China Counterplan Negative
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Index
NEG
China Counterplan Negative
Affirmative answers follow the negative.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
1NC Shell
NEG
1NC China Counterplan [1/2]
Text: The People’s Republic of China should [INSERT THE REST OF THE PLAN
TEXT HERE].
1. The counterplan is competitive through its net benefits because it does not use the United States federal government. All of our disadvantages to US action are net-benefits to Chinese action by itself. If we win that we solve any portion of their harms, you should vote negative to avoid the links to our disadvantages.
2. The counterplan solves – Chinese ocean exploration and development is more effective than US action
Zou 2012
[K. Lancashire Law School, University of Central Lancashire. “China’s Ocean Policymaking: Practice and Lessons”
Coastal Management, Vol 40 N2. 2012. Available via Taylor&Francis]
The China Ocean Agenda 21 further elaborated China’s strategy of ocean development in line with the Rio
Declaration and Agenda 21 adopted at the UNCED in 1992.¶ It sets out several basic principles and objectives to realise sustainable development for China’s seas, with the guiding principle of sustainable oceanic use and coordinated oceanic¶ development for the oceanic work in China in the 21st century (SOA
1996, 7). The basic policies include, inter alia, (1) establishment and development of ocean industries by¶ following the principle of sustainable development; (2) promotion of ocean development¶ activities by incorporating social and economic development of coastal areas; (3) promotion¶ of sustainable development of coastal islands; (4) conservation of marine living resources;¶ (5) promotion of science and technology for sustainable development; (6) establishment¶ of an integrated ocean management system;
(7) protection of the marine environment;¶ (8) strengthening ocean observation, alert, and disaster reduction; (9) enhancing international cooperation; and (10) promotion of public participation (SOA
1996, 10–13).¶ The latest ocean policy is reflected in the Program on the Development of National¶
Marine Affairs, which was approved by the State Council in February 2008. In the official¶ Reply, the
State Council requests coastal provinces and several ocean-related ministries to¶ implement the Program.
The State Council listed six important points regarding the implementation: (1) as an objective to build up a strong maritime country, to comprehensively¶ develop national marine affairs, maintain national maritime rights and interests, strengthen¶ integrated ocean management, regulate the order for the development of marine resources,¶ protect the marine ecological environment, heighten the marine public service level, inten-¶ sify self-innovative capacity for marine science and technology, and promote sustainable¶ development of overall marine affairs; (2) to implement the policy of “develop in protection and protect in development” (kaifa zhong baohu, baohu zhong kaifa); (3) to strengthen the¶ control of marine pollution and land-based pollution sources; (4) to speed up the trans-¶ formation of the development means of the marine economy, to develop a marine recycle¶ economy and to heighten the quality of marine economic development; (5) to heighten the¶ ocean public service level, quicken the construction of national marine informatization, and¶ improve the capacity of marine environmental forecast; and (6) to incorporate the Program¶ into the programs of economic and social development and prepare the implementation¶ plans in coastal areas (Program on the Development of National Marine
Affairs 2008). The¶ State Council emphasized that marine affairs concern the nation’s fundamental interests and¶ it is of great significance to develop marine affairs for the safeguarding of national security,¶ diffusion of bottle-necks of resources and environment, expansion of development space¶ and promotion of national economic and social development. The Commission of Develop-¶ ment and Reform together with SOA should monitor and assess the implementation of the¶ Program (¶ Program on the
Development of National Marine Affairs¶ 2008).
