Prof. Deepak Kaul ( Academic Profile) A. ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS : Ph.D (AIIMS), FICA , FNA B. PRESENT APPOINTMENT : Professor & Head Deptt. of Expt. Medicine & Biotechnology PGIMER, Chandigarh-160012 C. RESEARCH SPECIALIZATION : Molecular Pathology E. Functional Genomics Genomic-Immunity AWARDS & HONOURS Fellow, Indian National Science Academy (FNA) Fellow, International College of Angiology, USA Member, American Association of Advancement of Science Member, New York Academy of Sciences Moscow University Medal awarded by Cardiology Research Centre, USSR. F. EDITORIAL BOARD (International) I. Member, “ Editorial Board”, Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals Word Journal Of Cardiology AsianJournal Of Medical Sciences II. Member, “ Editorial-Review Board” International Journal of Cardiology. Leukemia Research. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics. Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry G. H. NATIONAL COMMITMENTS President (Ex), Indian Society of Atherosclerosis Research Chairman, Leukemia Research Foundation, India Member, Advisory Board , U.P.S.C , Govt. Of India Member, Advisory Committee INSA Awards. Member, INSA Selection Committee for Medical Sciences. Member, Advisory IND Committee, Drugs Controller- General (India). Member, Selection Committee Commonwealth Fellowships (2009-10). Member, Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology committee, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi-110002. Member , Society For Scientific Values (India). Governing Council Development, India Member, Task-Force on RNA-Interference, Deptt. Of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology , Govt. Of India. Member, Board of studies in Human Genomics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh. Member , Faculty Selection Committee , All India Institute Of Medical Sciences , New Delhi. Ph.D Thesis Examiner : Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute For Medical Sciences & Technology , Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala). Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow. All India Institute Of Medical Sciences; New Delhi Member, Idma THESIS GUIDED (AS CHIEF GUIDE) Ph.D. (Molecular Medicine) M.Sc. (Medical Biotechnology) = 14 = 6 Foundation of Sustainable EXTRA MURAL RESEARCH GRANTS I. Sr. No. National Funding Agency 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. J. ICMR CSIR DAE DST INDO-USA (DBT) DBT ON-GOING RESEARCH PROJECTS 3 1 PUBLICATIONS International National Conference Presentations Conference Chaired K. RESEARCH PROJECTS COMPLETED 14 9 1 3 1 3 = 88 = = 28 86 = 25 TOTAL = 116 INTERNATIONAL CITATION Times Cited Am. J. Hypertension 21 Atherosclerosis 17 J. Lipid Research 18 Pharmacol. & Therapeutics 13 J. Biol. Chemistry 19 Circulation Research 24 Nutrition Metabolin & Cardiovasc. Disease 5 Arteriosc. Thombosis & Vasc. Biology 56 Int. J. Parasitology 3 Biochem. J. 1 J. Infection 1 Parasite Immunol. 1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 15 Microbiol. & Mol. Biol. Rev. 8 L. List of Publications in Molecular Pathology … Dr. Deepak Kaul L1. 1. International D. KAUL, M.G. Karmarker and V. Kothekar (1978) : Chemical constitution of lipid droplets in human atherosclerotic lesion, Artery, 4, 497-503. 2. D. KAUL, V. Kotherkar and R.K. Mishra (1980) : Micellar organisation of lipid droplets in human atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis, 37, 139142. 3. S.K. Bansal and D. KAUL (1981) : Mesomorphic state of lipid in biliary canaliculi. Med. Sci. Biochem., 9, 488-489. 