APES First Semester Final Exam Review
This review lists the highlights of the covered chapters. In no way does it cover everything you’ve learned! When studying for the final, use your book, notes, chapter outlines, labs, worksheets, etc. There will be no online study guide for the final exam!
Introduction Unit: Chapter 1, 3
Chapter 1
Exponential Growth
GDP
Per capita GDP
Underdeveloped, developing, developed nations
Perpetual, renewable, non-renewable resources
Tragedy of the commons
Ecological Footprint
Affluenza
Environmental Worldview
Planetary Management Worldview
Stewardship Worldview
Environmental Wisdom Worldview
Chapter 3
Scientific Methods
3 Features of the scientific process
Inductive and Deductive reasoning
Frontier, sound science, junk science
Positive and negative feedback loops
Synergy
3 phases of matter
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Organic compounds
High and low quality matter
Ionizing radiation
Convection, conduction, radiation
Law of conservation of matter
Using half lives
Nuclear fission and fusion
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Population Unit: Chapters 9 and 10
Chapter 9
Population change formula
Stages of age structures
Biotic and abiotic growth factors
Biotic and abiotic environmental resistance
Carrying capacity (K)
Intrinsic rate of increase (r)
Logistic growth vs. exponential growth graphs
Density dependent and density independent controls
K-selected species (K-strategist) r-selected species (r-strategist)
Survivorship curves (late, constant, early loss)

Chapter 10
Crude birth and crude death rates
Formula to find rate of population change %
Rule of 70
Replacement Level Fertility
Total fertility rate
US population changes (baby boom, baby bust, etc)
Factors that affect birth rates (poverty, infant mortality, education, etc)
Reading population pyramids
Pyramids of underdeveloped, developing, developed
Earth Systems and Resources Unit – Chapters 14, 15, 16
Chapter 14
Three grain crops that provide over half the calories
Industrialized, plantation, traditional subsistence, traditional intensive agriculture
Green Revolutions
Dust Bowl
Desertification
Soil salinization
Conventional and conservation tillage
Terracing, contour planting, strip cropping, alley cropping, etc.
Organic and inorganic fertilizer
Kwashiorkor, marasmus
Land use for meat vs. land use for grain
Types of fishing practices (trawler, long lining, etc)
Chapter 15
Amount of available water
Runoff
Groundwater
What most our water is used for
4 causes of water scarcity
Advantages and disadvantages of damming rivers
Three Gorges Dam - China
Colorado River Basin – US
Aral Sea
James Bay Watershed project – Canada
Ogallala aquifer
Types of irrigation
Causes of flooding
Channelization and levees
Chapter 16
Plate tectonics (continental, oceanic plates, subduction zones, etc)
Layers of the Earth (core, mantel, crust, asthenosphere, lithosphere, mesosphere, etc)
Divergent, convergent, transform faults
Earthquakes, volcanoes, Ring of Fire
Examples of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock
Rock cycle
Subsurface and surface mining types
Hazards of subsurface mining
Mineral resources available in ocean

Energy Unit – Chapters 17 and 18
Chapter 17
Comparison of US to world in energy types utilized
Crude oil, heavy crude oil, conventional crude oil
Where the world’s oil is mostly located
Amount of oil left
Uses for oil, advantages, and disadvantages
Oil sand, tar sand, shale oil, bitumen
Where natural gas is mostly located
Amount of natural gas left
Uses for natural gas, advantages, and disadvantages
LPG, LNG
Where the world’s coal is mostly located
Amount of coal left
Uses for coal, advantages, disadvantages
SNG, bituminous, anthracite
Who uses nuclear power
Uses for nuclear power, advantages, disadvantages
U-235, U-238, breeder reactors, fusion, fission
Chapter 18
Energy efficiency
Co-generation
Passive and active solar heating – how it works
Advantages and disadvantages to solar heating
Hydroelectric power– how it works
Advantages and disadvantages to hydropower
Wind power– how it works
Advantages and disadvantages to wind power
Biomass energy– how it works
Advantages and disadvantages to biomass energy
Geothermal energy– how it works
Advantages and disadvantages to geothermal
Hydrogen power –how it works
Advantages and disadvantages to hydrogen power
Pollution Unit – Chapters 19, 20, 22, 24
Chapter 19
Risk assessment and management
Toxicity factors, LD50, TTL
Bioaccumulation, biomagnification
Antagonistic, synergistic interactions
Acute and chronic effects
Toxic vs. hazardous
Teratogens, mutagens, carcinogens
Nontransmissible, transmissible
Virus, bacteria, protozoan, parasitic
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Factors that distort perception of risks

Chapter 20
Layers of the atmosphere
Primary and secondary pollutants
Health effects and sources of: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, ozone, lead (outdoor air pollutants)
Types and sources of smog
Acid rain locations
Acid rain causes and effects
Health effects and sources of: carbon monoxide, asbestos, radon-222, formaldehyde, chloroform, particulate matter (indoor air pollutants)
Clean Air Acts, Emission Allowances trading
Ways to clean emissions
Solutions to air pollution
Chapter 22
Point and non-point pollution
Causes and health effects of: nitrates, sulfur, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, phosphates, hardness, pH, lead, etc.
Factors that affect amount of oxygen in rivers, lakes, streams
Eutrophication
Great Lake problems
Sources, prevention, and treatment of contaminated groundwater
Prevention of oil spills in ocean waters
Clean up of oil spills in ocean waters
Waste water treatment process
Chapter 24
Love Canal
Solid waste sources
What makes up US landfills
Ways to reduce amount of solid waste
Ecoindustry
The 4 R’s
Hazardous wastes that should not be put into landfills
Phytoremediation
Plasma Arc
Deep underground wells
Surface impoundments
Mercury poisoning sources and effects
Lead poisoning sources and effects