Soc213 (003)
Deviant Behavior
Bogart
Test01b
02/12/02
Part 1: Text (Thio) Items: Old
Ch. 02: Traditional Theories of Deviance
01b. Using _____ as a form of deviant adaptation is the central subject of strain theory. A. conformity B.
innovation C. ritualism D. retreatism E. rebellion (p. 19)
02b. According to Merton, _____ entails lowering aspirations or abandoning high success goals in order to
more easily realize aspirations. A. rebellion B. conformity C. ritualism D. innovation E. retreatism (p. 19)
03b. Which of the following is NOT associated primarily with strain theory? A. anomie theory B. goal-means
gap C. differential illegitimate opportunity D. differential association E. status frustration (p. 23)
04b. Sutherland's theory of differential _____ focuses on the EXCESS of deviant contacts over conventional
contacts. A. association B. reinforcement C. identification D. evaluation E. legitimacy (pp. 23-24)
05b. Building on Sutherland's theory, Akers developed _____ theory to incorporate exposure to deviant ideas
and rewards for deviant behavior. A. social bond B. reintegrative C. deterrence D. control E. differential
reinforcement (p. 25)
06b. The question posed by control theorists is, what causes _____? A. deviance B. commitment C.
illegitimacy D. conformity E. anomie (p. 26)
07b. Hirschi uses the concepts of attachment, commitment, involvement and belief to advance his theory that
_____ causes individuals to commit deviant acts. A. weak social bond B. shaming C. lack of discipline D.
negative self-image E. status frustration (p. 27)
08b. Braithwaite argues that one way that the United States can significantly reduce its crime rates is by
emphasizing
rather than stigmatizing criminals. A. disintegrative shaming B. reintegrative
shaming C. general deterrence D. specific deterrence E. informal social control. (p. 28)
09b. According to the deterrence doctrine which focuses on formal social control, this control theory assumes
. A. a crime will result in punishment B. criminals will commit more crimes C. humans are
basically rational and calculate the cost and benefit of committing a crime D. punishment encourages crime E.
punishments are more severE. (p. 28)
10b. There are various versions of learning theory that explain why some people become deviant. According to
Sutherland's differential association theory, people will likely become deviant _____. A. if they associate with
those who hold deviant ideas B. if they can avoid punishment C. if they exercise self-control D. if they feel
stigmatized E. if they engage in delinquency. (p. 31)
Ch. 03: Modern Theories of Deviance
11b. Labeling theory is actually a version of _____, a well-known theory in sociology about social behavior. A.
phenomenological theory B. feminist theory C. conflict theory D. symbolic interactionism E. Marxist
theory. (p. 34)
12b. According to the labeling theory, who applies the deviant label to those who have allegedly violated law
and morality? A. criminals B. theorists C. psychologists D. the poor and powerless E. officers of the law.
(p. 35)
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13b. Labeling theorists characteristically are most interested in analyzing the _____ of becoming a secondary
deviant. A. causes B. process C. consequences D. unanticipated consequences E. logic. (p. 36)
14b. Labeling a person deviant tends to create consequences for the community that applies the label. Erikson
(1964) specifically focused on those which are _____ and contribute to _____. A. positive, social order B.
negative, social order C. unpredictable, chaos D. negative, social cohesion E. negative, deviant behavior. (p.
37)
15b. Phenomenologists criticize traditional sociologists for adopting the
view of deviance; that is,
traditionists take an objective and deterministic approach to deviancE. A. feminist B. subjective C. positivist
D. interpretivist E. critical social sciencE. (p. 38)
16b. Phenomenologists criticize for failing to deal with the _____ of deviance. A. root causes, B. social
consequences, C. social benefits, D. true meaning, E. the universaity. (p. 39)
17b. In describing a phenomenological approach, one phenomenologist says, "The investigator goes into the
situation to be studies with a totally open mind (Bruyn 1966)". This approach is referred to as
. A.
phenomenological bracketing/reduction B. subjective interpretation C. objective interpretation D.
ethnomethodology E. symbolic interactionism. (p. 40)
18b. According to Chambliss (1969), what are the two types of law? A. law on the books, law in action B.
