Chapter 5 Quick Quiz
1. All of the following are principles of development that can be recognized during infancy EXCEPT
a. cephalocaudal principle.
c. principle of hierarchial integration.
b. proximodistal principle.
d. principle of interdependent cooperation.
2. When considering the development of the brain, one biological function that demonstrates the importance of
environmental interaction is
a. neural transmission.
c. synaptic pruning.
b. synaptic gap.
d. neural axons.
3. Infants raised in severely restricted environments show structural brain differences. At least some of these
differences, in particular facets of development, may be linked to a specific, but limited time period. These time
periods are known as ___________.
a. critical periods
c. brief periods
b. sensitive periods
d. imprinting periods
4. Gabriel’s parents were impressed with his repertoire of responses that helped him to adapt to his environment as
an infant. These unlearned and involuntary responses are known as
a. rhythms.
c. reflexes.
b. dream experiences.
d. cultural responses.
5. An infant’s crawling is really a gross motor skill that is interconnected with many other skills, including other
motor skills and sensory capabilities. This idea that motor development is coordinated and interconnected
supports the ___________ theory.
a. dynamic systems
c. modeling
b. imprinting
d. social learning
6. Marcus’s mother was proud of the fact that her baby crawled early, walked early, and was able to negotiate the
stairs early. Marcus’s mother had been studying
a. Brazelton assessments.
c. Apgar scores.
b. childhood standards.
d. developmental norms.
7. All of the following are advantages to breast feeding EXCEPT
a. flexibility in terms of the mother’s availability to the baby.
b. emotional intimacy between mother and baby.
c. effects on maternal health.
d. sufficient nutrients for growth for the baby.
8. Martin thought his infant was watching the toy train all the way in the back of the store. Assuming that Martin’s
son is under 6 months, it is unlikely that he was watching the distant toy train due to his inadequate
a. depth perception.
c. distance vision.
b. binocular vision.
d. monocular vision.
9. Newborns have a taste preference for
a. sweet.
b. bitter.
c. sour.
d. spicy.
10. The most highly developed sensory system in a newborn is the sense of ___________.
a. sight
c. smell
b. touch
d. taste
87
Chapter 5 Quick Quiz Answers
1. Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The textbook explains four principles of development that are demonstrated during infancy.
Cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and
then proceeds down to the rest of the body. The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body
outward is known as proximodistal principle. The principle of hierarchical integration states that the simple
skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into skills that are more complex.
The last principle is the principle of independence of systems, which states that different body systems grow at
different rates. In this question, this last principle is not listed and the principle of interdependent cooperation is
listed instead.
2. Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Synaptic pruning is the process in which connections between unused neurons are eliminated. It is
the baby’s experiences within the environment that stimulate certain nerve connections, or in the case of a
deprived environment, do not stimulate the connections, which are then eliminated during synaptic pruning.
3. Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 120
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Sensitive periods are specific but limited times, usually early in an organism’s life, during which the
organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of
development.
4. Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: c
Page(s): 128
Type: Factual
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of
certain stimuli. Newborns enter the world with a variety of reflexes that help them adapt to their new
surroundings and also protect them.
5. Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 131
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Dynamic systems theory is a theory of how motor skills develop and are connected.
6. Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: d
Page(s): 131
Type: Applied
Rationale: Developmental norms represent the average performance of a large sample of children of a given
age. Marcus’s mother was comparing his achievement of motor skills with the developmental norms for those
specific skills to determine that Marcus’s achievement was early.
7. Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 135, 136 Type: Factual
Rationale: Many benefits of breast feeding are promoted, including the fact that breast milk contains all the
needed nutrients and some degree of immunity to certain diseases; breast feeding encourages intimacy in
emotional connections; there may be long-term advantages for the mother’s health, including lower risk for
certain cancers and as an aid in the recovery of childbirth. One disadvantage is that breast feeding does not give
the mother much flexibility, and mothers who need to return to work after childbirth may find it difficult to
breast feed.
8. Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: c
Page(s): 138
Type: Applied
Rationale: Prior to 6 months, infants’ distance vision is one-tenth to one-third that of the average adult’s. While
Martin’s son may have been attracted to the sound of the train, it is unlikely that he was clearly able to
distinguish it at the back of the store.