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
1NC Shell
NEG
1NC China Counterplan [2/2]
Zou evidence continues, no text deleted…
According to the¶ Program, China should reach the following goal by 2020: visible strengthening of national¶ ocean awareness, completion of the marine legal system, and the basic formulation of the¶ integrated management system, visible strengthening of the capacity of ocean industries¶ and marine science and technology for international competiveness, effective maintenance¶ and safeguard of maritime rights and interests and maritime security (Program on the De-¶ velopment of National Marine
Affairs 2008). Regarding marine environmental protection,¶ the Program sets forth a target to reduce
10% of the total pollutants into the sea and to¶ create a national marine ecological monitoring network
(Program on the Development of National Marine Affairs 2008). For the purpose of implementing the
Program concerning¶ marine environmental protection, the SOA, in March 2010, issued the Circular on
Essential¶ Points for Marine Environmental Protection in 2010, which requires ocean management¶ departments at all levels to take the divided responsibility and to establish an effective¶ monitoring system. Since 2010 is the final year to implement the 11th Five-Year Plan, the¶ SOA needs to prepare the
12th Five-Year Plan for marine environmental protection. In¶ the meantime, the SOA is prepared to improve the regulations for marine environmental protection by adopting and/or revising a series of regulations and measures in this regard (SOA 2010a).
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
2NC / 1NR Extensions
NEG
2NC / 1NR Extensions: China Counterplan Overview [1/1]
The counterplan and the plan are two different policy options. The affirmative has just the United States do ocean development, while the negative has China do the affirmative’s plan instead. Having China act instead of the United States still solves for all their impacts, but we are a better option because it avoids the links to our disadvantages.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
2NC / 1NR Extensions
NEG
2NC / 1NR Extensions: A/T #1 – “Permutation Do Both” [1/1]
1. The permutation is redundant and does not get double solvency. Their harms evidence proves that one nation doing the plan is enough to solve, so the
Counterplan solves exactly as much as the Affirmative. There is no benefit to doing it twice as much, because one plan is enough to prevent their harms from happening.
2. The permutation still links to our disadvantages related to US action. Their evidence says that the U.S. and China work together sometimes, but does not substantiate their argument that it would shield the link to our disadvantages.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
2NC / 1NR Extensions
NEG
2NC / 1NR Extensions: A/T #2 – “Solvency Deficit” [1/1]
1. China’s in a better position than the United States to explore and develop the oceans. They have greater expertise, they’ve devoted massive amounts of resources to ocean policy in the past few years, and their ability to effectively digest data trumps America’s knowledge. That’s our 1NC Tollefson evidence.
2. Even if the plan is a little bit more effective than the counterplan, the counterplan is sufficient. Good is good enough: we do not have to win that we solve 100% of the Affirmative’s harms, only that we do enough to prevent their impacts. This is especially true given the sizable impacts to our disadvantages – you should determine that these far outweigh the marginal additional advantage the affirmative can claim by involving the federal government.
3. We have specific solvency evidence in the context of the affirmative.
[INSERT PLAN-SPECIFIC SOLVENCY EVIDENCE]
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
2NC / 1NR Extensions
NEG
2NC / 1NR Extensions: A/T #3 – “International Fiat Bad” [1/1]
International Fiat is legitimate:
1. Counter-interpretation: The Negative should be allowed foreign government counterplans. This limits out NGOs and U.S. based agents that their fiat theory arguments are attacking.
2. Infinite Regress is inevitable. Within the U.S. government there are hundreds of agencies, and their interpretation allows any combination of states or domestic actors. Their interpretation does not solve limits.
3. Fair division of ground: International actor counterplans are necessary to test the phrase “United States federal government” in the resolution and force the
Affirmative to have a U.S. Key warrant. Otherwise the Affirmative would have too many possible advantages and plan mechanisms, in addition to getting away with an untested portion of the resolution.
4. Education: Which government should give aid is in some ways the core of a foreign assistance topic. Limiting out other countries means we will never compare different approaches to the ocean or their effectiveness, which decreases topic-specific education.
5. International Actor counterplans are necessary to check Affirmative bias like first and last speech and infinite prep time.
