SM1 Population samples used for the study of mtDNA differentiation
1
2
3
4
5
Tuareg Gorom
Tuareg Gossi
Tuareg Tanut
Tuareg Libya
Tuareg Watson
38
21
31
129
26
This study
This study
This study
Ottoni et al. 2009
Watson et al. 1997
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Central Africa
Akele (Gabon)
Ateke (Gabon)
Benga (Gabon)
Duma (Gabon)
Eshira (Gabon)
Eviya (Gabon)
Fang (Cameroon)
Fang (Gabon)
Galoa (Gabon)
Kota (Gabon)
48
54
50
47
40
38
39
66
51
56
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
Quintana-Murci et al. 2008
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Chad Basin
Arabs (Chad)
Arabs Shuwa (Nigeria)
Buduma (Niger)
Fali (Cameroon)
Fulani Bongor (Chad)
Fulani Tcheboua (Cameroon)
Hide (Cameroon)
Kotoko (Cameroon)
Mafa (Cameroon)
Masa (Cameroon)
27
38
30
40
49
40
23
56
32
32
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
Černý et al. 2007
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
East Africa
Amhara (Ethiopia)
Dinka (Sudan)
Gurage (Ethiopia)
Kikuyu (Kenya)
Nubians (Sudan)
Oromo (Ethiopia)
Somali (Somalia)
Tigrais (Ethiopia)
Turkana (Kenya)
Kenyans
74
46
21
25
78
33
27
53
37
100
Thomas et al. 2002
Krings et al. 1999
Kivisild et al. 2004
Watson et al. 1997
Krings et al. 1999
Kivisild et al. 2004
Watson et al. 1997
Kivisild et al. 2004
Watson et al. 1997
Brandstätter et al. 2004
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Southeastern Africa
Angolans (Angola)
Bantu (mostly Mozambique)
Burunge (Tanzania)
Datog (Tanzania)
Datoga (Tanzania)
Iraqw (Tanzania)
Sukuma (Tanzania)
Sukuma (Tanzania)
Turu (Tanzania)
44
307
38
39
18
12
11
21
29
Plaza et al. 2004
Salas et al. 2002
Gonder et al. 2007
Gonder et al. 2007
Knight et al. 2003
Knight et al. 2003
Gonder et al. 2007
Knight et al. 2003
Gonder et al. 2007
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Northern Africa
Egyptians (Lower Egypt)
Egyptians (Upper Egypt)
Egyptians (Upper Egypt)
Kesra Berbers (Tunisia)
Maroccan Berber
Saharawi
Skira (Tunisia)
Testour (Tunisia)
Tunis
Zriba (Tunisia)
59
35
58
43
60
25
20
50
51
35
Krings et al. 1999
Krings et al. 1999
Stevanovitch et al. 2004
Cherni et al. 2005
Rando et al. 1998
Rando et al. 1998
Cherni et al. 2009
Cherni et al. 2009
Cherni et al. 2009
Cherni et al. 2005
50
Černý et al. 2006
47
50
22
66
77
79
30
23
48
Černý et al. 2006
Rosa et al. 2004
Rosa et al. 2004
Rosa et al. 2004
Rosa et al. 2004
Graven et al. 1995
Rando et al. 1998
Rando et al. 1998
Rando et al. 1998
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
West Africa
Fulani Banfora (Burkina Faso)
Fulani Tindangou (Burkina
Faso)
Guinea A
Guinea B
Guinea C
Guinea D
Mandenka (Senegal)
Mauritanian
Serer (Senegal)
Wolof (Senegal)
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Iberian Peninsula
Andalusians
Aveiro
Braga
Braganca
Catalans
Slouguia
Porto
Qualat el-Andalouz
Viana do Castelo
Vila Real
49
25
41
42
46
28
67
29
17
20
Larruga et al. 2001
Pereira et al. 2005
Pereira et al. 2005
Pereira et al. 2005
Crespillo et al. 2000
Cherni et al. 2009
Pereira et al. 2005
Cherni et al. 2009
Pereira et al. 2005
Pereira et al. 2005
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
Near East
Druze
Iraqi
Iraqi
Jordanians
Kurds
Northern Syrians
Palestinians
Syrians
Turks
45
116
52
145
50
49
109
69
132
Macaulay et al. 1999
Richards et al. 2000
El-Zahery et al. 2003
Gonzales et al. 2008
Richards et al. 2000
Varnesi et al. 2001
Richards et al. 2000
Richards et al. 2000
Richards et al. 2000
55
Brandstätter A, Peterson CT, Irwin JA, Mpoke S, Koech DK, Parson W, Parsons TJ, 2004:
Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from Nairobi (Kenya): inferring phylogenetic
parameters for the establishment of a forensic database. Int J Legal Med 118: 294-306.
Černý V, Hájek M, Bromová M, Čmejla R, Diallo I, Brdička R, 2006: MtDNA of Fulani
nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations. Hum Biol 78: 927.
Černý V, Salas A, Hájek M, Žaloudková M, Brdička R, 2007: A bidirectional corridor in the
Sahel-Sudan belt and the distinctive features of the Chad Basin populations: a history revealed
by the mitochondrial DNA genome. Ann Hum Genet 71: 433-452.
, 2005:
Female gene pools of Berber and Arab neighboring communities in central Tunisia:
microstructure of mtDNA variation in North Africa. Hum Biol 77: 61-70.