law of states, law of the nation C. law of communities, law of regions D. law of authorities, law of citizens E.
none of the above. (p. 43)
19b. Criminal acts such as murder and robbery committed by the poor are likely to cause the dominant class to
make and enforce the laws against the poor, which in turn would make life more difficult for the poor, thereby
encouraging them to commit more crimes. This is an example of
. A. legal reality theory B.
social reality of crime C. deviant reality D. theoretic stance E. none of the above. (p. 45)
20b. According to
theorists, the cause of deviance can be traced to the exploitative nature of
capitalism. A. feminist B. power C. conflict D. Marxist E. positivist. (p. 46)
Part 2: Lecture Items: Old
Lecture 01: Functional Theory
21b. Erikson used the expression "boundary maintaining" to note that communities (societies) A. attempt to
distinguish themselves in moral and normative terms, B. regulate migration into and out of their boundaries, C.
socialize their members, D. resist their loss of autonomy, E. are ethnocentric.
22b. Durkheim believed that A. Societies can eliminate crime, B. Societies of saints are examples of societies
without crime, C. Scandals and public outrages mobilize the collective sentiments, D. Crime exists in the
absolute sense, E. Progress requires that people be obedient and orderly.
23b. According to Durkheim, a society without crime is A. probably preindustrial, B. impossible, C. a society of
saints, D. is a society without inequality, E. A and D only.
24b. According to Kingsley Davis in his work The Sociology of Prostitution the act of prostitution exists for all
of the following reasons EXCEPT _____ A. society is lenient in its toleration of unrestricted indulgence in
recreational sex, B. it provides erotic release of a promiscuous, non- emotionally complicating nature, C. women
engage in prostitution for other than economic reasons, D. it provides greater variety and less judgmental sexual
services, E. society emphasizes the importance of the traditional monogamous family.
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25b, The primary function of deviance according to Erikson is to A. enlist the moral support of the poor, B.
distract persons from other forms of oppression, C. maintain the collective identity of the group or society, D.
maintain and reinforce rigid class structures, E. create amusement for the working class.
Lecture 02: Social Disorganization Theory
26b. Thomas and Znaniecki studied Polish immigrant teenage girls because, A. the study of sex and gender was
a dominant theme in the University of Chicago, B. huge waves of Polish immigrants were flooding Chicago at
that time, C. Znaniecki was Polish, D. Polish teen girls were getting pregnant, which was less common in their
home country, E. birthrate and immigration studies indicated that there should not be any Polish teenage girls at
that time.
27b. Farris and Dunham viewed the city in A. concentric zones, B. terms of mechanical solidarity, C. the central
role of religion and family, D. concentric zones, E. ideology and naturalization.
28b. Park (1925) wrote: "Our great cities are full of junk, much of it A. interesting, B. in middle class
neighborhoods, C. created by capitalism, D. left in the wake of migration from the city, E. human.
29b. The replacement of one set of social institutions by another is called A. anomie, B. periodic
reorganization, C. social reconstruction. D. institutional disorganization. E. social transition.
30b. According to Cloward and Ohlin, Merton's anomie theory fails to take into account .differential A.
illegitimate opportunity, B. legitimate opportunity, C. status integration, D. status inconsistency, E.
identification.
Lecture 03: Anomie Theory
31b. Durkheim tested his concept of anomie in his study of _____ in terms of rates of _____ in France. A.
anomie, suicide, B. mechanical solidarity, crime, C. egoistic alienation, atheism, D. economically based anomie,
stock manipulations, E. antisemitism, scandals.
32b. Durkheim's theoretical argument about anomie in human societies begins with the assumption of A. human
selfishness, B. lack of human self control, C. the adverse effect of crowds on human rationality, D. universal
cultural values, E. the inevitability of human progress.
33b. If we use Durkheim's perspective as a guide and we wanted to live in times of miximum human satisfaction
with their lot in life, we would chose to live in times of A. prosperity, B. poverty, C. economic uncertainty, D.
economic stability, E. religious revival.
34b. In his approach to anomie, Merton was most clearly determined to A. avoid economic determism, B. avoid
the concept of human choice, C. feature cultural diversity, D. show that society creates deviance, E. present
America as the model society.
