ANALYZING BURIED REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO
GROUND SHOCK FROM UNDERGROUND LOCALIZED EXPLOSIONS
By
NICHOLAS HENRIQUEZ
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
2009
1
© 2009 Nicholas Henriquez
2
To 1504
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank my chair and advisor Dr. Theodor Krauthammer for first introducing me to the
study of protective structures, as well as for his guidance with this report. I would also like to
thank Dr. Serdar Astarlioglu for all of his assistance with the creation of program and
suggestions for improvement.
I need to especially thank my family and friends for all of their support.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4
LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8
LIST OF OBJECTS .........................................................................................................................9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................12
1.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................12
1.2 Objective and Scope .........................................................................................................13
1.3 Research Significance .......................................................................................................13
Saving Your Work ..................................................................................................................14
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Tutorials ...................................................................................................................15
BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................17
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................17
2.2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems ..................................................................................17
2.3 Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Walls .............................................................................19
2.4 Direct Shear ......................................................................................................................26
2.5 Use of the Newmark-Beta Method for Integration ...........................................................29
2.6 Underground Blasts ..........................................................................................................30
2.7 Elastic Wave Behavior .....................................................................................................33
Headings .................................................................................................................................34
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6
LIST OF TABLES
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
page
Figure 2-1. SDOF system .............................................................................................................18
Figure 2-2. Load-deflection diagram for an RC slab (Park and Gamble 2000) ...........................20
Figure 2-3. Assumed yield line and strip geometry (Park and Gamble 2000) .............................21
Figure 2-4. Deflections and plastic hinges of a restrained strip (Park and Gamble 2000) ...........22
Figure 2-5. Full slab thickness between plastic hinges (Park and Gamble 2000) ........................23
Figure 2-6. Action of tension membrane forces (Park and Gamble 2000) ...................................25
Figure 2-7. Load-deflection model for a slab (Krauthammer et al. 1986) ....................................26
Figure 2-8. Empirical model for shear stress-slip relationship (Krauthammer et al. 1986) .........27
Figure 2-9. Shear resistance envelope and reversal loads (Krauthammer et al. 1986) .................28
Figure 2-10. Ground shock coupling factor as a function of scaled depth (ESL-TR-87-57) .......33
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LIST OF OBJECTS
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10
Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School
of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
ANALYZING BURIED REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO
GROUND SHOCK FROM UNDERGROUND LOCALIZED EXPLOSIONS
By
Nicholas Henriquez
August 2009
Chair: Theodor Krauthammer
Cochair: Serdar Astarlioglu
Major: Civil Engineering
Close-in localized HE detonations pose an increasing risk to buried RC box-type
structures. This study investigated the relationships between the HE charge and its distance from
an RC box wall, the existing soil layers and their properties, the direct-induced ground shock
transmitted through soil layers, the load distribution on the structural wall, and the structural
behavior. Previous experimental studies were examined and their results were compared with
those obtained from the computer code Dynamic Structural Analysis Suite (DSAS) that was
modified to handle such complicated conditions. The box structure was represented in DSAS by
addressing the wall slab as a single degree of freedom system, while the effects of adjacent
structural components were incorporated into the resistance function for the wall. The spatial
dynamic pressure distribution on the wall was processed to derive an equivalent uniformlydistributed dynamic pressure on the wall to be used for the fully nonlinear structural analyses.
11
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement
Having a military structure located underground achieves more than just concealment.
Burying a structure allows the builders to make use of the ground’s natural damping to absorb
and dissipate the blast wave energy from a munitions explosion. Most commonly, these buried
structures take the form of a box, built using reinforced concrete.
These types of concrete structures are common for defense against conventional and
nuclear weapons. Should a buried box fail, it could result in the loss of human lives. Also,
munitions and other supplies may be stored in these sorts of facilities, the loss of which might
lead to a supply shortage.
Analytical methods and computer programs, which are meant to examine the effects of
buried explosions on buried-box structures, exist, but each have their drawbacks. More complex
programs, which use finite element methods and hundreds or thousands of nodes, take a long
time to run. These programs may even include the modeling of the soil using finite elements,
assuming a uniform soil type. Since actual soil will not be uniform, the results that these
programs give for the transmission of the blast wave may or may not be more accurate than
simply using empirical equations, and the amount of time and memory required to track of all the
soil nodes can be excessive.
A method to analyze the effects of a buried blast on a buried box quickly but accurately
would be ideal for use during a preliminary design phase, since it would save time. Use of a
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) model would aid in achieving this goal, since such a model
can be calculated quickly.
12
1.2 Objective and Scope
The objective of this work is to develop a single degree of freedom computational
approach to quickly and accurately analyze the dynamic response of a buried reinforced concrete
structure to a buried explosive’s blast loads, using a complex resistance function and including
different modes of response. Doing so will aid in the proper selection of concrete and concrete
thickness in the structure’s walls, reinforcing to use, and/or soil backfill for the structure’s
location during its design, to protect it against common or predicted explosions. The loads on
the structure, its deflection, and its flexural and direct shear modes will be analyzed over the
course of the explosion event.
This study is limited to an explosive which is buried and whose most severe loads would
occur near the center of one of the box’s sides. It will not look at the effects of a blast on the
corners or roof of a box. The load on the wall will be approximated as a uniformly distributed
load. The side walls of the box structure will be treated as vertical slabs with axial and lateral
forces caused by the effects of the blast. The use of up to three layers of soil will be allowed,
with the box located in either of the two upper layers or spanning across both. The proposed
methods will be compared with real test data for accuracy.
1.3 Research Significance
This work can yield a simple, accurate procedure to dynamically analyze a buried
reinforced concrete box structure subject to an underground blast loading. More specifically,
this method would create a time history of both the loads on the wall, and a time history of the
deflection (or failure) at a number of points on the wall, using a single degree of freedom
computational model. If the reinforced concrete slab were to fail, it would be due to either
flexure or direct shear, so both will be calculated.
13
This proposed method will use an SDOF approach, with accurate resistance models, and
a simplified data input. This will allow for dynamics calculations to be completed quickly, while
still giving accurate results for the displacement or failure of the structure’s side walls.
Saving Your Work
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Table 1-1. List of styles included in Version 9.2 of the MS Word Formatting Template for UF
Theses & Dissertations
What you must do after the
Styles
Apply to
style is applied
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This style is applied to the first
Nothing
line of any Chapter or Section
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Chapter and section titles
Capitalize all letters.
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First-level subheadings
Capitalize first letters of all
(BOLD)
principal words
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Capitalize first letters of all
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Third-level subheadings
Capitalize the first letter of
(BOLD)
first word and all proper
nouns
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16
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Burying a structure provides a measure of protection against blasts, especially air blasts
which would have to travel through the air and then into the ground. However, a blast which
originates in the ground usually exerts a greater load on the structure, as it is transmitted through
the soil rather than through air. An adequate thickness of concrete and reinforcing steel is
necessary for protection.
During the design phase of a reinforced concrete box, the possible threats are usually
known or assumed. These threats can then be simplified to a design load for the boxes. With
this information, the chosen box design can be evaluated by analyzing the relevant structural
response modes.
This study is focused upon buried boxes whose outer side walls are loaded by buried
explosives. Section 2.2 of this review will discuss the use of a single degree of freedom system.
In Sections 2.3 and 2.4, the two most likely structural response modes, flexure and direct shear,
are discussed. A review of blast loading and the specifics of underground blasts are presented in
Section 2.5. Reflection and transmission of elastic waves are discussed in Section 2.6.
2.2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems
For both simplicity and speed of calculations, it is advantageous to analyze a wall of the
buried-box structure as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. This type of system would
be an approximation of reality, since in a real system there are a nearly infinite number of
degrees of freedom. An SDOF system involves motion in only one direction, which would
correspond to the wall’s movement in this case. The simplest SDOF system (involving
17
damping) would correspond to the diagram shown in Figure 2-1 of a simple spring, mass, and
damper system.
F(t)
(t),
(t)
x(t),x
x
m
k
c
Figure 2-1. SDOF system
Here there is only one mass, spring, and damper, and this mass is acted upon by a forcing
function. The degree of freedom is the horizontal displacement, x. F(t) is the forcing function, c
the damping, and k the stiffness. Often, it is possible to combine all the existing masses, springs,
and dampers into this kind of simple case. By converting a more complicated system into an
SDOF system, calculations can be greatly simplified. To be useful, the displacement term needs
to correspond to the portion of the element being analyzed that deflects the most, such as the
midpoint on a simple beam, or, as in this case, the center portion of a slab.
The motion of a simple SDOF system (with damping) is defined by the following forcing
function:
..
.
F
(
t)
m
x