88
9. Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: a
Page(s): 141
Type: Factual
Rationale: Newborns have a sweet tooth and show a definite preference for sweet tastes.
10. Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: b
Page(s): 142
Type: Factual
Rationale: The sense of touch is the most highly developed sensory system at birth. It is also one of the first to
develop.
89
Chapter 5
Physical Development in Infancy
5.1
At birth, the average baby weighs approximately ___________ pounds.
a. 2
c. 5
b. 4
d. 7
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 118
Type: Factual
Rationale: The average newborn weighs just over 7 pounds.
5.2
At birth, the average baby length is approximately ___________ inches.
a. 20
c. 30
b. 10
d. 15
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 118
Type: Factual
Rationale: At birth, the average newborn is approximately 20 inches.
5.3
At the first birthday, you should expect that an infant’s birthweight has ___________.
a. increased by 50%
c. doubled
b. tripled
d. increased by 150%
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 118
Type: Factual
Rationale: By the end of the first year, the average infant’s birthweight has tripled.
5.4
By their second birthday, children average a height of ___________ feet.
a. 2
c. 4
b. 3
d. 5
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 118
Type: Factual
Rationale: By the second birthday, children average a height of 3 feet.
5.5
At birth, the head of the infant accounts for ___________ of the newborn’s entire body size.
a. one-fifth
c. one-half
b. one-fourth
d. one-third
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: At birth, the head represents one-fourth of the neonate’s body.
5.6
By the age of 2, the baby’s head is only __________ of its body length.
a. one-fifth
c. one-half
b. one-fourth
d. one-third
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: By the age of 2, the head represents one-fifth of the child’s body.
90
5.7
By adulthood, the head is only ___________ of the body length.
a. one-fifth
c. one-eighth
b. one-fourth
d. one-third
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: By adulthood, the head is only one-eighth the size of the body.
5.8
The ___________ principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper
body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
a. hierarchical integration
c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The cephalocaudal principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and
upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
5.9
When Georgiana saw her first newborn, she said, “His head is so big!” The fact that a newborn’s head is
about one-fourth of his body demonstrates the ___________ principle.
a. hierarchial integration
c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 119
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The cephalocaudal principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and
upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
5.10 The ___________ principle is the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
a. hierarchical integration
c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The proximodistal principle is the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body
outward.
5.11 The fact that an infant is able to control her arms before she can effectively utilize her fingers demonstrates
the ___________ principle.
a. hierarchical integration
c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 119
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The proximodistal principle is the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body
outward.
5.12 The ___________ principle is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently
but are later integrated into more complex skills.
a. hierarchical integration
c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The principle of hierarchical integration is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately
and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
91
5.13 The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into
more complex skills is known as the ___________ principle.
a. cephalocaudal
c. hierarchical integration
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The principle of hierarchical integration is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately
and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
5.14 Initially infants are only able to bat at objects; then they then learn to grasp them utilizing their whole hand.
Later, infants are able to pick up small objects with just their index finger and thumb. This illustrates the
___________ principle.
a. cephalocaudal
c. hierarchical integration
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The principle of hierarchical integration is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately
and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills. In this example, the ability to pick up things
using the whole hand comes before the ability to manipulate things with the fingers alone.
5.15 Luis learned to raise his head off the floor when he was placed on his stomach. He then learned how to sit
unattended and to rock back and forth using his arms and legs before he finally learned how to crawl. This
illustrates the ___________ principle.
a. cephalocaudal
c. hierarchical integration
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 119
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The principle of hierarchical integration is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately
and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills. In this example, Luis learns first to sit and rock
before crawling.
5.16 The principle of ___________ states that different body systems mature at different rates.
a. hierarchical integration
c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal
d. independence of systems
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 119
Type: Factual
Rationale: The principle of the independence of systems states that different body systems grow at different rates.
5.17 The most basic level of the nervous system is the individual cells, known as ___________.
a. neurons
c. somas
b. dendrites
d. axons
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system.
5.18 ___________ receive messages from other cells.
a. Dendrites
c. Axons
b. Terminal buttons
d. Somas
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 120, 121
Type: Factual
92
Rationale: Dendrites, a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron, receive messages from other cells.