6. This is not a voting issue. At worst, you reject the Counterplan and evaluate the round as the Affirmative against our Disadvantages. They have only argued that the Counterplan is abusive, not that they cannot debate the other issues.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Plan-Specific Solvency
NEG
Plan-Specific Solvency: Aquaculture [1/1]
( ) Chinese aquaculture is sustainable and environmentally-responsible
NBSO 2010
[The Netherlands Business Support Office. “An Overview of China’s Aquaculture” 2010 http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-inchina/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overview-of-chinas-aquaculture]
China’s academies of science and universities are the main sources for new technologies and innovation.
In the past, the scientific achievements of the institutes and universities haven’t been transferred into mass production efficiently and in time. Recently, the government has realized this problem and begins to improve transferring efficiency of new research achievements. At the same time, some academies begin to cooperate with farming companies. Disease curing and prevention, health farming and cultivation of good quality strain are the main interests of the research area. Some new technologies are elaborated below:
GMO engineering has been used in some aquaculture species. Polyploid breeding of some species have achieved and come to mass production. The polyploidy product has the advantages in growth, yield and stress resistance ability. For example, the triploid product has the characteristic of sterility, and no need to consume energy for gonad growth, and it has a great significant advantage in growth. Normally polyploid can be induced by biological, chemical and physical methods. The disease prevention and treatment of aquaculture species become an important issue when the intensive aquaculture getting more and more popular. In the past, antibiotic has been used to solve the problem. However nowadays the antibiotic abuses make some bacteria get drug resistance, on the other hand, most antibiotics have been prohibited to use in aquaculture. Under this circumstance, some immunopotentiator are studied to improve the anti diseases ability of the cultured species. Currently, Taurine, lactoferrine and Vitamin E have been used to improve the immunity of the products and have got good effects. Traditional Chinese herb medicines begins to use in aquaculture in recent years. Using the Chinese herb medicine can get following effects: decrease the feed conversion ratio, improve the growth rate, cure some diseases and also can prevent some diseases. Nowadays, a number of preparations of probiotics are commercially available and have been introduced to fish, shrimp and molluscan farming as feed additives, or are incorporated in pond water. These products are effective in supporting the health of aquatic animals. Replacement of fish meal is always a hot subject to study. Feed cost is the main cost in finfish aquaculture and account for around 50% of the total cost (Guo, et al., 2005). Feed Cost is mainly decided by feed price and feed conversation ratio. The price of feed in mainly determined by the protein sources, of which, fishmeal is the essential and traditional one. Recently many researches have been conducted to find the substitute of fishmeal. Following cheap protein feedstuffs, poultry by product meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal, blood meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal, have been used as part of protein source in feed recently. In China, fish vaccines had been researched around 30 years before, they went through a rapid development period and now are at a new age. Though fish vaccines is mainly stay on research stage, they began to used in commercial production more and more recently. Fish vaccines can play an important role in control of fish diseases, especially in the control of some malignant infectious diseases.
With increasing demand for environment friendly aquaculture, the use of probiotics in aquaculture is now accepted. In Guangdong area, some farmers have used the probiotics to improve the quality of the water.
Recent research also shows that the use of commercial probiotics in Penaeus vannamei Pond can reduce concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus and increase the shrimp yields (Wang et al., 2008). Overwinter technique has been used in some expensive species cultured in north. For example, abalone takes very long time to grow to commercial size because it stops growing in winter time due to low temperature. It takes around three years to grow to the commercial size. Overwinter technique is to move the products to the south e.g. Fujian province in the winter. The products are shipped to the south by sea and culture in the cage. Normally the products are moved to the south from October and back around May next year.