cx

kx
(2-1)
where the first derivative of the displacement term x is velocity and the second derivative is
acceleration. In this case, the forcing function would be created by the pressure wave in the
ground. m, c, and k, are the mass, damping, and stiffness of the SDOF system, respectively.
18
These terms are actually the SDOF equivalents of the real values, and a conversion is required to
calculate them. In other words, the mass term is not necessarily simply the total mass of the slab,
etc. The equivalent mass of the system can be calculated using the following equation (Biggs
1964):
M
2(x)dx
e
m
(2-2)
L
Another way to look at it is that the equivalent mass can be found by multiplying the original,
total mass, by a mass factor:
KM 
Me
Mt
(2-3)
In the same manor, the equivalent loading function and load factor can be found with the
following equations:
F
e
p(x)(x)dx
(2-4)
L
KL 
Fe
Ft
(2-5)
There are tables of values, found in Biggs (1964), for structural elements with different
support conditions, and are at elastic, plastic, or elastoplastic states.
2.3 Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Walls
For the purpose of analysis, it is possible to treat the side walls of the buried box as
laterally-restrained reinforced concrete slabs. These slabs have two likely failure modes. The
first, flexure, is discussed in this section. The second, direct shear, is discussed in the next
section.
Due to the composition and support conditions of a reinforced concrete slab, when a
uniform load is applied, the slab wants to rotate about all of its supports. This results in the 45
19
degree yield pattern, which can be seen in Figure 2-3. This kind of reinforced concrete slab also
has a nonlinear load-deflection diagram.
The load and deflection diagram for the central portion of a reinforced concrete slab,
restrained laterally, is shown in Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2. Load-deflection diagram for an RC slab (Park and Gamble 2000)
The yield line pattern, which is further discussed below, develops between points A and B.
According to Johansen’s yield line theory, the slab should have yielded when it first reached a
load equal to the load at point C. However, the slab experiences an enhanced strength at B due
to compressive membrane forces, caused by the lateral restraint. Normally, the cracked concrete
in certain portions of the slab would not contribute to its strength. However, because the slab is
laterally restrained, these cracked sections, which would like to expand, are forced back together
into a compressive membrane, which increases the slabs’ ultimate strength. After peaking at
point B, if load is still applied, there is a reduction in the compression membrane forces until
point C is reached. As point C is encountered, the compressive membrane forces in the concrete
become tensile membrane forces, meaning the tensile load near the slab’s center is carried by the
steel reinforcing, strengthened slightly by the concrete pieces still bonded to it. The slab can
20
then carry an increasing load while continuing to deflect, until failure occurs at point D.
Depending on the amount of steel reinforcing, it is possible that this failure load may even be
above the load at point B.
For rectangular slabs with reinforcing in both directions, the yield line pattern can be
assumed as shown in Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3. Assumed yield line and strip geometry (Park and Gamble 2000)
Park and Gamble (2000) demonstrate that assuming 45 degree corner lines for a slab with fully
restrained edges will result in a theoretical ultimate load having no more than a 3% error. Along
with other assumptions, this allows for the use of a plastic theory for load-deflection behavior of
a uniformly loaded rectangular slab with all edges restrained at and after ultimate load. The slab
has to be able to be divided into even strips in both the x- and y-direction, which only contain
reinforcing steel in those same directions. The strips’ yield sections occur at right angles to the
strips’ directions, and the yield sections have no torsional moment. The steel in these sections
has yielded, and the compression concrete has reached its strength. The tension strength of the
concrete is ignored. Between the yield sections, the strip remains straight. All the strips in the x-
21
direction should be the same in regards to the area of bottom steel they contain, the sum of the
elastic, creep, and shrinkage axial strains they contain, and the outward lateral displacement that
occurs at their boundaries. The same must be true of the y-direction strips, though the x- and ydirection values do not need to be equal to one another. There should be adequate and evenly
spread top steel in both directions, which will allow for the 45 degree yield lines. Lastly, the slab
will reach its ultimate load when the central deflection is one half of the slab thickness.
Each of the strips can be analyzed as a beam with proper boundary conditions, using the
plastic deformation explained in Park and Gamble (2000). The boundary conditions restrain
rotation and vertical translation; however, minimal horizontal translation is allowed. In order for
there to be a rotation at the end of the beams, plastic hinges must be formed. This is illustrated in
Figure 2-4.
Figure 2-4. Deflections and plastic hinges of a restrained strip (Park and Gamble 2000)
The original length of the beam is l, and the lateral movement is t. The central deflection
is Δ, and the length between the center and end plastic hinges is βl.
It is this lateral movement t that allows for the formation of the compression membrane
forces. The locations of the plastic hinges are symmetric about the beam's center. The segments
between the plastic hinges are assumed to be straight. For there to be a plastic hinge, the steel
will have had to have yielded, and the concrete will have had to have reached its maximum
strength.
22
Physical reality differs from this simplified diagram due to the slab’s depth. This can be
seen in Figure 2-5. Although the beam portions are assumed to remain straight, it can be seen
that this causes problem geometrically, as portions of the slab overlap with other segments and
with the support.
Figure 2-5. Full slab thickness between plastic hinges (Park and Gamble 2000)
From the geometry and force equilibrium in Figure 2-5, the following equations can be
developed:
c  c  h 

