Field, Forest, Mine, Sea and Factory: Foundations of the Canadian Economy in 1870 Marilyn Gerriets References Acheson, T.W. “New Brunswick Agriculture at the End of the Colonial Era: A Reassessment.” In Kris Inwood, ed., Farm, Factory and Fortune: New Studies in the Economic History of the Maritime Provinces. (Fredericton, 1993), pp. 37-60. ________ “The National Policy and the Industrialization of the Maritimes, 1880-1910 .” Acadiensis, I, 2 (Spring 1972). Bittermann, Rusty. “The Hierarchy of the Soil: Land and Labour in a 19th Century Cape Breton Community .” Acadiensis, XVIII, 1 (Autumn 1988), pp. 33-55. ________. “Farm Households and Wage Labour in the Northeastern Maritimes in the Early 19th Century .” Labour/le Travail, 31 (1993), pp. 13-45. ________. “Middle River: The Social Structure of Agriculture in a Nineteenth Century Cape Breton Community.” (M. A. Thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1987). Bumsted, J.M. “The Land Question on Prince Edward Island and the Quitrent Controversy of 18021806 .” Acadiensis, XXIX, 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 3-26. Cadigan, Sean. “The Staple Model Reconsidered: The Case of Agricultural Policy in Northeast Newfoundland, 1785-1855 .” Acadiensis, XXI, 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 48-71. Canada Land Data Systems, Land Data and Evaluation Branch, Lands Directorate, Agriculture Capability by Province - Census Division Breakdown: Quebec and Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, R002150, Environment Canada, 1980. Carr, Lois Green. “Wealth and Welfare in Early Maryland: Evidence from St. Mary’s County.” The William and Mary Quarterly 3d Series, 56, 1 (Jan. 1999), pp. 95-120. Courville, Serge. Entre Ville et campagne: l’essor du village dans les seigneuries du Bas-Canada. (Laval, 1990). Craig, Béatrice. “Agriculture et Marché au Madawaska, 1799-1850 .” Revue de la Société historique du Madawaska, XXVI 1-2 (jan.-juin 1999), pp. 4-17. ________. “Agriculture in a Pioneer Region: The Upper St. John River Valley in the first half of the 19th Century.” In Kris Inwood, ed., Farm, Factory and Fortune: New Studies in the Economic History of the Maritime Provinces . (Fredericton, 1993), p. 17-36. Dales, John. “Fuel, Power, and Industrial Development in Central Canada .” American Economic Review, 43 (1953), pp. 181-202. Darroch, Gordon and Lee Soltow. Property and Inequality in Victorian Ontario: Structural Patterns and Cultural Communities in the 1871 Census. (Toronto, 1994). Di Matteo, Livio. “Booming Sector Models, Economic Base Analysis, and Export-led Economic Development: Regional Evidence from the Lakehead.” Social Science History, 17, 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 593-617. ________. “Wealth Holding, the Bequest Motive and the Life-Cycle Transition in the Niagara Peninsula: 1892.” paper presented to the Canadian Economics Association, Ottawa, June 4-6 1993. ________. “Wealth Accumulation in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Paper presented at the 20th conference on quantitative methods in Canadian Economic History, University of Western Ontario, Oct. 13-15, 1995. 21 Field, Forest, Mine, Sea and Factory: Foundations of the Canadian Economy in 1870 Marilyn Gerriets Di Matteo, Livio and Peter George. “Canadian Wealth Inequality in the Late Ninettenth Century: A Study of Wentworth County, Ontario, 1872-1902.” Canadian Historical Review, LXXIII, 4 (1992), pp. 453-483. Drummond, Ian. Progress without Planning: The Economic History of Ontario from Confederation to the Second World War. (Toronto, 1987). Easterbrook, W.T. and Hugh G. J. Aitken. Canadian Economic History. (Toronto, 1956). Easterlin, Richard A. “Interregional Differences in Per Capita Income, Population, and Total Income, 1840-1950 .” In William Parker, ed. Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, Studies in Income and Wealth, 24 (Princeton, N.J. 1960), pp. 73-140. ________. “State Income Estimates,” In Everett S. Lee, Ann Ratner Miller, Carol Brainerd, et. al. eds., Population Redistribution and economic Growth: United States, 1870-1950, 1. (Philadelphia, 1957), pp. 702-59. Forbes, Ernest R. “Consolidating Disparity: The Maritimes and the Industrialization of Canada During the Second World War .” Acadiensis, XV, 2 (Spring 1987). ________. “In Search of a Post-Confederation Maritime Historiography, 1900-1967 .” Acadiensis, VIII, 1 (Autumn 1978). ________. “Misguided Symmetry: The Destruction of Regional Transportation Policy for the Maritimes .” Challenging the Regional Stereotype: Essays on the 20th Century Maritimes. (Fredericton, 1989), pp. 114-135 Frank, David, “The Cape Breton Coal Industry and the Rise and Fall of the British Empire Steel Corporation .” Acadiensis, VII, 1 (Autumn 1977), pp. 3-34. Frost, James D. “The ‘Nationalization’ of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1880-1910 .” Acadiensis, XII, 1 (1982), pp. 3-38. Gallman, Robert E. “Can We Build National Accounts for the Colonial Period of American History?” The William and Mary Quarterly 3d Series, 56, 1 (Jan. 1999), pp. 23-30. ________. “Gross National Product in the United States, 1834-1909 .” In Studies in Income and Wealth, 30. (New York, 1966). ________. “Estimates of American National Product Made Before the Civil War .” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 9, 3 (1961), pp. 397-412 Gentilcore, R. Louis, et. al. Historical Atlas of Canada, 3 vols. (Toronto, 1987-1993). George, P. J. “Classical Writings in Canadian Economic History: Natural Resources in Canadian Economic Development.” Canadian Issues, 10 (1988), pp. 19-31. Gerriets, Marilyn. “Agricultural Resources, Agricultural Production and Settlement at Confederation.” Acadiensis, revised and resubmitted. “Agricultural Resources, Agricultural Production and Settlement before Confederation .” In Kenneth B. Beesley, ed. Rural Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences IV, Proceeding of the fourth annual Colloquium of the rural Research Centre. (Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 1997), pp. 46-63 ________. “Economics and History: Old Texts and New Approaches .” Acadiensis, XXVIII, 3 (Autumn, 1999), pp. 146-156 . ________. “The Impact of the General Mining Association on the Nova Scotian Coal Industry, 1826-1850.” Acadiensis, XXI, 1 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 54-84. 22 Field, Forest, Mine, Sea and Factory: Foundations of the Canadian Economy in 1870 Marilyn Gerriets ________. “The Rise and Fall of a Free-Standing Company in Nova Scotia: The General Mining Association.” Business History, 34, 3 (July, 1992), pp. 16-48. Gerriets, Marilyn and Julian Gwyn, “Tariffs, Trade and Reciprocity: Nova Scotia 1830 to 1866 .” Acadiensis, XXV, 2 (Spring, 1996), pp. 62-81. Gerriets, Marilyn and Kris Inwood, “Contextualizing Maritime Canada: Productivity and Structure in Provincial Manufacturing, 1870 .” Acadiensis, XXVI, 1 (1996), pp. 32-51 Gilmour, James M. Spatial Evolution of Manufacturing: Southern Ontario 1851-1891. (Toronto, 1972). Gouglas, Sean. “A Currant Affair: E.D. Smith, Fruit Farming, and the Influence of Local Environmental Factors on Settlement in Saltfleet Township .” presented at The Business and Economic History Conference, McMaster University, 