Using the method, the survived rate of the products increase in winter time, and most important the products keep growing and can reach the commercial size one year earlier comparing to the traditional method. Recently some farmers have begun to send other species e.g. sea cucumber to the south overwinter.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Plan-Specific Solvency
NEG
Plan-Specific Solvency: Offshore Wind [1/1]
( ) Chinese offshore wind development is superior to the plan
Pinsent Masons 2013
[Pinsent Masons LLP is a full-service international law firm. The firm ranks amongst the top 15 law firms in the
United Kingdom, “Offshore wind power projects in China”, 2/1/13, http://www.out-law.com/en/topics/projects-construction/projects-and-procurement/offshore-wind-power-projects-in-china/]
At the end of 2010, China overtook the US to become the world's largest wind power developer. China's onshore wind power market has experienced exponential growth since its Renewable Energy Law (REL) created a state-sponsored commitment towards renewable energy in 2006. However, the development of the country's onshore wind power industry has been beset by problems. The REL was amended in 2009 to address these issues, and now the focus is turning to offshore wind power.¶ This guide provides an overview of offshore wind power projects in China.¶ The main projects¶ The Donghai Bridge Wind Farm in Shanghai is currently the most high profile offshore wind project in China. It was completed in time for the World Expo being held in Shanghai in 2010. It is made up of 34 turbines with a combined installed capacity of 102MW.¶ The province of Tinajin is constructing the Bohai Bay wind farm which, once completed in 2020, will be the world's largest offshore wind farm with an installed capacity of 1,000MW.
By way of comparison, Europe's largest existing offshore wind farm is 300MW.¶ The Chinese government has identified six locations which are suited to offshore wind power and is preparing offshore wind development plans. The most advanced is Jiangsu which is in the process of tendering four new offshore developments each with a capacity of 200MW.¶ The main players¶ Five state-owned power generators dominate the offshore wind power market:¶ China Guodian;¶ China Huaneng Group;¶ China Datang
Corporation;¶ China Huadian Corporation;¶ China Power Investment Corporation.¶ Some of these companies have recently listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and are heavily involved in developing the larger 5MW wind turbines which are required in offshore developments.¶ A preferential policy which required that 70% of the equipment of any Chinese wind farm must be produced in China was lifted in
2010. The policy created many small Chinese wind turbine manufacturers, but the top three - Sinovel,
Goldwind and Dongfang - now control most of the market.¶ The regulatory regime¶ The Medium to Long
Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy contains a 1GW target for installed capacity of offshore wind power by 2020. It seems that China will easily exceed this target.¶ The issues already encountered by onshore wind farms could equally apply to the offshore industry. A combination of high electricity prices and poor planning meant that many offshore wind farms were constructed in remote areas with no incentive for companies to connect them to the wider electricity grid. The result was many wind farms left idle. The REL now includes the following provisions to try to address these issues:¶ planning – the REL attempts to streamline planning on a nationwide basis to ensure more co-ordination between central and provincial governments;¶ connection – companies must connect wind farms to the grid;¶ purchasing – grid operators must purchase all renewable energy generated by licensed companies;¶ price – the REL establishes a feed-in tariff for the price of electricity based on the region and type of energy. Offshore tariffs are yet to be announced;¶ Renewable Energy Development Fund – this compensates grid companies for the increased costs of purchasing power from renewable sources.¶ The detail on how these measures will be implemented will be set out in related regulations. The amendments send a clear signal to the market that the Chinese Government is serious about creating market conditions which encourage further investment.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Plan-Specific Solvency
NEG
Plan-Specific Solvency: Oil Exploration [1/1]
( ) China is capable of offshore oil development
EIA 2014
[Energy Information Agency, “China Analysis”, February 4, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=ch]
After bolstering domestic oil output in 2010, China has experienced more moderate oil production growth since then. China boosted its domestic oil output by over 7% in 2010, after incremental growth in the previous two decades. Oil production in 2013 reached nearly 4.5 million bbl/d, about 50% higher than the level two decades ago. Approximately 81% of Chinese current crude oil production capacity is located onshore, while 19% of crude oil production is from shallow offshore reserves. New offshore production, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of older onshore fields, and small discoveries in existing basins are the main contributors to incremental production increases. China's NOCs are investing a great deal in EOR techniques such as water injection, polymer flooding, and steam flooding, among others, to offset oil production declines from these mature, onshore fields
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Plan-Specific Solvency