L2
2t

(  )
2 2
L
(2-6)
Cc  C s  T   Cc  C s  T
(2-7)
Where c’ and c are the neutral axis depths for sections 1 and 2, respectively, h is the slab
thickness, C’c and Cc are the concrete compressive forces, C’s and Cs are the steel compressive
forces, and T’ and T are the steel tensile forces.
The compressive forces of the concrete can be calculated as
Cc  0.85 fc1c
(2-8)
Where f’c is the concrete’s cylinder strength and  1 is the ratio of the depth of the ACI stress
block to the depth of the neutral-axis.
23
The load-central deflection relationship can then be determined from the following
equation from Park and Gamble (2000), which is derived using virtual work principles and the
moments caused by the previous forces:
2

w
uly  Ix
3 1

24
 Iy 




I

'
2
x





0
.
85
f
h
0
.
188

0
.
141

0
.
479

0
.
245

c
1
1
1
I

y




'
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
I
I




I
I
y
x
x











3
.
5

3

2
1
.
5

1

0
.
5

1


1
1
1




16
h
I
16
h
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y






2
'
yx
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2
 

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


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
I

I


I
2
1

'
'

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
T

T

C

C



sx
' x x sx


16
I
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3
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4
f

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1
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y



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
I
2 '
3
h

'
'
x'

T

T

C

C

C

C

d


y
y
sy
sy
sx
sx
x
I
8

y


I
h
h
h
3
'

'
'
x

T

T
d


C

C

d







x
x
x
sy
sy
y
I
4
8
8




y


 




I
 h
h
'
x

T

T
d






y
y
y
I
 4
8


y




(2-9)
where:
2tx
Ix
x' x 
(2-10)
And
2ty
y' y 
(2-11)
Iy
24
In these equations, I is the moment of inertia in the x or y direction, d is the depth to the tension
steel layer, w is the distributed load on the strip and l is the strip length.
As mentioned above, upon reaching point C of the load-deflection diagram, the cracks in
the concrete have reached all the way through its entire depth, and the compressive membrane
forces are gone. Tensile membrane forces then develop. How these forces act is shown in
Figure 2-6. An equation was derived (Park and Gamble 2000) to calculate the relationship
between load and deflection in this section of tensile membrane forces.
2

3
w
L
y

(
n

1
)
/
2
T





y
T
n
L
(

1
)


y
x


4
1

1
/
cosh



3


2
L
n

1
,
3
,
5
,...n 
y T
x







(2-12)
Figure 2-6. Action of tension membrane forces (Park and Gamble 2000)
These previously discussed equations require there to be plastic deformations, and,
therefore, large deflections. Consequently, the relationships in the early portion of the load and
deflection diagrams are not addressed. A model for this segment was proposed by Krauthammer
et al. (1986). Between points A and B, a quadratic function is fit. Straight lines are then used to
model the portions between both point B and C and points C and D. A drawing of this model is
shown in Figure 2-7. This model uses the previously mentioned idea from Park and Gamble
25
(2000) that the maximum load is reached at a deflection equal to half the slab thickness, as well
as an idea that the compressive membrane forces end at a deflection equal to the complete slab
thickness. The accuracy of this model was verified through comparisons with experimental data.
Load
D
B
wmax
Linear
function
C
Quadratic
function
Linear
function
A
0.5h
h
Deflection
Figure 2-7. Load-deflection model for a slab (Krauthammer et al. 1986)
2.4 Direct Shear
When the concrete-box structure fails in direct shear, it does so very quickly. It does not
have time to develop a significant flexural response. For this reason, the direct-shear response
can be uncoupled from flexural response in calculations. (Krauthammer et al. 1986)
In a direct shear event, the failure occurs through an excessive slipping along the slab's
supports. A large section of the central portion of the slab may still be largely intact, but it has
been broken away from the supports. If the slab survives these first few milliseconds of loading,
however, it has been determined that possible failure in the flexural mode will dominate. Direct
shear failure is not of big concern in many normal structural fields, but when dealing with blast
loads, it is very important, since direct shear is caused by very high loads applied very rapidly.
26
An empirical model is used to determine the walls’ response to direct shear. An earlier
model developed by Hawkins (1972) was enhanced in Krauthammer et al. (1986) to take into
account compression and rate effects. This was done by increasing the original model by a
factor of 1.4. This is shown in Figure 2-8.
Figure 2-8. Empirical model for shear stress-slip relationship (Krauthammer et al. 1986)
The highest shear strength of the wall occurs at B’ and exists through C’. Failure due to direct
shear occurs at E’, where the maximum displacement is reached. The values of these important
graph points come from the following equations:
e165

0
.157
fc'
(2-12)

8f 
0
.
8
f 
f
m
'
c
vty
'
c
(2-12)
27
'
0
.85
A
sbfs
L 
A
c
(2-12)
 e x 1

 max  2.0
120


(2-12)
x
900
(2-12)
f c'
2.86
db
where  vt is the ratio of total reinforcement area to the area of the plane which it crosses and db
is the bar diameter.
For cases where unloading or reverse loading before failure occurs, another empirical stress-slip
graph was created to determine the possible plastic deformations. This is shown in Figure 2-9.
Figure 2-9. Shear resistance envelope and reversal loads (Krauthammer et al. 1986)
28
2.5 Use of the Newmark-Beta Method for Integration
When solving even simplified equations of motion, finding the closed-form solution can
be a very difficult and lengthy process. The use of a numerical evaluation method can be
employed to more easily calculate the dynamic response.
The Newmark-Beta method (Newmark et al. 1962) has been chosen for use in direct
integration of the equations of motion in both the flexure and direct shear cases. The method is
summarized below.
1)
The equation to be used in this case is (2-1), the motion of an SDOF system:
..
.
F
(
t)
m
x

cx

kx
2)
.
..
The values of x , x , and x are known at the initial time, t  t i . The values of
F should be known at every time, t .
3)
Let ti1 ti t , where t is the time step.
4)
A value of x i 1 must be assumed.
5)
..
.
.
.. ..

t
x
(
x
x
)
i
1
i
i
i
1
Compute the values x
2
 
.
1.. 2 .. 2

x

x

t

(

)
x
(

t
)