1998. Gwyn, Julian. Excessive Expectations: Maritime Commerce and the Economic Development of Nova Scotia, 1740-1870. (Montreal & Kingston, 1998). Harley, C.K. “Resources and Economic Development in historical Perspective.” In David Laidler, ed. Responses to Economic Change, Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada. (Toronto, 1986). Herniman, Charles. “Development of Artificial Drainage Systems in Kent and Essex Counties, Ontario.” Ontario Geography, 2 (1968), pp. 13-24. Hornsby, Stephen. “Staple Trades, Subsistence Agriculture, and Nineteenth-Century Cape Breton Island .” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79, 3 (1989), pp. 433-434. ________. Nineteenth Century Cape Breton: An Historical Geography . (Montreal and Kingston, 1992) Innis, H. A. “An Introduction to the Economic History of the Maritimes Including Newfoundland and New England .” Essays in Canadian Economic History. (Toronto, 1956), pp. 27-42, reprinted from the Canadian Historical Association Report, 1931. ________. “Editor’s Preface .” In Ruth Grant, The Canadian Atlantic Fishery. (Toronto, 1934), pp. vii-xxi. Inwood, Kris. “Local Control, Resources and the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company .” Historical Papers (1986), pp. 254-282. ________. "Maritime Industrialization from 1870 to 1910: A Review of the Evidence and its Interpretation." Acadiensis, XXI, 1 (1991), pp. 132-55. Inwood, Kris E. and Jim Irwin. "Canadian Regional Commodity Income Differentials at Confederation.” In Kris Inwood, ed., Farm, Factory and Fortune: New Studies in the Economic History of the Maritime Provinces. (Fredericton, 1993), pp. 93-120. Inwood, Kris and Phyllis Wagg, “Wealth and Prosperity in Nova Scotia Agriculture, 1851-71 .” Canadian Historical Review, 75 (1994). Kelly, Kenneth. “The Artificial Drainage of Land in Nineteenth-Century Southern Ontario.” Canadian Geographer, XIX, 4 (1975), pp. 279-98. Kim, Sukkoo. “Economic Integration and Convergence: U.S. Regions, 1840-1987 .” The Journal of Economic History, 58, 3 (Sept. 1998), pp. 659-83. Le Goff, T.J.A. “A Reply.” Canadian Historical Review, 56, no. 2 (June, 1975). 23 Field, Forest, Mine, Sea and Factory: Foundations of the Canadian Economy in 1870 Marilyn Gerriets ________. “The Agricultural Crisis in Lower Canada, 1802-12: A Review of a Controversy .” The Canadian Historical Review, 55, no. 1 (March 1974), pp. 1-31. Lewis, Frank D. and Marvin McInnis, “Agricultural Output and Efficiency in Lower Canada, 1851.” Research in Economic History, 9 (1984), pp. 45-87 ________. “The Efficiency of the French-Canadian Farmer in the Nineteenth Century .” The Journal of Economic History, 40, 3 (Sept. 1980), pp. 497-514. Lewis Frank D. and M. C. Urquhart, “Growth and the Standard of Living in a Pioneer Economy: Upper Canada, 1826 to 1851” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Series, 56, no. 1 (Jan. 1999), pp. 151-81. Little, J.I. “Contested Land: Squatters and Agents in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada .” Canadian Historical Review, 80, 3 (Sept. 1999), pp. 381-412. MacKinnon, Robert and Graeme Wynn, “Nova Scotian Agriculture in the ‘Golden Age’: A New Look.” In E. E. Douglas Day ed. Geographical Perspectives on the Maritime Provinces. (Halifax, 1988). MacNeil, R. “The Acadian legacy and Agricultural Development in Nova Scotia, 1760-1861.” In Kris Inwood, ed., Farm, Factory and Fortune: New Studies in the Economic History of the Maritime Provinces. (Fredericton, 1993), pp. 1-17. ________. “Cultural Stereotypes and Highland Farming in Eastern Nova Scotia, 1827-1861.” Histoire sociale -- Social History, XIX, 37 (May 1986), pp. 