5.19 Neurons send messages to other neurons by crossing a small gap known as a
a. neurotransmitter.
c. receptor.
b. synape.
d. dendrite.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 120, 121 Type: Factual
Rationale: Neurons do not actually touch one another. They communicate with other neurons through
neurotransmitters, which travel across small gaps, known as synapses.
5.20 Neurons communicate by sending chemical messengers, ___________, that travel across the small gaps,
known as ___________, between neurons.
a. synapses; neurotransmitters
c. neurotransmitters; dendrites
b. neurotransmitters; synapses
d. synapses; dendrites
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 120, 121 Type: Factual
Rationale: Neurons communicate with other neurons through chemical messages, known as neurotransmitters,
which travel across small gaps, known as synapses.
5.21 Although estimates vary, infants are born with between 100 and 200 ______ neurons.
a. thousand
c. billion
b. million
d. hundred
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: Although estimates vary, infants are born with between 100 and 200 billion neurons.
5.22 If a baby’s experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, those connections are eliminated—a
process called ___________.
a. synaptic division
c. neuron pruning
b. synaptic pruning
d. neuron division
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: Infants form billions of new connections during the first two years of life, more than are necessary. If a
baby’s experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, those connections will be eliminated through
synaptic pruning.
5.23 In addition to growth in dendrites, the axons of neurons become coated with ___________, a fatty substance
that, like the insulation on an electric wire, provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve
impulses.
a. myelin
c. neural plastic
b. dendrite coats
d. axon membrane
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: The axons of neurons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that, like an electric wire, provides
protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.
5.24 The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience is called
a. plasticity.
c. pliable.
b. placenta.
d. practical.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
93
Rationale: Plasticity is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.
94
5.25 The ___________ system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body.
a. nervous
c. cardiovascular
b. lymph
d. blood
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: The nervous system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body.
5.26 The basic nerve cells of the nervous system are called
a. synapses.
c. neurons.
b. dendrites.
d. glial.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system.
5.27 Like all cells in the body, ___________ have a cell body containing a nucleus. But unlike other cells, they
have the ability to communicate with other cells.
a. synapses
c. neurons
b. dendrites
d. glial
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: Neurons, like other cells in the body, contain a nucleus. However, neurons are unlike other body cells in
that they communicate with other cells.
5.28 At one end of a neuron is a cluster of fibers called ___________; they receive messages from other cells.
a. synapses
c. neurons
b. dendrites
d. glial
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: The dendrites are a cluster of fibers located at one end of the neuron. The dendrites receive messages
from other neurons.
5.29 Neurons have a long extension called an ___________, the part of the neuron that carries messages destined
for other neurons.
a. atom
c. axon
b. axiom
d. adam
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: The axon is a long tail-like extension that carries the message from the cell body to other neurons.
5.30 The gaps at the connections between neurons through which neurons chemically communicate with one
another are known as
a. synapses.
c. neurons.
b. dendrites.
d. glial.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: Neurotransmitters are sent from the neuron and pass through a small gap known as the synapse to reach
another neuron.
95
5.31 Messages are transmitted from one neuron to other neuron by means of chemical messengers called
neuromites.
c. neurochemicals.
neurotransmitters.
d. neuroelectricals.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: The chemical messengers that carry the message from one neuron to another are neurotransmitters.
5.32 Infants are born with approximately ___________ neurons.
a. 100 to 200 thousand
c. 100 to 200 billion
b. 100 to 200 million
d. 100 to 200 trillion
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: Although estimates vary, infants are born with between 100 and 200 billion neurons.
5.33 By adulthood, a single neuron is likely to have a minimum of ___________ connections to other neurons, or
other body parts.
a. 5
c. 500
b. 50
d. 5,000
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: In adulthood, a single neuron is likely to have a minimum of 5,000 connections to other neurons, or
other body parts.
5.34 The specific but limited time, usually early in an organism’s life, during which the organism is particularly
susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development, is known as the
___________.
a. critical period
c. neural period
b. sensory period
d. sensitive period
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: A specific, but limited time, usually early in an organism’s life, during which the organism is
particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating some particular facet of development, is known as the
sensitive period.