x
(

t
)
i
i
i

1
and x
i

1
i
2
(2-13)
(2-14)
0   1
6)
In this case, a value of 1/6 was used for  , which corresponds to a parabolic
variation.
7)
By inputting these new values into the original equation of motion, (2-1),
..
compute a new value for x i 1 .
29
8)
..
Repeat steps 5 and 7 with the new values of x i 1 until a convergent value is
reached.
9)
Repeat the process for the next time step.
10)
The method starts at time t  0 , the time when the load is first applied. The
..
F(0)
.
system is initially at rest, so x  xi  0 and x0 
.
m
2.6 Underground Blasts
A blast taking place below the ground surface behaves differently than a blast in the open
air. In an explosive event occurring in the open air, the explosion pushes air away, creating a
vacuum. Once the pressure is gone, air flows back into this vacuum, creating a negative
pressure phase. This does not occur in soils. Instead, the blast's pushing of the soil creates a
crater, which may eventually be filled by soil due to gravity effects, and there is no negative
pressure phase. An underground explosion usually generates a greater stress and has a longer
duration than if that same explosion were to occur in air (ESL-TR-87-57). Therefore, its impulse
will be much greater.
When detonation occurs, at areas close to the blast, the intense pressure wave caused by
expanding gasses creates stress waves in the soil and crushes air voids present in the soil,
creating a crater or cavity. These gasses are very hot to begin with, and cool off as this new
expanding soil cavity is being formed. As the gasses cool, their volume decreases, resulting in
relief or unloading waves, not unlike the negative pressures in an air blast. Since the soil these
relief waves are traveling through has already been densified by the initial stress waves, they
travel faster than the initial waves did, and eventually overtake them. In doing so, they attenuate
the intensity of the shock front. To account for this in calculations, an attenuation coefficient is
included, although it is a very rough estimation. Soils where this attenuation occurs more
30
quickly have a low relative density or a large percentage of air voids. Conversely, soils with a
high relative density or a low percentage of air voids will attenuate the ground shock much more
slowly. Saturation in soils can also affect the shock transmission. Water can fill air voids and
increase a soil's density. In cohesive soils, as saturation approaches 100 percent, the peak
pressure and stress transmissions begin to behave like they would in water. In saturated granular
soils with low relative densities, it is possible for the pressure wave to collapse the soil skeleton,
liquefying the sand. These types of granular soils are not recommended for use in the
construction of buried facilities (ESL-TR-87-57).
Since a pressure wave expands spherically after an explosion, the severity of the pressure
decreases by a factor of three as it expands. Therefore, the pressure at any point is proportional
to a ratio of the range of this point to the cube root of the charge weight. This is known as the
scaled distance, and the validity of its use in buried explosives has been proven using 35 years of
explosion data.
Using this scaled distance and above mentioned attenuation coefficient, an equation was
created for the calculation of the peak free field pressure in the soil at a given distance from the
explosion.

n
 
160  R
P

fc

0
0
1
144 
 3
W
(2-15)
Here, P0 is the peak free field pressure (psi), c the seismic velocity of the soil (ft/s), ρ0 is the soil
density (lb/ft3), R is the range (ft), W is the charge weight (equivalent weight in lbs of C4), and n
is the attenuation coefficient (unitless). f (unitless) is known as the coupling factor and is further
explained below.
31
After the arrival of the pressure wave, the pressure at any given time can be calculated
from the following equations:

tta
P
(t)P
0e
(2-16)
ta 
R
c
(2-17)

c
R
(2-18)
Here, ta is the arrival time (seconds).
The relevant duration of the blast load recommended for use of these equations is
approximately four times the arrival time.
Rather than having an instantaneously rise to the peak pressure at its arrival time, the use
of a linear rise is recommended. The duration of this recommended linear rise is one tenth of the
arrival time.
The coupling factor, f, reflects how much of the blast’s energy has been coupled into the
soil, as opposed to being lost out into the air, etc. at the ground’s surface. This value can be
interpreted off of the graph in Figure 2-10.
32
Figure 2-10. Ground shock coupling factor as a function of scaled depth (ESL-TR-87-57)
2.7 Elastic Wave Behavior
Every page that contains any paragraph text must be a full page with the exception of the
last page of a chapter. You may place a page that contains only a figure or figures, table or
tables, or a combination of tables and figures with any amount of white space at any place in the
manuscript you choose as long as it contains no paragraph text.
If the figures and tables are to be placed in the body of the text they should be placed as
close to their first mention as possible. However, this is the least stringent of the requirements.
At no time should a page containing paragraph text have more than a 1" margin without a
widow/orphan consideration other than the last page of a chapter.
Since maintaining this text-flow through the editing/revision process is extremely time
consuming, and the benefit of placing figures and tables close to their first mention is less
beneficial in electronic form than in the hard copy alternative, the logical grouping of figures and
tables in a cohesive unit at the end of each chapter is recommended.
33
We do understand text flow and figure placement is often a contentious position, usually
placing the graduate student squarely between faculty that insist on the figures being placed in
the text and the Editorial Office text-flow requirements. If at all possible put tables and figures at
the end of the appropriate chapter. Do not insert them into the text of the chapter, unless you can
do so without leaving gaps at the bottom of text pages.
Headings
A chapter title is an example of a major division heading. All formatting rules for
appendices are the same as for chapters, except that some appendix material may be singlespaced.
ALL MAJOR DIVISION HEADINGS* ARE UPPERCASE AND NOT BOLD
Subheadings: all subheadings and paragraph headings are bold
First-Level Subheadings Are Centered and in Title Case
Second-Level Subheadings Are Flush-Left and in Title Case
Third-level subheadings are flush-left and in sentence case
Paragraph subheadings: indented and in sentence case. Paragraph headings end with a
period or colon. Start the text on the same line as the paragraph heading. (Paragraph headings
can also be used in bulleted lists.)
34
CHAPTER 3
FORMATTING PRIORITIES FOR YOUR THESIS OR DISSERTATION
When writing your manuscript, keep these priorities in mind:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Copyright: the two consideration
Reference system (format and agreement of text and reference list)
Table of contents (format, logic, organization, pertinence, and agreement with text)
Continuous text flow
Tables, figures, and equations (format, list, and mention)
Consistency and acceptable style
Copyright: The Two Considerations
How to avoid infringing on someone else’s copyright (“materials that we might expect to
see accompanied by a permission letter if they appear in a manuscript”)

Long quotations from pre-existing materials that extend for more than one and one-half
single-spaced pages.

Reproduced publications. Examples include copies of standard survey instruments or
questionnaires and journal articles. This applies even if you are the author of the original
work, as the original publisher may have acquired copyright.

Unpublished materials. Extensive reference to unpublished works raises a variety of
issues about copyright and about privacy and access to collections.

Poetry and Music Lyrics. Fair use for highly creative works is relatively limited.
Lengthy excerpts will raise critical questions. Some publishers require permission for all
quotations from poems.

Dialogue from a play, screenplay, broadcast, or novel. While fair use is relatively
narrow for creative and fictional works, it should allow brief quotations in the context of
scholarly critiques.

Music. Excerpts in your dissertation should be brief and should be closely tied to your
research objectives.

Graphic or pictorial works. The material should be closely related to your research
objectives, tied to critical analysis, and not supersede the market for the original.

Computer Software. Dissertations embodied in new media, such as on a website or on
CD-ROM, may incorporate reader programs or other application software to make the new
work accessible or useful. Reproducing such programs to accompany your dissertation will
almost invariably require permission. Consult any license agreement that may apply to the
programs, and prepare to seek permission from the copyright owner. "Shareware" is also
35
not necessarily freely available for copying. Shareware is a protected work made available
under generous or lenient licensing terms; read the license carefully before integrating the
program into your dissertation.