4. D. KAUL (1981) : Atherogenesis : Structure of Pathomorphic lipid droplets. Atherosclerosis, 40, 223-230. 5. D. KAUL (1983) : Atherosclerosis : A molecular disease of membrane fusion. Medical Hypothesis, 11, 439-447. 6. D. KAUL (1983) : Fusion Process : Significance of free cholestrol to phospholipid ratio within membrane. Med. Sci. Biochem., 11, 254-255. 7. D. KAUL and M.G. Karmarkar (1983) : Molecular mechanism involved in cellular membrance fusion. Med. Sci. Biochem., 11, 556-557. 8. D. KAUL and N. Munjunath (1983) : Role of membrane cholestrol in process of somatic cell hybridisation. Med. Sci. Biochem., 11, 596-597. 9. D. KAUL (1986) : Role of calcium, cyclic AMP in cholesterol-rich human platelet activity. Med. Sci. Biochem., 14, 238-239. 10. A. Saxena, D. KAUL and V.K. Vinayak (1986) : Amoebic erythrophagocytosis. Significance of membrane cholestrol to phospholipid ratio. Med. Sci. Biochem., 14, 330-331. D. KAUL and R.S. Kukreja (1987) : Atherogenesis : Preventive effect of Trifluoperazine Atherosclerosis, 64, , 211-214 12. S. Jain, D. KAUL and V.K. Vinayak (1987) : Elucidation of the receptors in Macrophage and plasmodium Yoeli interactions. Immunol. Invest. 11, 179-187. 13. D. KAUL (1988) : Calcium antagonists : A new preventive approach to atherogenesis. Proc. of symposium of heart disease, U.S.S.R. Acad. Med. Sci. held at Moscow. 14. Uma Mehta and D. KAUL (1990) : Effect of Trifluoperazine on DNA and LDL receptor synthesis in smooth muscle cells exposed to hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 43, 175-181. 15. Uma Mehta and D. KAUL (1990) : Effect of trifluoperazine and colchicine on smooth muscle cellular proliferation and collagen secretion induced by hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro. Biochem. Int. 21, 107-116. 16. Uma Mehta , R.S. Kukreja and D. KAUL (1990) : Effect of Colchicine on cholesterol metabolism of smooth muscle cells exposed hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro, Med. Sci. Res. 18, 365-367. to 17. Uma Mehta and D. KAUL (1990) : Effect of Trifuoperazine on cholestrol metabolism of smooth muscle cells exposed to hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro. Biochem. Med. Metabl. Biol. 44, 151-158. 18. D. KAUL and Uma Mehta (1990) : Membrane-cholesterol modulates the atherogenic activity of smooth muscle cells in vitro. Med. Sci. Res. 18, 717-720. 19. Uma Mehta and D. KAUL (1991) : Nature of aortic smooth muscle cellular activity induced by cholesterol-incorporation through LDL-receptor independent pathway. Preventive role of Trifluoperazine on such activity. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 55, 13-24. 20. D. KAUL, V. Diwan and U. Mehta (1991) : Nature of interrelationship between cholesterogenesis and DNA replication within smooth muscle cells stimulated by cholesterol in vitro. Med. Sci. Res. 19, 337-343. 21. A. Mohindroo, R.S. Kukreja, R.N. Chakravarti, N.K. Ganguly and D. KAUL (1981) : Effectiveness of Trifluoperazine against cholesterol induced atherosclerosis in rhesus monkey. Med. Sci. Res. 19, 341-343. 22. N. Kochhar and D. KAUL (1992) : Molecular link between membrane cholesterol and Na+/H+ exchange within human platelets. FEBS Lett. 299, 19-22. 23. N. Kochhar and D. KAUL (1992) : Molecular link between membranecholesterol and cyclic nucleotide levels within human platelets. Blood coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 3, 251-219. 24. N.Kochhar and D. KAUL (1992) : Initiator-promotor coupling of phospholipase ‘D’ and ‘A2’ in platelets upon cholesterol-incorporation. FEBS Lett. 314, 17-19. 25. D. KAUL and Jarnail Singh (1994) : Exogenous cholesterol initiated transmembrane signalling pathway regulates cholesterogenesis in human platelets. Cell Signall, 6, 141-145. 