NEG
Plan-Specific Solvency: Coral Reefs [1/1]
( ) China’s more effective than the United States at ocean exploration
Jun’ichi 2014
[Takeda. Foreign Policy and National Defense Journalist. Visiting Research Fellow at the Ocean Policy Research
Foundation. “China’s Rise as a Maritime Power: Ocean Policy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping” 4/23/14 http://islandstudies.oprf-info.org/research/a00011/ ]
The international community has been viewing China’s recent moves relating to the seas as representing
“maritime expansion,” and the Chinese themselves have come to talk about making their country a maritime power. In the political report he delivered in the autumn of 2012 to the eighteenth National
Congress of the Communist Party of China, which stands at the top of the country’s power structure,
General Secretary Hu Jintao declared, “We should enhance our capacity for exploiting marine resources, develop the marine economy, protect the marine ecological environment, resolutely safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests, and build China into a maritime power.” [1] This was Hu’s final report as the top leader of the CPC; after delivering it he stepped down from his posts as general secretary and chairman of the Central Military Commission and was succeeded by Xi Jinping. And at the National
People’s Congress, in March this year, Xi was elected to succeed Hu in the largely ceremonial post of state president. But the leadership transition did not change the commitment to building China into a maritime power, which has been set as a medium- to long-term strategic objective.¶ So what do the Chinese mean when they speak of becoming “a maritime power”? Liu Cigui, director of the SOA, or State Oceanic
Administration, has offered this explanation: “Building China into a maritime power is an essential path on the way to the sustained development of the Chinese nation and [achievement of the status of a] global power. A ‘maritime power’ is a country that has great comprehensive strength in terms of the development, use, protection, management, and control of the seas.” [2]¶ Ocean policy is the embodiment of this sort of maritime strategy. China’s latest white paper on ocean policy, China’s Ocean Development
Report (2012), explains the relationship between strategy and policy and their respective scopes as follows: “Ocean policy is a code of behavior established for the state’s strategy, course, development plans, and external relations concerning the seas; it is a basic policy embodying the intentions and interests of the state. It encompasses policies concerning development and use of the seas, including utilization of sea areas, development and protection of sea islands, protection of the marine environment, marine science and technology, marine industry, publicity/education, and human resources development. Marine industry includes such fields as transportation, travel/tourism, fisheries, oil and gas development, and manufacturing of engineering equipment.” [3]¶ The concept of “policy” in China differs from that of parliamentary democracies, but its scope is similar in general terms. The SOA is the government organ in charge of ocean policy, but it does not have total authority in this area. As far as I can surmise from the fragmentary coverage in the Chinese media, there are at least more than 30 diverse party and state organs involved in various aspects of ocean policy. There are also moves among the provincial tier of local governments along the coast, of which there are 11 (the provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu,
Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan; the province-level municipalities of Tianjin and Shanghai; and the autonomous region of Guangxi), and the jurisdictions under them.¶ The National People’s Congress in
March 2013 approved a proposal from the State Council for an overhaul of the state organs handling ocean policy, which made certain adjustments with respect to two points. [4]¶ First, in order to strengthen the setup for integrated planning and comprehensive coordination of oceanic issues, a new National
Oceanic Commission is to be established as a high-level adjustment organ. It will unify and adjust research on the formulation of the state’s medium- to long-term ocean development strategy and the handling of important matters relating to the seas. The practical operations of this commission will be conducted by the SOA.¶ Second, in order to achieve unified maritime law enforcement, four existing organs—China Marine Surveillance (under the SOA), China Coast Guard (Ministry of Public Security),
Fisheries Law Enforcement Command (Ministry of Agriculture), and Anti-smuggling Bureau (General
Administration of Customs)—are to be consolidated under unified management by the SOA, which is to safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests and carry out maritime law enforcement activities under
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Plan-Specific Solvency
NEG the name of “China Maritime Police Bureau” and the operational direction of the Ministry of Public
Security.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
Index
AFF
China Counterplan Affirmative
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
2AC Frontline
AFF
2AC Frontline: China Counterplan [1/2]
1. Permutation: do both. The United States and China should cooperate over the affirmative plan. Cooperation solves best because both nations will be working together, and it shields the links to their disadvantages because the US can argue that China is responsible for the plan.