Sources located on the Internet. Easy availability does not change copyright status.
Materials on the Web are protected by copyright just as if they appeared in a book or on
tape.1
How to protect your own copyright (“Copyright privileges now vest immediately upon
creating your work, without the requirement of notice or registration. However, you should still
include a copyright notice on your dissertation.”) Example:
©2007 Your Name
Reference System
A thesis or dissertation should have a literature review. Then, among the reputable
publications in your field, choose one journal whose reference system you like. Photocopy an
article from that journal; then use it as a style model for your entire reference list, and for citing
references in the body of your thesis or dissertation. Include a copy of that journal article with
your first submission, so UF Graduate School Editorial Office staff members can easily show
you any aspects of the formatting you may have overlooked. If your thesis or dissertation is not
formatted according to this reference system, the Editorial Office will not accept your first
submission.
Web References Need Each of These Elements
Author
Copyright year
Article title
Journal name, volume number, and page number(or publisher, city, and state)
URL address (www.abc.com)
Date last accessed (e.g., Feb 2007)•
1
This list is from the ProQuest/UMI GradWorks Guide.
http://proquest.com/products_umi/dissertations/UMI_CopyrightGuide.pdf
36
Minimum Requirements for Other Sources

Book chapter: start with the author(s) of the chapter.

Book: give the publisher, city, and state.

Journal article: give the journal name, volume, and page numbers.

Meeting proceedings: include the city, state, and dates of the meeting. Proceedings
publication info needs to be complete, including volume or year or season; and page number
or abstract number.

If it is not a book, an article, or published proceedings, it probably is not retrievable. For a
citation to be included in the list of references, a reader must be able to go the library and
retrieve it. Otherwise it should be deleted from the References section (but the complete
citation can be included in parentheses in the text).

Give the reader everything needed to find the item, even if the URL address no longer works
(a frequent occurrence).
Table of Contents

Entries here need to match exactly with entries in the body of the dissertation or thesis

Heading and subheadings need to be formatted correctly

You cannot have only one subheading at a given level. If you have entries at a given level,
have 2 or more (do not create a list for only one item)

Hierarchies need to be logical

The table of contents shows exactly how your dissertation or thesis is organized. Do not
explain this organization anywhere else.

Make sure to write about your study (not about your dissertation or thesis)

All 1st-level subheadings must be included in the table of contents. If you include any of
your 2nd-level subheadings, you must include all of them.
Table, Figure, and Equation Format
Code the number for each element to include the chapter number followed by the element
number separated by a hyphen. (Figure 3-2. would be the second figure in chapter 3). Tables,
figures, and equations listed in the appendix would be labeled with the appendix letter instead of
a chapter number. Table and figure mentions in the text should be simple and consistent: do not
37
create entire sentences solely for that purpose. Cite tables (Table 2-4), figures (Figure 2-3), and
equations (Eq. 2-2) by number, and not by position (not “the table above” or “the figure below”
or “this equation”).
Obtain written permission to borrow any copyrighted material. You need to keep your own
file of permission letters for any copyrighted materials used in your dissertation or thesis. Also,
give its full source, in the case of tables or figures. For any table or figure that is borrowed from
a copyrighted publication, you need to give a complete source (the full reference PLUS the table
or figure number and page number where it appeared in the original). For tables, this goes in the
notes row (the last row)of the table. For figures, this goes at the end of the figure heading.
Table Formatting
If you use a program other than MS Office Suite to create your tables try to pre-format the
output to be in Times New Roman and limit the boarders around each cell if possible. After the
output is generated is usually too late to re-format the table. If you use Word to create your tables
use the “Insert Table” command to create a set of columns and rows for your data. Avoid using
spaces and tabs to align you data to look like a table in paragraph form. If you use Excel to create
your tables don’t include your table caption in the table itself. The caption should be simply text
above the table with the “11 Caption Table” style applied to it.

Table headings belong in the top row of the table

Single-space all tables

Left-align all column entries. Align all of the decimals in any column.

Use sentence case for all table elements (heading, column headings, and cell
entries)•Indent any carryover lines in the actual table by 2 character spaces. Align
decimals.

Use the full width of the page. For smaller tables, keep the columns readably close (to the
left), and merely extend the lines to the right margin.
38

Do not use bold, underlining, or vertical lines in tables. Published tables usually have only
three lines: one under the table heading; one under the column-heading row; and one at the
end of the table (before the notes row, if any).

Tables too large to fit the margins may use a smaller size (one size) of the same font, but
the table number and title should be in the same font size as the rest of your manuscript.
Format all tables consistently throughout, including appendix tables.

Continued tables. Tables too long or wide for a single page (broadside or upright) may be
continued. The heading should be “Table 4-1. Continued”(do not repeat the table title).
Column and row headings must be repeated for continued tables.

Notes (if any) belong in the bottom row of the table. Do not vertically list your table notes
(at the bottom of the table): instead let them wrap automatically, like paragraph text (do not
put a hard return after each entry)
Figure Format
Learn the difference between bit mapped (.bmp), tagged image file format (.tif), portable
network graphics (.png), graphics interchange format (.gif), and Joint Photographic Experts
Group (.jpg) file types. In many cases the uncompressed formats (.tif and .bmp) can be ten times
the size of the compressed file formats (.png, .gif. .jpg) without any noticeable difference in
image quality. Think about it. Is there a need to print an 11 x 17 enlargement of that photo or will
the screen view at 3 x 5 inches show all the detail the reader needs? No matter what the
resolution of the picture is, the screen version is no more that 100 pixels per inch. If the screen
can show the detail you need you don’t have to have the extreme high resolution. While the
difference between 3.6 MB and 365 KB isn’t extreme when you do that 100 times it really adds
up. Make your images as small as they can be while still showing the information as intended.
Many times the images used in a thesis or dissertation come from a PowerPoint
presentation. In this case

Figure headings belong under the figure

Never put a title above a figure

Do not put frames around your figures
39

Do not change fonts

Put only 1 blank line space between the figure and figure heading

Limit clutter. Label subparts of figures as A and B, not (A) and (B).

Do not cite figures by location ("second part," "below," etc.). In the figure legend, describe
the subparts like this:
Figure 2-1. General title of overall figure. A) Description of this subpart. B) Description
of this subpart. C) Description of this subpart. Reprinted with permission from . . .

If a figure and all of its subparts run more than one page, the entire figure heading
(including descriptions of all subparts) must appear at the bottom of the first page of the
figure. Any additional pages of subparts of this figure get only this heading at the bottom
of the page:
Figure 2-1. Continued
Equation Format

Single-space equations and their notes

Begin equations at the standard paragraph indent

Code equation numbers to chapter number or appendix letter (Equation 1-1, Equation B-3)

Type the label (1-1) using a right tab set at the right margin. Do not include the word
Equation here.
E = Mc2
(1-1)

Include the word Equation when citing the equation in the text.–Einstein’s theory of
relativity (Equation 1-1) changed scientific thinking.–Applications for Equation 1-1
continue to unfold.