Cherni L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Costa MD, Goios A, Frigi S, Yacoubi-Loueslati B, Amor
MB, Slama A, Amorim A, El Gaaied AB, Pereira L, 2009: Post-last glacial maximum
expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H
haplogroup in Tunisia. Am J Phys Anthropol 139: 253-260.
Crespillo M, Luque JA, Paredes M, Fernández R, Ramírez E, Valverde JL, 2000:
Mitochondrial DNA sequences for 118 individuals from northeastern Spain. Int J Legal Med
114: 130-132.
Gonder MK., Mortensen HM., Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA, 2007: Whole-mtDNA
genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages. Mol Biol Evol 24: 757-768.
Graven L, Passarino G, Semino O, Boursot P, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Langaney A,
Excoffier L, 1995: Evolutionary correlation between control region sequence and restriction
polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome of a large Senegalese Mandenka sample. Mol
Biol Evol 12: 334-345.
Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Rosa A, Brehm A, Pennarun E, Parik J, Geberhiwot T,
Usanga E,
, 2004: Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: tracking gene flow
across and around the gate of tears. Am J Hum Genet 75: 752-770.
Knight A, Underhill PA, Mortensen HM, Zhivotovsky LA, Lin AA, Henn BM, Louis D,
Ruhlen M, Mountain JL, 2003: African Y Chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides
insight into the history of click languages. Curr Biol 13: 464-473.
Krings M, Salem AE, Bauer K, Geisert H, Malek AK, Chaix L, Simon C, Welsby D, Di
Rienzo A, Utermann G, Sajantila A, Pääbo S, Stoneking M, 1999: mtDNA analysis of Nile
River Valley populations: A genetic corridor or a barrier to migration? Am J Hum Genet. 64:
1166-1176.
Larruga JM, Díez F, Pinto FM, Flores C, González AM, 2001: Mitochondrial DNA
characterisation of European isolates: The Maragatos from Spain. Eur J Hum Genet 9: 708716.
Macaulay V, Richards M, Hickey E, Vega E, Cruciani F, Guida V, Scozzari R, Bonné-Tamir
B, Sykes B, Torroni A, 1999: The emerging tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: a synthesis of
control-region sequences and RFLPs. Am J Hum Genet. 64: 232-249.
Plaza S, Salas A, Calafell F, Corte-Real F, Bertranpetit J, Carracedo A, Comas D, 2004:
Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola. Hum Genet
115: 439-447.
Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, Vega E, Sykes B, Guida V, Rengo C, Sellitto D,
Cruciani F, Kivisild T, Villems R, Thomas M, Rychkov S, Rychkov O, Rychkov Y, Gölge M,
Dimitrov D, Hill E, Bradley D, Romano V, Calì F, Vona G, Demaine A, Papiha S,
Triantaphyllidis C, Stefanescu G, Hatina J, Belledi M, Di Rienzo A, Novelletto A,
Oppenheim A, Nørby S, Al-Zaheri N, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Scozari R, Torroni A,
Bandelt HJ, 2000: Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. Am J
Hum Genet. 67: 1251-1276.
Quintana-Murci L, Quach H, Harmant C, Luca F, Massonnet B, Patin E, Sica L, MouguiamaDaouda P, Comas D, Tzur S, Balanovsky O, Kidd KK, Kidd JR, van der Veen L, Hombert
JM, Gessain A, Verdu P, Froment A, Bahuchet S, Heyer E, Dausset J, Salas A, Behar DM,
2008: Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy
hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 1596-1601.
Ottoni C, Martínez-Labarga C, Loogväli EL, Pennarun E, Achilli A, De Angelis F, Trucchi E,
Contini I, Biondi G, Rickards O, 2009: First genetic insight into Libyan Tuaregs: a maternal
perspective. Ann Hum Genet 73: 438-448.
Pereira L, Cunha C, Alves C, Amorim A, 2005: African female heritage in Iberia: a
reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times. Hum Biol 77: 213-229.
Rando JC, Pinto F, González AM, Hernández M, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Bandelt HJ,
1998: Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic
exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations. Ann Hum Genet. 62:
531-550.
Rosa A, Brehm A, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Villems R, 2004: mtDNA profile of West Africa
Guineans: Towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region. Ann Hum Genet 68:
340-352.
Salas A, Richards M, De la Fe T, Lareu MV, Sobrino B, Sánchez-Diz P, Macaulay V,
Carracedo A. 2002: The making of the African mtDNA landscape. Am J Hum Genet 71:
1082-1111.
Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Paris F, Gayraud RP, Spadoni JL, El-Chenawi
F, Béraud-Colomb E, 2004: Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population
from Egypt. Ann Hum Genet 68: 23-39.
Thomas MG, Weale ME, Jones AL, Richards M, Smith A, Redhead N, Torroni A, Scozzari
R, Gratrix F, Tarekegn A, Wilson JF, Capelli C, Bradman N, Goldstein DB, 2002: Founding
mothers of Jewish communities: geographically separated Jewish groups were independently
founded by very few female ancestors. Am J Hum Genet 70: 1411-1420.
Vernesi C, Di Benedetto G, Caramelli D, Secchieri E, Simoni L, Katti E, Malaspina P,
Novelletto A, Marin VT, Barbujani G, 2001: Genetic characterization of the body attributed
to the evangelist Luke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 13460-13463.
Watson E, Forster P, Richards M, Bandelt HJ, 1997: Mitochondrial footprints of human
expansions in Africa. Am J Hum Genet 61: 691-704.