ENS 2013
[The ENS Daily Newswire. “US, China Collaborate on Climate, Oceans, Energy, Wildlife.” Environmental News
Service, 7/12/13 available via Lexis-Nexis]
The two governments affirmed their commitment to cooperate on establishing a marine protected area in the Ross Sea of Antarctica especially in the time prior to and during the Second Special Meeting of the
Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources to be held July 15-16, 2013, in
Bremerhaven, Germany. The two countries agreed to continue their 20-year partnership to combat the use of drift nets on the high seas. The U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Fisheries Service will again welcome officers from China Fishery Law Enforcement
Command this summer on U.S. Coast Guard cutters patrolling the Pacific Ocean for illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. NOAA and the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences affirmed their commitment to the Living Marine Resources Panel, including the upcoming meeting in February 2014 in Seattle, and ongoing projects, including joint research on the Western Gray Whale, information exchange on alternative feeds research for aquaculture production and sea turtle research, scientist staff exchange on stock enhancement and sea ranching, and a workshop to exchange information on oil spill effects on living marine resources.
2. The counterplan does not solve the harms of the 1AC.
[INSERT PLAN-SPECIFIC SOLVENCY DEFICITS]
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
China Counterplan
2AC Frontline
AFF
2AC Frontline: China Counterplan [2/2]
3. International Actor Fiat is illegitimate. This is a voting issue since such a substantial portion of the negative position and this debate round itself is premised on a theoretically abusive argument.
A. Education and Fairness: There are thousands of countries, international organizations and NGOs that could all do something similar to the plan.
Affirmatives would never be able to predict who the Negative would use, and they will win with a generic solvency card that affirmatives cannot possibly predict or research responses to.
B. Infinite Regression: Allowing the Negative to test the agent in the resolution by fiating through any other actor has no objective limit and would regress to allowing them to fiat a change in the agents with those countries that are responsible for our Harms, enabling them to win debates by fiat alone.
C. Artificial Ground: No literature writes about their disadvantage in the context of a foreign country acting, meaning we cannot find specific turns or links to the Counterplan before the round. This allows them to artificially outweigh our Affirmative.
D. A model of debate that limits the negative to counterplans that use the
United States as the agent solves our objection while providing the negative with sufficient argumentative flexibility.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
Topicality
AFF
2AC Topicality Frontline: Coral Reefs Affirmative
AFF
Plan-Specific Solvency Deficit: Aquaculture [1/1]
A. The counterplan can’t solve for US economic growth. The US economy is suffering in the status quo, in large part because of an import/export imbalance related to the seafood industry. The plan shores up the US economy, but the counterplan would exacerbate the problem by increasing China’s market share.
That’s our 1AC Corbin evidence.
B. The counterplan does not solve environmental sustainability. The plan would pass the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act, which reforms US aquaculture standards to make the process more environmentally sustainable.
Chinese action on aquaculture doesn’t do anything to fix bad practices among domestic fisheries. That’s our 1AC Smith evidence.