26. J. Singh and D. KAUL (1994) : Autoregulation of receptor-S at the translation level in human platelets. Atherosclerosis, 109, 1090. 27. N. Kochhar and D. KAUL (1994) : Molecular mechanism involved in cholestrol modulated human platelet activity. Atherosclerosis, 109, 196a. 28. D. KAUL (1995) : Lipoprotein Receptor - ‘Ck’ activation-response coupling in human platelets. Platelet, 6, 306-309. 29. D. KAUL, N. Kochar and J. Singh (1995) : Lipoprotein Receptor- ‘Ck’ dependent signalling in human platelets. Mol. Cellul. Biochem., 151, 173176. 30. D. KAUL, V. Dhawan and M. Kaur (1996) : Evidence and nature of a novel thiol-oxidase in human platelets. Mol. Cellul. Biochem., 159, 81-84. 31. R. Goel, D. KAUL and S. Varma (1996) : Lymphocytes from CML patients lack 47 kDa factor having affinity for genomic sterol regulatory sequence. Leukemia Res., 20, 877-879. 32. R. Goel, S.Varma and D. KAUL (1996) : Sterol-dependent LDL-Receptor gene transcription in lymphocytes from normal and CML patients. Cancer Lett., 107, 193-198. 33. D. KAUL and J. Singh (1997) : Does Receptor-‘Ck’ deficiency initiate Leukemia ? Cancer Lett., 112, 199-202. 34. R. Goel , J. Singh and D. KAUL (1997) : Receptor-‘Ck’ dependent signalling regulated LDL-receptor gene transcription. Mol. Cellul. Biochem., 169, 79-83. 35. D. KAUL and M. Kaur (1997) : LDL-dependent regulation of Bcl-2 and Cyclin ‘D’ Gene expression in lymphocytes from normal and CML patients. Cancer Lett., 119, 131-135. 36. J. Singh and D. KAUL (1997) : RNA-mediated regulation of Receptor-‘Ck’ gene in human platelets. Mol. Cellul. Biochem., 173, 189-192. 37. M. Kaur, and D. KAUL (1997) : Mevalonate Pathway-dependent regulation of cell cycle. FASEB, J. 11, 2103a. 38. J. Singh and D. KAUL (1997) : Regulation of cholesterol-specific Receptor-‘Ck’ gene at the translational level. FASEB, J. 11, 2185a. 39. D. KAUL, M. Kaur, V. Dhawan (1998) : Human platelets contain a novel 47kDa Thioloxidase having affinity for genomic sterol-regulatory sequence. Mol. Cellul. Biochem., 178, 383-385. 40. D. KAUL and M. Kaur (1998) : Receptor-‘Ck’ controls the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin ‘D’ genes. Leukemia Res. 22, 671-675. 41. D. KAUL and M. Kaur (1998) : Receptor-‘Ck’ dependent regulation of gene in HL-60 cell line. Leukemia Res., 21, 11-12. 42. J. Singh, M. Kaur and D. KAUL (1998) : RNA-mediated regulation of Bcl-2 and cyclin ‘D’ genes in human platelets. Platelets, 9, 37-40. 43. R. Goel and D. KAUL (1998) : Molecular control of LDL-Receptor gene in leukemic cells. Leukemia Res., 22, 89-92. 44. M. Kaur, D. KAUL and R.C. Sobti (1998) : Receptor-‘Ck’ dependent regulation of genes involved in the cell cycle. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 181, 137-142. 45. D. KAUL (1998) : Receptor-‘Ck’ and Leukemogenesis. Leukemia Res., 22, 389-394. 46. A. Wanchu and D. KAUL (1998) : Antibodies against Receptor-Ck are found in patients with systemic lupus Erythematosis (SLE). Proc. International Congress on Immunology held Nov.1-6, New Delhi. 47. D. KAUL and N. Varma (1999) : Molecular mechanism involved in TPAinduced myelopoietic programming. Leukemia Res., 23, 235-237. 48. D. KAUL and M. Kaur (1999) : Receptor-Ck regulates the expression of cyclin-dependent Kinase inhibitors Mol. Cellul. Biochem, 200, 183- 186. 49. D. KAUL and N. Varma (2000) : Expression of Receptor-Ck and SREBP genes in lymphocytes from acute leukemia patients. Leukemia Res. 24, 913-916. 50. A. Wanchu, P. Bambery, A. Sud and D. KAUL (2000) : Antibodies against Receptor-Ck in patients with systemic lupus Erythematosis APLAR. J. Rheumatology. 