35b. In Merton's taxonomy of responses to anomie, _____ is defined as beginning first with _____ as its first
stage. A. ritualism, conformity, B. retreatism, conformity, C. retreatism, ritualism, D. rebellion, ritualism, E.
rebellion, retreatism.
Lecture 04: Differential Association Theory
36b. In the 9 principles of their theory of crime, Sutherland and Cressey seem most clearly interested in
demonstrating that crime is A. acquired behavior, B. biologically rooted, C. psychologically abnormal, D. a
failure of group norms, E. unnatural.
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37b. Glaser's critique of Sutherland and Glaser's resultant perspective depends most clearly and directly on a key
distinction between A. thought and behavior, B. feelings and cognitions, C. behavior and internalization, D.
psychological and sociological determinism, E. explanation and
rationalization.
38b. Which of the following would be the least apt example of Cressey's "trust violator". A. child abuser, B.
bank embezzler, C. inside trader (in stocks), D. organizational treasurer who is accused of using using money
for personal convenience, E. computer programmer who figures out how to skim off a cent on every transaction
into a slush fund.
39b. Sykes and Matza developed the key concept for which they are noted as a consequence of rejecting a view
of _____ as _____. A. white collar criminals, oversocialized, B. bank robbers, highly skilled, C. bank tellers,
petty criminals, D. juvenile delinquents, products of a subculture, E. juvenile delinquents, always lower class.
40b. Highly principled citizens who have avoided gambling all their lives may be willing to participate in a
lottery when they are led to believe that major beneficiaries are college students. This would most aptly
illustrate the tecnique of A. appeal to higher loyalties, B. denying responsibility, C. denying injury, D. denying
victim, E. condeming the condemners.
Part 3: Text (Thio) Items: New
Ch.02:Positivist Theories: Explaining Deviance
41b. According to_____, the encouragement of high aspirations and denial of success opportunities in U.S.
society, in effect, pressures us to commit deviance. A. Glaser’s differential identification B. Merton’s goalmeans gap C. deterrence doctrine D. Hirschi’s social bond and self-control E. Sutherland’s differential
association (p. 18)
42b. Psychotics, outcasts, vagrants, vagabonds, tramps, alcoholics, and drug addicts would be referred to as
_____ by Robert Merton’s version of strain theory. A. conformists B. innovators C. ritualists D. retreatists E.
rebels (p. 19-20)
43b. Frustrated by their lack of success in school, lower-class boys set up their own competitive system, which
Cohen calls a _____, where they can compete more fairly for status among their peers. A. delinquent
subculture B. retreatist subculture C. rebellious subculture D. differential identification subculture E.
conformist subculture (p. 21)
44b. Cloward and Ohlin’s _____ theory includes three types of subcultures: criminal, conflict, and retreatist. A.
differential reinforcement B. social bond C. differential association D. reintegrative shaming E. differential
illegitimate opportunity. (p. 22)
45b. If we have a greater number of deviant contacts than conventional ones, we are likely to become deviant,
according to: A. the positivist perspective B. the deterrence doctrine C. differential association theory D.
control theory E. goal-means gap (p. 24)
46b. With his differential identification theory, Glaser tried to correct Sutherland’s mechanistic image by
emphasizing the individual’s: A. role-taking and choice-making ability B. fear of punishment C. capacity for
guilt D. capacity for shame E. fear of success (p. 25)
47b. The Burgess-Akers differential reinforcement theory is most useful for explaining: A. why a person
initially commits a deviant act B. why some people continue to get involved in deviance after committing a
deviant act for the first time, i.e. repeated deviance C. why lower-class persons would become involved in
retreatism D. the absence of social control E. the absence of conformity (p. 27)
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48b. According to Hirschi’s version of control theory, attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are
four ways for individuals to. A. practice retreatist behavior B. practice formal social control C. bond
themselves to society D. defer gratification E. achieve status
49b. Reintegrative shaming involves all BUT which of the following? A. punishing the wrongdoer in such a
way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized B. makes wrongdoers feel guilty C. involves the concept of
“hating the sin but loving the sinner” D. shows wrongdoers understanding, forgiveness or even respect E.