C. In particular, Chinese aquaculture practices are unsustainable and dangerous – they risk great environmental harm.
NBSO 2010
[The Netherlands Business Support Office. “An Overview of China’s Aquaculture” 2010 http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-inchina/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overview-of-chinas-aquaculture]
Aquaculture is a very important industry in China’s ¶ agricultural development. The industry has grown ¶ rapidly in terms of culture area, production and export ¶ in recent years. However the food safety and quality ¶ issue still remain an inhibiting issue in the industry. ¶ In order to really improve all the separate linkages ¶ in the whole supply chain, it is need to be critically ¶ reviewed starting from the strain, the feed, culture ¶ method to processing and transportation etc. The ¶ technology and innovation also play important roles ¶ closely to solve the problem of how to improve the ¶ food quality and safety. Chinese research institutes ¶ and bigger companies do not have enough capable research to ¶ transfer their R&D results in the area of aquaculture, ¶ the challenge remains how to disseminate all these ¶ technologies to the small farmers who is now still a ¶ majority of engaged in aquaculture with not much ¶ technological insight. ¶ Another important issue concerns the sustainability ¶ of the industry. Much of the expansion of the industry ¶ till now has been depenced on depleting natural ¶ resources, while pollution in the waters of China ¶ caused serious threat to sound aquaculture. New ways ¶ of aquaculture and new technologies are therefore ¶ not only needed in order to enhance the quality, ¶ quantity and safety of the aquatic products, but also ¶ much needed to steer the further development of ¶ aquaculture in China into a sustainable way, so that ¶ the industry can indeed fulfill its promise and provide ¶ good products to meet the rising demands both in the ¶ domestic as the worldwide marketplace.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
Topicality
AFF
2AC Topicality Frontline: Coral Reefs Affirmative
AFF
Plan-Specific Solvency Deficit: Offshore Wind [1/1]
A. The counterplan can’t solve for US economic growth. The American economy is suffering because of high energy prices, a manufacturing lull, and lack of jobs. The plan solves for all of these factors, but Chinese action would just give those benefits to China’s economy. That’s our 1AC Matzat and AWEA evidence.
B. The counterplan does not solve for climate change. China’s track record on clean energy proves the counterplan would fail to achieve the strong wind sector necessary to remedy climate change.
Goossens 2012
[Ehren. “The Downside of China’s Clean Energy Push” Business Week, 12/11/12. Available via Lexis-Nexis]
LDK and Suntech both have balance sheets “so egregious” they would be “imminent bankruptcy candidates if they were American or European,” says Pavel Molchanov, an analyst at Raymond James &
Associates. The companies didn’t respond to requests for comment. Molchanov believes infusions of government money won’t stop the losses until China grapples with its massive overcapacity—the same glut of panels that cut global prices by half in the last two years and drove U.S. solar panel makers such as
Solyndra out of business. “Every province, every city, every bank is going to try to protect their vested interest as best they can,” he says. “That’s why kicking the can down the road has been the dynamic so far.” Aaron Chew, an analyst at Maxim Group in New York, concurs: “The government’s subsidy plan is better than nothing, but I don’t think it will save the industry as it’s still not profitable.”¶ The nation’s investments in wind power are faring no better. One-quarter of China’s wind farms are not connected to a power grid—a reflection of poor planning, insufficient transmission lines, and technical concerns by regional utilities that the intermittency of wind power can be disruptive to normal operations. Windrelated power failures have caused blackouts in three provinces, while exploding equipment has been blamed in the deaths of several workers, according to local press accounts. China Datang Corporation
Renewable Power, a state-owned wind energy developer, saw first-half 2012 profits plunge 76 percent, in part because regional utilities simply don’t have the capacity to accept all the energy it produces.¶ China’s wind turbine manufacturers, responsible for 40 percent of the world’s output, are suffering a double squeeze, as demand has stalled both at home and abroad. Sinovel Wind Group, the world’s largest wind turbine maker by market value, posted a $45 million third-quarter loss this year on an 82 percent drop in sales—its largest loss since its initial public offering in January 2011.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
Topicality
AFF
2AC Topicality Frontline: Coral Reefs Affirmative
AFF
Plan-Specific Solvency Deficit: Oil Drilling [1/1]
A. The counterplan can’t solve for US economic growth. The economy is stalling in the status quo, largely as a result of high energy prices and a lack of jobs. The plan solves both of these things, but the counterplan would simply provide those economic benefits to China. That’s our 1AC Mills and Mason evidence.