4, 14-16. 51. D. KAUL (2001) : Molecular link between cholesterol, cytokines and Atherogenesis. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 219, 65-71. 52. D. KAUL and M. Kaur (2001) : Receptor-Ck regulates membrane-bound 125 kDa protein having affinity for Genomic sterol regulatory sequence. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 216, 141-143. 53. U. Trehan, G. Garewal, D. KAUL, R. Das (2001) : Molecular Pathology of Alpha-Thalassemia and Triplicated Alpha locus in north Indian population – Interaction with heterozygous Beta-Thalassemia. Hematology, 6, 153160. 54. D. KAUL, R. Rani and R. Sehgal (2001) : Receptor-Ck regulates Giardia encystation process. Mol Cellul. Biochem. 225, 167-169. 55. D. KAUL and P.K. Anand (2003) : Regulation of PPAR- gene in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells line : Leukemic Res 27, 683-686. 56. D. KAUL (2003): Cholesterol-Receptor mediated genomics in health and disease. Trends in Mol. Medicine 9, 442-449. 57. P.K. Anand and D. KAUL (2003) : Vitamin D3-dependent pathway regulates TACO gene transcription. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 310, 876-877. 59. D. KAUL, K. Sikand and A.R,Shukla(2004) : Effect of Green Tea-desired polyphenols on the genomics of Atherosclerosis. Phytotherapy Research 18, 177-179. 60. D. KAUL, P.K. Anand and I. Verma (2004) : Cholesterol sensor initiates M. Tuberculosis entry into human macrophages. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 258, 219-222. 61. D. KAUL and K. Sikand (2004): Defective RNA-mediated c-myc gene silencing pathway in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 313, 552-554. 62. K. Sikand and D. KAUL (2004) : A novel genetic aberration in Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line. Int. J. Cancer Prevention, 1, 355-360. 63. D. KAUL and Iqbal M. Baba (2005): Genomic effect of vitamin ‘C’ and statins within human mononuclear cells involved in atherogenic process. Eur. J. Clin. Nutrition 59, 978- 981. 64. P. Anand and D. KAUL (2005): Down-regulation of TACO gene transcription restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis entry/survival within macrophages. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 250, 137-144 65. D. KAUL, A.R. Shukla, K.Sikand and V. Dhawan (2005) : Effect of herbal polyphenols on atherogenic transcriptome. Mol.Cellul. Biochem., 278, 177-184. 66. M. Iqbal Baba, D. KAUL and A. Grover (2006): Importance of blood cellular genomic profile in coronary heart disease. J. BIomed. Sci. 13, 17-26. 67. K. Sikand, D. KAUL and N. Varma (2006): Receptor Ck dependent signaling regulates hTERT gene transcription. BMC Cell Biology 7, 222. 68. P.K. Anand, D. KAUL and M. Sharma (2006): EGCG inhibits M. tuberculosis survival through down-regulation of TACO gene within human macrophages. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biology, 38, 600-609. 69. M. Iqbal Baba, D. KAUL and A. Grover (2006): Pathognomic genetic expression profile within peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rheumatic heart disease patients. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 291, 213-217. 70. D. KAUL, P.K. Anand and A. Khanna (2006): Functional genomics of PPAR- gene in human immunomodulatory cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 290, 211-215. 71. D. KAUL, A. Gautam and K. Sikand (2006) : Importance of LxR- transcriptome in the modulation of innate immunity. Mol. Cellul. Biochem. 292, 53-57. 72. D. KAUL and A. Mehrotra (2007) : Functional charactisation of AATF transcriptome in human leukemic cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 297, 215- 220. 