5.35 The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons
a. to make room for more neurons.
b. to provide more space for each established neuron.
c. to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons.
d. to die off so that new neurons can develop.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 120
Type: Factual
Rationale: The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons to build more elaborate communication
networks with other neurons.
5.36 The rapid increase in the overall size of the brain during the first two years can be attributed to
a. neurons.
c. myelin.
b. neurotransmitters.
d. synapses.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
96
Rationale: The axons of neurons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that, like an electric wire, provides
protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.
5.37 The upper layer of the brain is known as the
a. cortex.
c. medulla.
b. cerebellum.
d. cerebral cortex.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: The upper layer of the brain is known as the cerebral cortex.
5.38 The cerebral cortex is responsible for
a. higher-order thought processes.
b. speech production.
c. speech recognition.
d. motor control.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: The cerebral cortex, the upper layer of the brain and the largest structure in the brain, is responsible for
higher-order thought processes.
5.39 The brain’s largest structure is the
a. neuron.
b. synapse.
c. glial cell.
d. cerebral cortex.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 122
Type: Factual
Rationale: The cerebral cortex, the upper layer of the brain and the largest structure in the brain, is responsible for
higher-order thought processes.
5.40 As we age, the total amount of time we sleep ___________, and the proportion of REM sleep ___________.
a. increases; increases
c. increases; decreases
b. decreases; decreases
d. decreases; increases
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 125
Type: Factual
Rationale: As we age, the proportion of REM sleep decreases as the proportion of non-REM sleep increases. In
addition, the total amount of sleep falls as we get older.
5.41 A sleep associated with dreaming, this stage of active sleep includes a movement of the closed eyes back and
forth and is known as
a. activity sleep.
c. REM sleep.
b. non-REM sleep.
d. Stage 4 sleep.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 125
Type: Factual
Rationale: REM, or rapid-eye-movement sleep, is an active sleep that involves a movement of the closed eyes in a
back-and-forth motion. This sleep is associated with dreaming.
5.42 ___________ is a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep.
a. Sudden infant death syndrome
c. Sudden instant death syndrome
b. Systematic infant death syndrome
d. Systematic instant death syndrome
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 126
Type: Factual
Rationale: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep.
97
5.43 Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior are known as
a. rhymes.
c. routes.
b. rhythms.
d. cycles.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 123
Type: Factual
Rationale: Rhythms are repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaviors.
5.44 The changes from wakefulness to sleep are known as
a. rhymes.
c. routes
b. rhythms.
d. cycles.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 123
Type: Factual
Rationale: Changes from wakefulness to sleep are cyclical patterns of behavior or rhythms.
5.45 As a newborn, Li Chan went through periods in which her legs would jerk in a regular pattern every minute
or so. This is known as a
a. rhyme.
c. route.
b. rhythm.
d. cycle.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 123
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Newborns often jerk their legs in repetitive, cyclical patterns, known as rhythms.
5.46 The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation is known as an infant’s
a. cycle.
c. state.
b. rate.
d. rhyme.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 123
Type: Factual
Rationale: State refers to the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation.
5.47 Six-week-old Nigel went through periods of alertness, fussing, and crying. These periods are referred to as
a. cycles.
c. states.
b. rates.
d. rhymes.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 123
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: In this example, the periods refer to the degree of awareness Nigel displays: alertness, fussing,
and crying.
5.48 Maryam often wished she could sleep like a baby until she had a baby. Aftab, her 1-month-old son, went
through various stages of sleep ranging from quiet sleep to periods during which he was actively moving
about and crying in his sleep. These periods are called
a. cycles.
c. states.
b. rates.
d. rhymes.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 123
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The various periods exhibited by Aftab represent different states, or periods of varying degrees of
awareness.
98
5.49 A device called an __________ measures brain-wave patterns.
a. electromagneticgram
c. electrogram
b. encephalogram
d. electroencephalogram
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d
Page(s): 123
Type: Factual
Rationale: Some different states that infants experience produce changes in electrical activity in the brain. These
changes are reflected in different patterns of electrical brain waves, which can be measured by a device called an
electroencephalogram (EEG).