39-56. ________. Society and Economy in Rural Nova Scotia, 1761-1861. (Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University, 1990). Mancall, Peter C. and Thomas Weiss, “Was Economic Growth Likely in Colonial British North America? ” The Journal of Economic History, 59, 1 (March 1999), pp. 17-40. Maynard, Stephen. “Between Farm and Factory: The Productive Household and the Capitalist Transformation of the Maritime Countryside, Hopewell, Nova Scotia, 1869-1910 .” In Daniel Samson, ed., Contested Countryside: Rural Workers and Modern Society in Atlantic Canada, 1800-1950. (Fredericton, 1994), pp. 70-104. ________. “On the Market’s Edge: Family, the productive Household and the Capitalist Formation of the Maritime Country-side, Hopewell, Nova Scotia, 1870-1890.” (M.A. Thesis, Queen’s University, 1987). McCalla, Douglas, “Above the Falls: The Economic Development of Western Upper Canada, 17841851 .” a paper prepared for the Conference on the Rural Economy and the Beginnings of Industrialization, Université de Montréal, Feb. 1992. ________. “Forest Products and upper Canadian Development, 1815-46 .” Canadian Historical Review, LXVIII 2 1987, pp. 159-198. ________. “The Internal Economy of Upper Canada: New Evidence on Agricultural Marketing before 1870 .” Agricultural History, 59, 3 (1985), pp. 397-416. ________. “The ‘Loyalist’ Economy of Upper Canada, 1784-1806 .” Histoire sociale/Social History, 16, 32 (1983), pp. 279-304. ________. Planting the Province: the Economic History of Upper Canada, 1784-1870. (Toronto, 1993). ________. “What Were Country Stores For? Some Selected Evidence.” 24 Field, Forest, Mine, Sea and Factory: Foundations of the Canadian Economy in 1870 Marilyn Gerriets ________. “The Wheat Staple and Upper Canadian Development .” Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1978), pp. 34-45. McCallum, John. Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870. (Toronto, 1980). McCann, L. D. ”’Living the Double Life’: Town and Country in the Industrialization of the Maritimes. ” In E. E. Douglas Day ed. Geographical Perspectives on the Maritime Provinces. (Halifax, 1988). ________. “The Mercantile-Industrial Transition in the Metal Towns of Pictou County, 1857-1931.” Acadiensis, X, 1 (Autumn 1981), pp. 29-64. ________. “Staples and the New Industrialism in the Growth of Post-Confederation Halifax .” Acadiensis, VIII, 2 (Spring 1979), pp. 47-79. McCusker, John J. “Measuring Colonial Gross Domestic Product: An Introduction .” The William and Mary Quarterly 3d Series, 56, 1 (Jan. 1999), pp. 3-8. McInnis, R. M. “Marketable Surpluses in Ontario Farming, 1860 .” Social Science History, 8 (1984), pp. 395-424. ________. “Perspectives on Ontario Agriculture, 1815-1930 .” In Donald H. Akenson, ed., Canadian Papers in Rural History, 8 (Gananoque, 1992), pp. 17-128 draws together a number of his papers. ________. “A Reconsideration of the State of Agriculture in Lower Canada in the first Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Canadian Papers in Rural History, 3. McNabb, Debra, “The Role of the Land in the Development of Horton Township, 1760-1775 .” They Planted Well, pp. 151-60. Millward, Hugh. “Changing Patterns of Agricultural Settlement in the Canadian Maritimes.” In Kenneth B. Beesley and Pamela J. Macintosh, eds., Rural Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences: Selected Papers, Proceedings of the Inaugural Colloquium of the Rural Research Centre, Nova Scotia Agricultural College. (1994), pp. 93-111. Mitchener, Kris James and Ian W. McLean. “U.S. Regional Growth and Convergence, 1880-1980 .” The Journal of Economic History, 59, 4 (Dec. 1999), pp. 1016-1042. Muise, D.A. “The Industrial Context of Inequality: Female Participation in Nova Scotia’s Paid Labour Force, 1871-1921 .” Acadiensis, 20, 2 (Spring, 1991), pp. 3-31. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Land Inventory Home Page, Objectives. (http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/CLI/frames.html). Last updated Feb. 24, 1999. Norrie, Kenneth and Douglas Owram, A History of the Canadian Economy. (Toronto, 1996). North, D. C. “Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth .” Journal of Political Economy, 63 (1955), pp. 243-58. Ommer, Rosemary. From Outpost to Outport: A Structural Analysis of the Jersey-Gaspé Cod Fishery, 1767-1886. (Montreal and Kingston, 1991) Ouellet, F. Histoire économique et sociale du Québec 1760-1850. (Montreal/Paris, 1966). Paquet, Gilles. “Some Views on the Pattern of Economic Development.” In T.N. Brewis, ed., Growth and the Canadian Economy. ( Toronto, 1968), pp. 34-64. 25 Field, Forest, Mine, Sea and Factory: Foundations of the Canadian Economy in 1870 Marilyn Gerriets Paquet, Gilles and Jean-Pierre Wallot, “The Agricultural Crisis in Lower Canada: Mise au point – A Response to T.J.A. Le Goff.” Canadian Historical Review, 56, no. 2 (June, 1975). ________. “Crise agricole et tensions socio-ethniques dans le Bas Canada 1802-1812: éléments pour une réinterprétation .” Revue d’historie de l’Amérique française, 26 (September, 1972), pp. 185207. Pomfret, R. “The Staple Theory as an Approach to Canadian and Australian Economic Development.” Australian economic History Review, 21 (1981), pp. 133-46. Rogers, Sean. “Adventures in Iron and Steel: Production Costs, Inefficiency and U-boats at Dosco during the Second World War” manuscript. Sager, Eric W. with Gerald E. Panting, Maritime Capital: The Shipping Industry in Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914. (Montreal, 1990). Samson, Daniel, “Dependency and Rural Industry: Inverness, Nova Scotia, 1899-1910” In Daniel Samson, ed., Contested Countryside: Rural Workers and Modern Society in Atlantic Canada, 1800-1950. (Fredericton, 1994), 105-49. ________. “Industrial Colonization: The Colonial Context of the General Mining Association, Nova Scotia, 1825-1842 .” Acadiensis XXIX, 1 (Autumn 1999), pp. 3-28. Saunders, S. A. The Economic History of the Maritime Provinces: A Study Prepared for the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations. (Ottawa, 1939, reprinted Fredericton, 1984). Taylor, Graham D. and Peter A. Baskerville, A Concise History of Business in Canada. (Toronto, 1994) Tiebout, Charles M. “Exports and Regional Economic Growth .” Journal of Political Economy, 64, no. 2 (1956), pp. 164 and Troughton, Michael J. “From Nodes to Nodes: The Rise and Fall of Agricultural Activity in the Maritime Provinces.” In E. E. Douglas Day ed. Geographical Perspectives on the Maritime Provinces. (Halifax, 1988). Urquhart, M.C. Gross National Product, Canada, 1870-1926: The Derivation of the Estimates. (Kingston and Montreal, 1993). Walsh, Lorena S. “Summing the Parts: Implications for Estimating Chesapeake Output and Income Sub-regionally” The William and Mary Quarterly 3d Series, 56, 1 (Jan. 1999), pp. 53-92. Watkins, M.H. “A Staple Theory of Economic Growth .” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 29 (May 1963), pp. 141-58. Winson, Anthony “The Uneven Development of Canadian Agriculture: Farming in the Maritimes and Ontario .” Canadian Journal of Sociology, 10, no. 4 (1985), pp. 411-37. Wynn, Graeme. “A Region of Scattered Settlements and Bounded Possibilities: Northeastern America 1775-1800 .” The Canadian Geographer, 31, 4 (1987), pp. 319-38. 26