explains ...
... is illustrated in Marchand (1969) in a very detailed way.
... a productive word-formation pattern (cf. Marchand 1969: 273-281).
... has been assumed to have existed in Germanic (cf. Lehmann 1972b: 244-245).
4. List of references
At the end of the paper (and before a potential appendix ) a complete alphabetical list of the sources used for your work is placed, ordered according to the last name of the authors. It begins on a new page and is entitled "References". All books and articles referred to in the text must be listed and, vice versa, all those listed in the references must be referred to in the text. Avoid the groupings according to primary literature (a particular author or text discussed in the paper) and secondary literature
(scholarly criticism) if it is not strictly necessary.
Both in the titles of books and in the titles of articles, all words except prepositions, articles and conjunctions may be capitalized. If you choose to do so, do it consistently.
Use indentation of the second and following lines ("Format", "Absatz", "hängend") and avoid overformatting such as automatic list functions etc.
If two references agree in author and year, the letters "a", "b" etc. are added after the year both in the references in the text and in the list of references.
3

4.1. Monographs
Dobson, E.J. 1968. English Pronunciation 1500-1700.
2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Kövecses, Zoltán. 2002.
Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2005.
Englische Morphologie und Wortbildung: Eine Einführung
.
Grundlagen der Anglistik und Amerikanistik 25. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
4.2. Articles in collections
Note: You must refer to the article that you used in a collection of articles by quoting its author and title etc., and not by a wholesale reference to the whole collection.
Hawkins, John A. 2003. "Why Are Zero-marked Phrases Close to Their Heads?" In: Günter
Rohdenburg & Britta Mondorf, eds. Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English.
Topics in English Linguistics 43. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 175-204.
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1972b. "Proto-Germanic Syntax." In: Frans van Coetsem & Herbert L. Kufner, eds. Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic
. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 239-268.
Sabban, Annette. 1999. "Vorwort." In: Annette Sabban, ed. Phraseologie und Übersetzen: Phrasemata
II , Bielefeld: Aisthesis. 7-8.
4.3 Articles in journals
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1972a. "Converging Theories in Linguistics." Language 48: 266-275.
4.4. Publications in the World Wide Web
Be as precise as possible! Use reliable sources only! Try to find author, title and date of the internet source. The last date given in the reference is the date on which you last accessed the site.
Website:
Burlingham, Cynthia. 1997. Picturing Childhood . <http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/ special/childhood/pictur.htm> (28.10.2002).
Article in an online-journal:
Caruso, Jen. 2001. "The Anatomy Museum: Reading Irigaray." Nasty 8: 6 pp. <http:// collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/201/300/nasty/2001/01-07-03/articles/8/caruso/index.html>
(28.10.2002).
5. Corrections
Every author has the duty to check their work concerning typographical errors, orthography, punctuation and grammar and to correct it accordingly. Take special care with quotations in a foreign language.
Please use automatic corrections with care, as you may find, for instance, English its being turned into ist . It may be best to deactivate all options under "Extras", "Autokorrektur", as this might save you from some unpleasant surprises!
For points not discussed above, consult:
Gibaldi, Joseph. 1999. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers . 5 th ed. New York:
MLA.
Standop, Ewald & Matthias L.G. Meyer. 2002. Die Form der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit: Ein unverzichtbarer Leitfaden für Studium und Beruf . 16. korr. und ergänzte Aufl. Wiebelsheim:
Quelle & Meyer.
G o o d l u c k w i t h y o u r w o r k !
4