Do not treat the actual equation as though it is a word in the sentence: it is not. Write
complete sentences and paragraphs.
40
CHAPTER 4
USING THE FORMATTING TEMPLATE
What Is a Style?
Styles define the appearance of various text elements in your document, such as headings,
captions, and body text. When you apply a style to a paragraph or word, you can apply a whole
group of character or paragraph formats or both in one simple operation. When you want to
change the formatting of all the text of a particular element at once, you just change the style
that's applied to that element. Styles make formatting your document easier. Additionally, they
serve as building blocks for outlines and tables of contents.
The Application Support Center provides a group of general purpose styles to help you
format your document and give your thesis or dissertation a continuity of appearance. Styles
cannot do everything but they can be used for general formatting purposes. Each style created by
the ASC is listed in Table 2-1.
The following is an example of a block quote. Note that no quotation marks are used:
Vestibulum vel enim. Mauris consequat. Nulla facilisi. Ut bibendum lectus. Nulla pede est,
placerat non, pulvinar et, ornare in, leo. Etiam ultrices ullamcorper diam. Curabitur et
enim. Mauris nulla. Etiam malesuada adipiscing sapien. Maecenas nisi. Mauris id odio a
nibh fringilla sodales. Suspendisse lobortis diam eget magna. Ut pellentesque rutrum sem.
Nullam facilisis sem non metus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Quisque facilisis tempor
diam. Sed sed lorem et purus dictum dapibus. Pellentesque euismod ligula et lectus
facilisis varius.
The space following a block quote is included in the style and no additional returns are required.
Often, after a quote, the preceding paragraph continues using the 07 Body Text – No Indent
style.
How Do You Apply a Style?
The styles used in this document are called paragraph styles. Paragraph styles are used to
format the entire text within a paragraph. To apply a style, follow these instructions:
41

Select the text you want to format

Click the Format menu and then the Styles and Formatting option. This will open the
formatting menu to the right of your document.

Click the style desired in the Styles list. The text is now formatted by the specifications of
the style. If, at any time, the text should appear wrong, simply reapply the style.
An alternative way of selecting the style is to use the Formatting toolbar:

Place the cursor within the text you want to format

Click the Down-Arrow next to the Style field on the Format toolbar and select a Style from
the drop-down list.

If the Formatting toolbar is not present, click the View menu and then the Toolbars option.
In the Toolbars list, check Formatting. The Formatting toolbar should then appear at the
top of your screen.
The previous lists are an example of the 09 Bulleted List – Long style and this is the 06 Body
Text – No Indent. This style is often used after a list to continue the same train of thought that
led to the list in the first place.
By the way, a list is not classified as long or short by the number of elements in the list but
by the length of the longest element in the list. If it is longer than one single line, the list is a long
list (single-spaced with a space between elements). If all the elements are shorter than a single
line we use the short list (single-spaced with no space between elements). Isn’t this fascinating?
Why Use Our Styles?
If you use the preprogrammed styles we provide, your Table of Contents, List of Tables,
and List of Figures will generate with a click of the mouse, and the textual items they reference
will have the proper formatting. As an added benefit, your Table of Contents can be
automatically linked to the chapter titles and subheadings when using the Adobe PDFMaker
plug-in for Microsoft Office.
42
The following captions are examples of the use of “objects.” Object are any addition to the
thesis or dissertation that does not fit the category of table or figure. Sounds and movies are the
most common types of objects. The type (extension) and size of an object file should be included
at the end of the caption but this information is not needed in the list of objects. In your thesis or
dissertation the “object” files should be in the same folder as the thesis or dissertation and links
to these files will need to be manually created in the PDF after the file is converted.
Object 2-1. Sample sound file of Stewie Griffin saying “Victory is Mine!” (.wav file 9KB)
Object 2-1. The readme.doc file as a PDF document (.pdf file 34 KB)
In the final PDF these captions should be linked to the actual documents and would open them
when clicked. These links would have to be created after the PDF is made and the files would
have to be uploaded as support files during the final submission process. (In the interest if
simplicity these files are not included in the single file template).
43
CHAPTER 5
CREATING AND UPDATING THE TABLE OF CONTENTS, LIST OF TABLES, AND LIST
OF FIGURES
The Table of Contents and List of Tables/Figures were created by using the Index and
Tables tool found in the Insert menu. The Table of Contents is designed to collect all text using
the heading styles for section titles, chapter titles, and subheadings automatically on demand.
The List of Tables is designed to collect all text using the 11 Caption Table style. The List of
Figures is designed to automatically collect all text using the 10 Caption Figure style. Tables of
contents and lists of tables/figures can be designed to gather text based on field codes. However,
we do not discuss that option in our dissertation. If you do not use our styles for creating tables
of contents or lists you will need to investigate creating your own table of contents and lists.
While the bulk of these lists are generated with a single mouse click, TO MEET THE
EDITORIAL OFFICE REQUIREMENTS SOME MANUAL ADJUSTMENTS MUST BE
MADE. See our tutorial on updating the Table of Contents, List of Figures, and List of Tables.
They can be found here:
http://etd.helpdesk.ufl.edu/present/updating-toc.html
http://etd.helpdesk.ufl.edu/present/updating-lot-lof-loo.html
44
Figure 5-1. Century Tower taken in 1999 from Jim Albury’s office window
45
A
B
C
D
Figure 5-2. Series of University of Florida landmarks. A) taken from the base of Century Tower
looking upward at 3:00 PM, B) taken from the northwest corner of the Music
Building, C) taken from the CSE atrium at 9:00 PM and D) the University
Auditorium. (Note: the caption in the list of figures does not include the sub-part
descriptions).
A
B
Figure 5-3. Example of a figure with sub-parts. A) Eating one battery. B) Eating five batteries.
When writing your thesis or dissertation becomes a stressful ordeal, sometimes humor
can help lighten the mood. Please do not try this at home. (Source:
http://www.homestarrunner.com/sbemail64.html. Last accessed December, 2003).
46
Figure 5-4. How styles appear in the table of contents. By applying the preprogrammed
formatting styles to your chapter titles and subheadings, they will be updated to the
table of contents with the appropriate page number with just a click of the mouse.
47
Figure 5-5. How styles are used to format your text. By applying the preprogrammed formatting
styles to your chapter titles and subheadings, they will be automatically formatted
such that their spacing and justification are in compliance with the Editorial Office
guidelines.
48
Table 5-1. List of sections contained in the template
Section name
This section contains
Title
Title page
Copy
Copyright page
Dedicate
Dedication page
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment page
Contents
Table of contents page
Tables
List of tables page
Figures
List of figures page
Objects
List of objects page
Symbols
List of Symbols/Terms/Abbreviations
Abstract
Abstract page
Chapter1
Chapter 1
Chapter2
Chapter 2
Chapter3
Chapter 3
Chapter4
Chapter 4
Chapter5
Chapter 5
Chapter6
Chapter 6
Chapter7
Chapter 7
Appendix-a
Copyright permission sample letter
Appendix-b
Appendix B
Appendix c
Landscape page example
Ref
Reference pages
Bio
Biographical sketch
This is an example of a table. The cells of the table use the Normal Text style. The caption of the
table uses the 11 Caption Table style. Tables should be followed by one blank line using the
Normal style. Table formatting is discussed in detail in chapter 2. Notes following a table should
be in paragraph style and may be formatted in 10 pt type to conserve space if necessary.
49
CHAPTER 6
ARTICLES AS PART OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION
Candidates in scientific fields often plan to publish results of their research as journal
articles. A chapter of the thesis or dissertation may later become a journal article, for example.
Perhaps the thesis or dissertation contains several such chapters. In such cases, the thesis or
dissertation must be organized as a unified whole. The thesis or dissertation is your primary
objective and publication is your secondary objective. Use the Graduate School’s formatting
requirements for spacing and margins, pagination and copy sequence, heading formats, and
overall preparation.
The Graduate School encourages candidates to use the scholarly journal in which they
have published, or hope to publish, as a guide for thesis and dissertation preparation. A printed
journal article on an analogous subject serves as a tangible, graphic guide for style of writing, use
of abbreviations and numbers, reference system, and overall usage policies that help the
candidate become proficient in the editorial requirements of the journal. The printed article
shows specific usage. Do not use the journal style manual to format your thesis or dissertation
only to prepare the article later for publication in that journal.
Acceptable Usage
If each chapter is complete within itself and treats one of several aspects included in the
entire study, a general introductory chapter must be added as the first chapter of the thesis or
dissertation. A final chapter must be added that discusses results, conclusions, or further research
for the entire study. Required for all University of Florida theses and dissertations:

A common Table of Contents covering the entire study.

A common Abstract for the entire study (in the preliminary pages, before
Chapter 1)

A common Reference List (however named) for the entire study
50

All pages numbered in sequence—from Page 1 through the Biographical Sketch.
Unacceptable Usage
The following practices are not acceptable for University of Florida theses and
dissertations:

Omission of material that unites components to form a complete manuscript (for example,
omission of the general introductory chapter or the conclusion chapter).

Reference list (however named) at the end of each chapter.

All-cap subheadings used by journals for rapid content identification on double column
pages.

Beginning first-level subheadings on separate pages.

Use of an abstract at the beginning of each chapter.

Chapters paged individually, with 1 appearing on the first page of each new chapter.

Use of double-spaced references and any other use obviously based on journal styles not
suitable for a unified thesis or dissertation presentation. For example, tables and figures
cannot be grouped at the end of the thesis or dissertation. They must be inserted near the
text where they are first mentioned; or grouped logically at the end of that chapter.

Inclusion of coauthored articles, except those portions and materials contributed by the
student. Material produced by coauthors should be so noted and cited appropriately. It is
the supervisory committee’s responsibility to ensure that the thesis or dissertation reflects a
sufficient level of original and scholarly work by the candidate.
51
CHAPTER 7
ELECTRONIC THESIS OR DISSERTATION (ETD)
Format
All manuscripts must be submitted on plain paper in a single compartment expanding
wallet document envelope for first submission, and as a single PDF for final approval. Students
who do not have access to the correct version of the Adobe software, need assistance in creating
their PDF, links and bookmarks, or need help linking media files within the PDF may contact the
Application Support Center at (352) 392-4357 to set up an appointment. In some cases, distance
students may email their document to ASC for PDF conversion; please contact them
(etd@grove.ufl.edu) for more information.
The thesis file or files should be converted to PDF after the paper copy has been edited by
the supervisory committee and the Graduate School Editorial Office and all corrections and
changes have been made. The formatting requirements for the PDF are nearly the same as for the
paper copy (for example, fonts, indents, heading levels and capitalization, margins, and page
numbering). However, listed below are formatting requirements that apply only to ETDs.
Files and Links or Bookmarks
If the thesis consists of more than one file, all files should be named to one directory
before adding the links. This avoids changing file names and causing broken links in the ETD
submission. All links/bookmarks must be highlighted in blue. They should not be underlined.
The working condition of all links should be checked before submitting the PDF. The PDF file(s)
and other files should be checked carefully before submitting them.
Table of Contents
The table of contents should be formatted the same as for paper final submission.
However, you must link all major division headings (acknowledgments, list of tables, list of
52
figures, abstract, chapter and appendix titles, reference list, and biographical sketch); and any
subheadings to the appropriate pages in the text. Use blue to highlight all links in the table of
contents.
Lists of Tables, Figures, Objects
These lists are particularly helpful to the ETD reader. Objects are only found in ETDs.
Objects are defined for this purpose as video, audio, or other items that are not distinctly tables
or figures. The entries in these lists should each be linked to the actual corresponding figure,
table, or object in the text. Use blue to highlight all links in these lists.
Figures, Tables, Objects in the Text
For certain figures, maps, tables, and so, it may be desirable to link to a separate file, for
example, for larger size or higher resolution. If this is done, there must still be a version of the
figure or table incorporated in the text as with the paper copy of the thesis. The figure legend
below the figure or a note below the table should then link to the separate file. With multimedia
objects that cannot be represented graphically in the PDF, a complete title/description that links
to open the file should be included in the text. All of these links should be in blue and must
contain a parenthetical notation about the file type and size.
Figures, tables, and objects that are not embedded in the document should always be
described fully in the text. As technology changes and is upgraded, there is a chance that these
illustrations will not migrate with the thesis.
File Name
The file name for the ETD should be your surname linked to your first initial by an
underscore blank and followed by .pdf. That is, Surname_I.pdf.
53
Copyright
Because the PDF is archived and is made available on the Web, written permission is
needed for use and electronic publication of copyrighted text, figures, tables, and objects. Also,
because the PDF is archived and available on the Web, it is wise to include a copyright page in
all ETDs. The copyright page should be immediately after the title page. The copyright page
format is shown in page 2 of this guide. It is not necessary to register copyright with the U.S.
Copyright Office.
Submitting the ETD
See http://etd.helpdesk.ufl.edu and choose “Submit Your PDF” for instructions. Electronic
submission is only for final submission, after editorial review and after all corrections have been
made. Create your PDF and log into https://gradschool.ufl.edu/edm_app/etd_login.cfm to submit
the PDF. Check the box “Submit to Editorial Office for Review.”
Acceptable ETD Formats
The Florida Center for Library Automation specifies which formats are currently
permissible for electronic submission. The next table, “Acceptable ETD Formats.” shows levels
of acceptability for various ETD media. No effort will be made to migrate forward those ETDs
that are in the “Not accepted” category.
54
Table 7-1. Acceptable ETD formats
Media
Preferred
Acceptable
Text
PDF
XML
TXT
Still image
TIFF
JPG
TML
XHTML
DOC
RTF
SMGL
PNG
Audio
Audio/video
MPEG
Digital archaeology
only
WPD
IPX
WAV
MP3
AVI
Computer
programs
GIF
SID
DJVU
RM
?MOV
Multimedia
?Flash
?Macromedia
Director
?PPT
?WebCT
?WMV
Database/
spreadsheet
Not accepted
MDB
XLS
MySQL
TXT
(source code)
EXE
CFM
ASP
55
APPENDIX A
HOW TO COPY AND PASTE INFORMATION FROM OTHER FILES
Styles
Every MS Word document uses styles to format information. To help prevent the
unnecessary copying of different styles into your dissertation, follow these rules of thumb when
copying information:
If you are pasting text into a dissertation document, use the Paste Special option and the
Unformatted text option. Then apply the styles of the sample dissertation to reformat the text. Be
aware though that this will remove any italics, boldfacing or special characters you are using.