73. D. KAUL and A. Khanna (2007) : AATF (Apotosis Antagonizing Transcription Factor). Atlas Genet. Cytogenet. Oncol. Haematol. URL : http://Atlas Genetics Oncology.org/Genes/AATFID534ch17q11.html 74. P. K. Anand, D.KAUL and M. Sharma (2008): Synergistic action of vitamin D and retinoic acid restricts invasion of pathogenic mycobacteria into macrophages. J. Microbiol. Immunology Infection, , 41,7-25 . 75. D. KAUL (2008) : Coronin-1A epigenomics governs mycobacterial persistence in tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 278; 10-14. 76. D. KAUL, A. GAUTUM, S. Varma and A. Ahlawat (2008) : Functional genomics of hTERT gene in leukemic myelopoiesis. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 314, 19-23. 77. V.P. DAVE, D. KAUL, V. Sharma and Bhattacharya R. (2009) : Functional genomics of blood cellular LxR-α gene in human Coronary disease. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 46, 536-544. 78. D. KAUL, A.Ahlawat and S.DuttaGupta (2009): HIV-1 genome-encoded hiv1-mir-H1 impairs responces to infection.Mol.Cell.Biochem,323 ,143148. 79. N Mahajan, V Dhawan, G Sharma, S Jain, D. KAUL (2008). Effect of green tea polyphenols on inflammation and vascular remodelling in normocholsterolemic virgin hypertensives. J Hum Hypertension 22, 141143. 80. N Mallik, V Dhawan, A Bahl, D KAUL (2009). Inhibitory effects of Terminalia arjuna on platelet activation in vitro in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Platelets. 4, 1-8. 81. R.Kumar, D.Prasad, D.Kaul, A.Kanwar (2010). Liver-X receptor expression in human malnocyetes, does it have a role in the pathogenesis of Vitiligo? Experimental Dermatology 19, 62-64. 81. A.Mehrotra, K.Joshi, D.Kaul (2010). E2F-1 Rnomics is critical for reprogramming of cancer cells to quiescent state. Int. Journal of cancer 127, 849-58. 83. D.Banerjee, D.Kaul (2010). Combined inhalational and oral supplementation of ascorbic acid may prevent influenza pandemic emergency: a hypothesis. Nutrition 26, 128-32. 84. D.S. Gupta, D.Kaul, A.J.Kanwar, D.Prasad (2010). Psoriasis: crucial role of LXR-a RNomics. Genes Immun. 11, 37-44. 85. A.Raina ,D. Kaul (2010). LXR-α genomics programmes neuronal death observed in Alzheimer's disease. Apoptosis 15, 1461-1469. 86. S.Bhatia ,D. Kaul , N.Varma (2010). Potential tumor suppressive function of miR-196b in B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol.Cell.Biochem 340, 97-106. 87. Bhatia S, Kaul D, Varma N (2011). Functional genomics of tumor suppressor miR-196b in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol.Cell.Biochem 346, 103-116. 88. Mehrotra A, Kaul D, Joshi K.(2011). LXR-α selectively reprogrammes cancer cells to enter into apoptosis. Mol.Cell.Biochem (in press) L2. 89. NATIONAL D. KAUL (1984) : Molecular mechanism involved in cholesterol induced atherogenesis. Bull PGI, 18, 101-106. 90. D. KAUL, R.S. Kukreja and R.P. Sapru (1987) : Effect of trifuloperazine on the prevention of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Ind. J. Med. Res. 86, 678683. 91. A. Mohindroo, R.S. Kukreja and D. KAUL (1989) : Preventive effect of trifluoperazine on atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol and adrenaline in rabbits. Ind. J. Med. Res. 90, 215-219. 92. Uma Mehta and D. KAUL (1990) : Effect of antitubulin and anticalmodulin on LDL-receptors in smooth muscle cells exposed to hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 27, 251-253. 93. D. KAUL (1982) : Membrane-fusion and Atherosclerosis : Proc. WHOAIIMS workshop on lipids and lipoproteins in health and disease held on 22nd-23rd Nov. at AIIMS, New Delhi. 