welcomes the wrongdoer back into conventional society (p. 28)
50b. _____ assumes that humans are basically rational, given to calculating the benefit and cost of committing a
crime. If the cost, which according to this theory is legal punishment, is greater than the benefit, they will refrain
from committing the crime. A. differential association B. the deterrence doctrine C. status frustration theory
D. the goal-means gap E. differential reinforcement. (p. 29)
Ch. 03: Constructionist Theories: Understanding Deviance
51b. All BUT which of the following is true of labeling theory? It A. is a version of symbolic interactionism
B. asks who applies the deviant label to whom? C. asks what consequences does the application of this label
have for the person labeled? D. prone to focus on stages of deviance? E. a version of conflict theory. (p. 35)
52b. According to labeling theory, there are two types of criminal acts. One is the first act, which the child
considers innocent, but which adults define as delinquent, called by Lemert _____ deviation, and second is the
final behavior, which both child and adults define as delinquent, or _____ deviation, according to Lemert. A.
tertiary, primary B. primary, tertiary C. primary, secondary D. interactive, penalized E. secondary,
interactionist. (p. 37)
53b. Phenomenological theory : A. gets into peoples’ minds B. is rooted in behaviorism, C. does not recognize
the exercise of free will by the powerless D. emphasizes the unknowability of the human mind E. tends to
identify with political conservatism. (p. 39)
54b. Katz in his research found that virtually all robbers regarded their victims as fools or suckers, who deserve
to be robbed. This is an example of: A. conflict theory B. labeling theory C. social reality theory D. power
theory E. phenomenological theory. (p. 42)
55b. According to _____ theory, capitalism pressures people to commit crimes and become deviants by making
them poor in the first place. A. social reality B. power theory C. feminist D. Marxist E. legal reality theory.
(p. 48)
56b. _____ theory shows that, under the influence of the historical and organizational background of the law,
legal authorities are actually unfair and unjust, favoring the rich and powerful over the poor and weak A. power
B. social reality C. Marxist D. legal reality E. postmodernist. (p. 45)
57b. Feminist theory points out that women tend to commit minor property crimes, such as shoplifting, welfare
fraud and petty credit-card fraud, reflecting the _____ of women, and the increasing _____. A. subordinate
position, feminization of poverty B. subordinate position, liberation of women C. equality, increased thrillseeking activities of women D. liberation, education E. subordinate position, real wealth of women. (p. 49)
58b. The main focus of Quinney’s social reality theory is the use of _____ by the state and the ruling class to
secure the survival of the capitalist system. A. marginal surplus population B. criminal law C. revolutionary
consciousness D. deconstruction E. phenomenological reduction (p. 46)
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59b. The difference of postmodernist theory from phenomenological theory, is that in order to study deviance
fully, we must study the deviant’s: A. suppressed language B. subjective interpretation of his/her own
experience C. position in the class structure D. power relations E. self-image as deviant. (p. 52)
60b. All BUT which of the following is true of power theory? A. the powerful enjoy greater deviant
opportunity B. the powerful are more likely to engage in corporate crime C. the powerful suffer less relative
deprivation than the powerless D. the powerful are subject to weaker social control E. it is a type of conflict
theory. (p. 50)
Part 04: Theory Items: from Quizzes
61b. Durkheim's major contribution to criminology was: A. an emphasis on differences in association and
isolation of societal members; B. a documentation of the corrupt practices of powerful Parisians; C. the
recognition of positive roles of crime and deviance in approach to social organization. D. historical comparison
of crime in Greece and Rome, E. the identification of social contradictions and hypocrisy.
62b. Which of the following most aptly expresses Durkheim's view of the nature of crime. A. It is not an
appropriate subject for real sociologists. B. It is a quality which is conferred upon behavior by the community
(rather than existing in an absolute sense). C. It is a direct indicator of the preoccupation of the society with
gender roles. D. It is rooted in economic injustice. E. It is a form of mental illness.
63b. According to Durkheim, a society without crime is A. impossible, B. probably preindustrial, C. a society of
saints, D. is a society without inequality, E. possible but not probable.