B. The counterplan doesn’t solve for US energy leadership. As long as America remains reliant on foreign imports for its energy needs, other nations control the lifeblood of American hegemony. The plan solves that by developing American oil reserves, but the counterplan would simply increase China’s oil market share and make the United States more dependent. That’s our 1AC Blackwill and O’Sullivan evidence.
CDL Core Files 2014/2015
Topicality
AFF
2AC Topicality Frontline: Coral Reefs Affirmative
AFF
Plan-Specific Solvency Deficit: Coral Reefs [1/1]
A. China doesn’t solve the protection of coral reefs – they are too focused on development and have a poor track record when it comes to coral reefs.
Wu and Zhang 2012
[ShaoHong. School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou. And WenJun. International Academy of
Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong “Current status, crisis and conservation of coral reef ecosystems in
China” Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2012. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/articles/2012-2%281%29/current-status-crisis-andconservation-of-coral-reef-ecosystems.pdf ]
Reef building corals are rich in China, which account fo¶ r 1/3 of the world species. They distribute mainly in¶ the waters of the South China Sea and the Hainan Island. There are 21 genera and 45 species along the coasts¶ of mainland Guangdong and Guangxi; 21 genera and 49 species in Hong Kong waters; 34 genera and 110¶ species or subspecies in Hainan waters; 38 genera and¶ 127 species in waters of Xisha Islands;
19 genera and¶ 46 species in Huangyan Island waters; 34 genera and 101 species in waters of Dongsha
Islands; 58 genera and¶ 230 species in Taiwan waters, and 56 genera and 163 species in the Taiping
Island waters. Zou (2001)¶ systematically organized corals in China and thought that there are totally 14 families, 54 genera and 174¶ species of reef building corals.¶ However, the coral reefs of China have been severely damaged. In addition to natural disasters such as¶ storms and El Niño, etc., human activities caused a large-scale loss and degeneration of coral reef habitats in¶ the South China Sea waters. Global
Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN; 2004) reported that more than¶ 90%of the coral reefs in the
South China Sea have been¶ destructed. Coral reefs in¶ Hainan waters account for¶ more than 98% of the total area of that in China an¶ d the species number and dist¶ ribution area of corals in¶ Hainan waters are the number one in China. But in recent decades coral reefs and their ecosystem functions in¶ Hainan waters are being destructed and degenerating quickly. The waters of Xuwen, Guangdong Province, is¶ the only well developed and conserved large-scale coral reef ecosystem. But the coverage of coral reefs has¶ been declining in recent years, from 30-40% in 2000, 20-30% in 2002, less than 10% in 2004, to less than 7%¶ in 2008. The severe degeneration of coral reefs in China was mainly attributed to irrational development and¶ exploitation by humans.¶ Since 1950s, 80% to 90% of coral reefs in the Hainan Island waters has been destructing at different¶ extents, in which the deterioration and degeneration of offshore coral reefs is more severe. As a consequence,¶ ecological environment in the waters has greatly degenerated, marine resources depleted and coastline was¶ eroded. Sanya has attracted large number¶ s of tourists around the world, w¶ ith its unique geographical conditions¶ and the colorful underwater coral reefs. However, with the increasing population and economic development,¶ the coral reefs in Sanya are being destructed. The coverage of coral reefs along Luhuitou declined to 22% in¶ 2002 from 40% in 1998-
1999, while the bleaching rate of coral reefs in west tourism area of Yalongwan¶ (Peninsula Dragon Bay) reaches 70% in¶ recent years, due to human activities.
B. The counterplan moves to explore and protect coral reefs for the wrong reasons.
The 1AC argued that we should explore and repair coral reefs to resolve flawed decisions of the past related to unsustainable development and lax pollution standards and bring US policies toward reefs in line with the principles of biocentrism. The counterplan footnotes the harms of the 1AC while promoting the same type of exploitative policy that caused coral reef destruction to begin with.