5.50 On average, newborn infants sleep approximately ___________ hours.
a. 8
c. 16
b. 6
d. 24
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 126
Type: Factual
Rationale: On average, infants sleep some 16 to 17 hours a day. However, there are wide variations.
5.51 The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming is known as
a. rapid eye movement.
c. slow eye movement.
b. rapid eye pattern.
d. slow eye pattern.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 125
Type: Factual
Rationale: Rapid eye movement is a period of active sleep that is associated with dreaming.
5.52 Initially, rapid eye movement accounts for about ___________ of an infant’s sleep.
a. one-eighth
c. one-quarter
b. one-half
d. one-fifth
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 125
Type: Factual
Rationale: Initially, rapid eye movement accounts for about one-half of an infant’s sleep. The proportion of REM
sleep decreases as we age.
5.53 The Kipsigis infants (located in Africa) do not sleep for periods greater than three hours for the first eight
months of life; however, 8-month-old infants in the United States may sleep for as long as eight hours at a
time. This difference is the result of
a. culture.
c. personality.
b. genes.
d. brain development.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: a
Page(s): 125, 126 Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Culture practices affect infants’ sleep patterns. Because they are often out and on the go, Kipsigis infants
do not sleep through the night until much later than babies in Western societies.
5.54 Babies who are allowed to sleep with their mothers and are able to nurse at will
a. sleep through the night.
c. remain awake during the night.
b. wake up frequently.
d. sleep for long stretches, day and night.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: b
Page(s): 125, 126 Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Babies who sleep with their mothers and are able to nurse at will sleep for short periods and will wake
up frequently. Babies who sleep in their own beds tend to sleep for longer stretches.
99
5.55 The American Academy of Pediatrics has helped to reduce the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome by
requesting that parents place their infants on their ___________ when they sleep.
a. stomachs
c. backs
b. sides
d. all of these answers
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: c
Page(s): 126
Type: Factual
Rationale: Although no reliable means for preventing SIDS has been found, the American Academy of Pediatrics
now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs.
5.56 Unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli are
known as
a. reflexes.
c. repeats.
b. refluxes.
d. reorganizations.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 128
Type: Factual
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of
certain stimuli.
5.57 When Sarah’s daddy pressed 3-day-old Sarah’s palm with his finger, she responded by tightly winding her
small fist around his finger and grasping it. When he moved his finger higher, she held on tighter. Sarah is
using her ___________.
a. instinct
c. imprinting
b. critical period
d. reflex
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: d
Page(s): 128
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of
certain stimuli.
5.58 Newborn Petra had a tendency to turn her head toward things that touched her cheek. This is an example of
the ___________ reflex.
a. rooting
c. swimming
b. stepping
d. sucking
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 128
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Rooting reflex is the neonate’s tendency to turn his or her head toward things that touch the cheek.
5.59 Twelve-year-old Laura loves to hold her 1-month-old cousin, Mary, in an upright position with her feet
touching the floor, so that Mary can walk. This is an example of the ___________ reflex.
a. rooting
c. swimming
b. stepping
d. sucking
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: b
Page(s): 128
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The stepping reflex is movement of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor.
100
5.60 Six-month-old Natalia crawled to the edge of a pool and fell in. Her mother found her lying face down in the
water, paddling and kicking. Her mother immediately pulled Natalia out of the pool. This is an example of
the ___________ reflex.
a. rooting
c. swimming
b. stepping
d. sucking
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: c
Page(s): 128
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The swimming reflex is the infant’s tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when
lying face down in a body of water.
5.61 Four-month-old George would thrust out his arms and attempt to grasp onto his mother whenever he felt like
he was falling. This is an example of the ___________ reflex.
a. rooting
c. swimming
b. stepping
d. moro
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: d
Page(s): 128
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The moro reflex is activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed. The arms of the
infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something.
5.62 All of the following reflexes remain throughout a lifetime except for
a. babinski.
c. sucking.
b. eye blinking.
d. gagging.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 128
Type: Factual
Rationale: The eye blinking, sucking, and gagging reflexes remain throughout the lifetime. The babinski reflex
disappears around 8 to 12 months.