65b. According to Davis, prostitution will not decline when women are paid more because: A. some women
enjoy prostitution; B. scarcity would raise prices and incentives; C. the demand would not be reduced; D. the
incentive for prostitution is not money; E. more than one of the above.
65b. What is the social function of the impersonal nature of sexual relations in a situation of prostitution,
according to Kingsley Davis? A. to reduce the role conflict of prostitutes; B. to keep prostitutes in their
stigmatized social status; C. to complement rather than compete with marriage as an institution; D. to express
and extend the norms of the industrial revolution and capitalism; E. to maintain some degree of social distance
and self respect for the prostitute.
66b. When social rules do not effectively control the behavior of individuals, Thomas and Znaniecki call this:
A. social anomie; b. social disorganization; C. social recidivism; D. structural strain; E. social dysfunction.
67b. Park saw _____ as doing the experiments that would provide "the main basis for a new social science." A.
agencies like the YMCA and Boy Scouts, B. social workers at Hull House, C. churches and synagogues, D.
social psychologists, E. urban anthropologists.
68b. Faris & Dunham (1965) reported that delinquency social disorganization in black areas of the city
correlated with _____ corresponding to ______. A. distance from the inner city, higher rates of poverty; B.
foreign origins, low literacy; C. nearness to the center of the city, recency of arrival; D. tenement building, size
families; E. remoteness from trolley lines, rates of truancy.
69b. Following the approach of the Chicago School, Faris & Dunham (1965) expected to find more mental
illness and more serious mental illness in A. African Americans ("blacks"), B.. foreign born immigrants, C.
illiterate "whites", D. the inner city, E. Zone VI.
70b. Mills (1942) critiqued ____ by analyzing ____. A. Durkheim's anomie theory, American newspapers; B.
Merton's anomie theory, American newspapers; C. the early Chicago School, their textbooks; D. pop sociology
circa 1940, best sellers; E. social learning theory; a sample of spouse abusers.
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71b. According to Durkheim, dissatisfaction of humans with their lot in life increases with both _____ and
_____. A. inequality, sudden economic change; B. poverty, illiteracy; C. affluence, world travel; D. plague,
war; E. education, humanism.
72b. Durkheim argued that suicide is highest in the economic world because _____ is exalted there. A.
ambition, B. security, C. aggression, D. secrecy, E. authority.
73b. Merton: Studies of _____ crime tend to show rather astonishing rates of such crimes which are either not
detected or not punished. Sutherland attributed this to _____. A. juvenile, judicial permissiveness; B. minority
group, political correctness; C. corporate crime, lack of detection; D. governmental, democratic dysfunctions; E.
white collar, lack of public resentment.
74b. Because of differences is class ideology, Merton thought their should be less crime and deviance in _____
than in America. A. European countries, B. the Soviet Union, C. Communist China, D. Israel, E. Scandanavian
countries.
75b. According to Cloward’s analysis, we should expect find the strongest negative correlation between crime
and SES (i.e., lower class individuals commit the highest rate of crime) when the lower class is _____ in access
to legitimate opportunities and ____ in access to illegitimate opportunities. A. lo, lo; B. lo, high; C. high, low;
D. high, high.
76b. Sutherland’s classic textbook focused on the basic process of human A. competition, B. cooperation, C.
demoralization, D. learning, E. imprinting.
77b. Sutherland argued that his discipline could benefit from two procedures: (1) logical abstraction and (2)
_____. A. subjective understanding, B. participant observation, C. differentiation of level of analysis, D.
identification with the victim, E. latent function analysis.
78b. Cressey concluded that, in the mind of the trust violator, his actions must be A. for fun only, B. an
impulsive or spontaneous act, C. rationalized, D. joined in by others, E. done only once.
79b. Glaser: “Sutherlands’ key concept of ‘excess of definitions’, lacks A. any efforts at empirical study, B.
clear denotation in human experience, C. logical and analytical consistency, D. internal consistency, E. cultural
context.
80b. Sykes & Matza mobilize evidence and argument most directly in opposition to ______ theory of juvenile
delinquency. A. Shaw & McKay’s zone, B. Merton’s innovation, C. Cloward & Ohlin’s access to illegitimate
opportunity, D. Sutherland’s differential association, E. Cohen’s subculture.
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