94. D. KAUL (1990) : Aortic explant culture of smooth muscle cells as a model for studying cholesterol induced atherogenesi in vitro. Current trends in atherosclerosis Research-edited by Dr. (Mrs.) M. Madhavan, Madras (India). 95. D. KAUL (1991) : LDL-receptor independent pathway bloker : a novel approach in the prevention of cholesterol-induced atherogenesis, Proc. Of National sysmposium of “Prevention of Heart Disease” edited by Dr. Subramanyam, Tirupti (India). 96. D. KAUL (1993) : Do human platelets posses LDL-receptor specific for Aporprotein ‘B’ or cholesterol ? Current Science, 65, 883-886. 97. D. KAUL (1993) : Does cross talk between Receptor-transmitter molecules define gene regulatory code? Prcoeedings of the Chandigarh Symposium on New Biology, 5-6 Dec., 1993. 98. Uma Mehta, R.S. Kukreja and D. KAUL (1994) : Effect of colchicine on atherogenic activity of smooth muscle cells exposed hypercholesterolemic medium in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 64, 79-90. to 99. A. Gupta, U. Mehta, R.S. Kukreja and D. KAUL (1995) : Transcriptional expression of LDL-receptor gene in aortic atherosclerotic lesions induced by cholesterol-rich diet. Curr. Science, 68, 1124-1125. 100. A. Gupta and D. KAUL (1995) : Atherogenesis : Role of protooncogenes. Bull. PGI, 29, 60-63. 101. D. KAUL (1996) : Role of Biotechnology in health care. Bull. PGI. 30, 1-3. 102. A. Wanchu, S.D. Deodhar, P. Mambery, A. Sud and D. KAUL (1996) : Lack of expression of c-myc oncogene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ind. J. Med. Res. 104, 223-225. 103. Akshay Anand, S. Prabhakar and D. KAUL (1998) : Molecular Diagnosis of DMD/BMD patients. Neurology India, 46, 256-260. 104. D. KAUL and M. Kaur (1999) : Receptor-Ck controls cholesterogenesis and DNA replication in HepG2 cells. Current Science, 77, 592-594. 105. Akshay Anand, S. Prabhakar and D. KAUL (1999) : Genetic Polymorphism in muscle biopsies from DMD/BMD patients, Neurology India, 47, 218-223. 106. D. KAUL and V.K. Khosla (2000) : Molecular basis of “cholesterol feed back lesion” in CNS Tumors. Neurology India, 48, 174-177. 107. D. KAUL and Joginder Singh (2001) : Leukemia Inhibitory factor in human milk. Curr. Science, 80, 737. 108. D. Tyagi, B.S. Sharma, D. KAUL, R.K. Vashisth, S.K. Gupta and V.K. Khosla (2002) : Expression of Bcl-2 protooncogene in primary tumors of central nervous system. Neurology India, 50, 290-294 . 109. P.K. Anand and D. KAUL (2002) : Oxysterol receptor LxR regulates SREBP gene expression in the HL-60 cells exposed to differentiating agents. Curr. Science, 82, 136-137. 110. D. KAUL and J.S. Verma (2002) : Expression and functional activity of Receptor-Ck in Mononuclear cells of Homozygous Hypercholesterolemic (HFH) family. Ind. Heart Journal, 54, 88-90. 111. D. KAUL (2002): Functional genomics of Receptor Ck in developmental stages of human atherosclerotic arterial wall. Proc. XV Annual Conference of I.S.A.R. held in Tirupati. 112. D. KAUL and P.K. Anand (2003) : Receptor-Ck regulates HMGCoA reductase gene in HL-60 cells. Curr. Science 85, 643-645. 113. D. KAUL, R. Kaur, I. Baba and D. Singh (2003) : Functional proteomics of Receptor-Ck in developmental stages of human atherosclerotic arterial wall. Ind. Heart Journal, 55, 252-254. 114. D. KAUL and A. Khanna (2006): Evidence and nature of a novel miRNA encoded by HIV-1. Proc. Ind. Natl. Acad. Sci. 72, 91-95. 115. D. KAUL (2007) : Cellular AATF gene : Armour against HIV-1. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 44 , 276-278. 116. D.KAUL and A.Hussain (2009) : Cellular AATF gene encodes a novel miRNA that can contribute Biophys. 46 , 237-240. to HIV-1 Latency. Ind. J. Biochem.