When you cut, make sure you do not remove the section break at the end of the chapter or
file.

If you are pasting graphics and tables, then use the normal Paste option.

Never overwrite a style with a new definition unless you are sure of the repercussions.

Never redefine a style with a new definition unless you are sure of the repercussions.

You can always reapply a style.
Landscape Page Template
The next page is a landscape page template. Copy the section break following this
paragraph through the first line of text (just to be sure) after the next section break. Go to the
page after where you want the landscape page to appear. Choose “View” > “Header and Footer”
and If the words “same as previous” appear by the header and/or footer box, turn this feature off.
Go to the page before the landscape page, click at the end of the last line and then paste. You
should get a correctly formatted landscape page with the number on the left side in the same
relative position the page number would be, in a portrait page..
56
This is a landscaped page. No paragraph text should appear on a landscape (also known as “broadside”) page. Only the Figure or
Table Caption should be on this page along with the table or figure itself.
57
APPENDIX B
ANOTHER CHAPTER TITLE
Subheading
Body Text goes here. If you need more chapters copy and paste this “chapter” as many
times as needed.
Another Subheading
Always end a chapter with a section break – next page so footnotes will re-start their
numbering.
58
LIST OF REFERENCES
The candidate should use the style of one scholarly journal in his or her discipline. The
Graduate School checks all manuscripts for correct and consistent usage within the chosen style.
Failure to document references in a consistent and acceptable style necessitates that the
manuscript be returned without review. There are three basic formats for references without
getting into the details of reference styles. First is by author, without numbers but with a hanging
indent. Second is by author, without numbers in block style. Third is a numbered list.
Reference with hanging indent
Sed vitae turpis non diam malesuada dapibus. Sed dapibus mi non ligula. Aliquam erat volutpat.
Ut eu elit. Nam enim. Ut bibendum eros ut erat. Nullam elit.
Nulla rutrum urna hendrerit odio. Vivamus volutpat. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla vulputate nisl
ut quam. Nunc et nunc sed ante mattis convallis. Nam nibh mauris, adipiscing eu, tristique
sit amet, egestas id, dui. Integer odio.
Vestibulum vel enim. Mauris consequat. Nulla facilisi. Ut bibendum lectus. Nulla pede est,
placerat non, pulvinar et, ornare in, leo. Etiam ultrices ullamcorper diam. Curabitur et
enim. Mauris nulla. Etiam malesuada adipiscing sapien. Maecenas nisi. Mauris id odio a
nibh fringilla sodales. Suspendisse lobortis diam eget magna.
Ut pellentesque rutrum sem. Nullam facilisis sem non metus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
Quisque facilisis tempor diam. Sed sed lorem et purus dictum dapibus. Pellentesque
euismod ligula et lectus facilisis varius.
Reference in block style
Maecenas feugiat facilisis nisi. Etiam varius sagittis nunc. Morbi porttitor metus vitae massa. In
ac nulla at elit venenatis bibendum. Aliquam mattis sapien tincidunt metus.
Donec ultrices risus at massa. Sed velit tortor, vestibulum nec, tincidunt aliquam, adipiscing ut,
sem. Nam sed ante aliquet erat dapibus accumsan.
Pellentesque sed orci. Suspendisse egestas velit. Curabitur purus magna, interdum non, pharetra
eu, dictum at, ligula. Mauris pede dolor, placerat non, semper a, accumsan eget, sem. Duis
placerat neque non leo. Fusce massa.
Duis sit amet dui id diam venenatis vulputate.
59
Reference in numbered list
1.
In auctor nunc quis tortor. Nam suscipit nulla et lorem. Ut purus ligula, vehicula eget,
malesuada ac, vestibulum eu, enim.
2.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Integer non odio eget ipsum
placerat tincidunt. Sed euismod, elit quis egestas euismod, massa est placerat purus,
posuere mattis arcu massa ut dui.
3.
Sed vitae turpis non diam malesuada dapibus. Sed dapibus mi non ligula. Aliquam erat
volutpat. Ut eu elit. Nam enim. Ut bibendum eros ut erat. Nullam elit. Nulla rutrum urna
hendrerit odio. Vivamus volutpat. Aliquam erat volutpat.
4.
Nulla vulputate nisl ut quam. Nunc et nunc sed ante mattis convallis. Nam nibh mauris,
adipiscing eu, tristique sit amet, egestas id, dui. Integer odio.
5.
Vestibulum vel enim. Mauris consequat. Nulla facilisi. Ut bibendum lectus. Nulla pede
est, placerat non, pulvinar et, ornare in, leo.
6.
Etiam ultrices ullamcorper diam. Curabitur et enim. Mauris nulla. Etiam malesuada
adipiscing sapien. Maecenas nisi. Mauris id odio a nibh fringilla sodales. Suspendisse
lobortis diam eget magna. Ut pellentesque rutrum sem.
7.
Nullam facilisis sem non metus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Quisque facilisis
tempor diam. Sed sed lorem et purus dictum dapibus. Pellentesque euismod ligula et
lectus facilisis varius.
8.
Maecenas feugiat facilisis nisi. Etiam varius sagittis nunc. Morbi porttitor metus vitae
massa. In ac nulla at elit venenatis bibendum. Aliquam mattis sapien tincidunt metus.
Donec ultrices risus at massa.
9.
Sed velit tortor, vestibulum nec, tincidunt aliquam, adipiscing ut, sem. Nam sed ante
aliquet erat dapibus accumsan. Pellentesque sed orci. Suspendisse egestas velit. Curabitur
purus magna, interdum non, pharetra eu, dictum at, ligula.
10.
Mauris pede dolor, placerat non, semper a, accumsan eget, sem. Duis placerat neque non
leo. Fusce massa.
11.
Duis sit amet dui id diam venenatis vulputate. Praesent malesuada turpis a velit. Donec
leo sem, auctor vitae, dictum sed, vulputate et, libero.
12.
Phasellus a risus. Proin ut ante in felis imperdiet molestie. Pellentesque consequat
ultricies felis. Nulla scelerisque condimentum sapien. Phasellus iaculis luctus mi.
Suspendisse facilisis. Suspendisse in libero. In auctor nunc quis tortor.
60
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
A biographical sketch is required of all candidates. The biographical sketch should be in
narrative form. It typically includes the educational background of the candidate. You may
replace this paragraph with your own text.
61
THESIS/DISSERTATION TITLE
Candidate's name
Phone number
Department
Supervisory chair
Degree
Month and year of graduation
Please describe in no more than 150 words the contribution of the thesis or dissertation to
the State of Florida, the nation, society in general, and/or the discipline. Please use clear and
effective, non-specialized language. This abstract is meant to be helpful in communicating the
value of UF graduate student research to the general population. Do not include the general
audience abstract in the PDF of your thesis or dissertation.
To eliminate this page you will need to delete the section break at the end of the
Biographic Sketch. When you delete this section Break, you will have to replace the page
number on that page.