5.63 An example of a gross motor skill is
a. crawling.
b. grasping.
c. drawing.
d. pinching.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 130
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Gross motor skills are large motor skills. Of the four choices presented here, only crawling would be
considered a gross motor skill.
5.64 An example of a fine motor skill is
a. crawling.
b. drawing.
c. running.
d. walking.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: b
Page(s): 130
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Fine motor skills are smaller, detailed motor skills. Of the four choices presented here, only drawing
would be considered a fine motor skill.
5.65 Eleven-month-old Esteban loves to pick up Cheerios, peas, and beans with just his thumb and index finger.
This method of picking up objects is known as the ___________ grasp.
a. pincher
c. pincer
b. ulnar
d. scissor
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: c
Page(s): 131
Type: Conceptual
101
Rationale: The pincer grasp is the use of the thumb and index finger to form a circle. It allows for considerably
more precise motor control.
5.66 The term for the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age is the
a. normal.
c. average.
b. bell curve.
d. norm.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: d
Page(s): 131
Type: Factual
Rationale: Norms represent the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age.
5.67 Ache infants tend to walk later than Jamaican and Kipsigis infants. This is due in part to
a. genes.
c. parental expectations.
b. delayed gross motor development.
d. delayed fine motor development.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: c
Page(s): 132
Type: Applied
Rationale: The Ache infants do tend to show delayed motor development, relative to Kipsigis infants and to
children raised in Western societies. However, in the long run the developmental differences disappear. Instead, it
appears that the expectations of the parents play a role in the timing of motor skills. Parental expectations of
appropriate timing influence the development of specific skills
5.68 The condition of having an improper amount or balance of nutrients is called
a. malnutrition.
c. undernutrition.
b. marasmus.
d. kwashiorkor.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: a
Page(s): 133
Type: Factual
Rationale: Malnutrition refers to the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients.
5.69 A disease characterized by the cessation of growth is called
a. marmar.
c. masmas.
b. marasmus.
d. morna.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: b
Page(s): 134
Type: Factual
Rationale: Marasmus is a disease characterized by the cessation of growth. It is attributable to a severe deficiency in
proteins and calories, causes the body to waste away, and ultimately results in death.
5.70 Nakisha is a baby from India who is not able to be breast fed by her mother and is now deficient in protein
and calories. She has stopped growing and is exhibiting features of the disease ___________, which, if not
treated, will ultimately lead to early death.
a. nonorganic failure to thrive
c. psychosocial dwarfism
b. kwashiorkor
d. marasmus
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: d
Page(s): 134
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Marasmus is a disease characterized by the cessation of growth. It is attributable to a severe deficiency in
proteins and calories, causes the body to waste away, and ultimately results in death.
5.71 ___________ is the physical stimulation of the sense organs, and ___________ is the mental process of
sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain.
a. Perception; sensation
c. Questioning; perception
b. Sensation; perception
d. Sensation; questioning
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: b
Page(s): 138
Type: Factual
102
Rationale: Sensation is the physical stimulation of the sense organs. Perception is the mental process of sorting out,
interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain.
103
5.72 At about 14 weeks, children are able to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion. This
visual ability is known as
a. monocular vision.
c. binocular vision.
b. visual acuity.
d. distant vision.
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: c
Page(s): 138
Type: Factual
Rationale: Binocular vision is the ability to combine images coming to each eye to see depth and motion. This
visual ability appears at about 14 weeks.
5.73 To test the presence of depth perception of infants, experimenters use a ___________.
a. cleft palate
c. cliff hanger
b. visual cliff
d. visual cleft
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: b
Page(s): 139
Type: Factual
Rationale: The visual cliff experiment examines the depth perception of infants.
5.74 This equipment, used to measure depth perception in infants, consists of a piece of heavy glass. A checkered
pattern appears under one half of the glass sheet, making it seem that the infant was on a stable floor. On the
other half of the glass, the pattern dropped down several feet. This equipment is known as a
a. cleft palate.
c. cliff hanger.
b. visual cliff.
d. visual cleft.
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: d
Page(s): 139
Type: Factual
Rationale: The visual cleft, used to measure depth perception in infants. The cleft is formed by a pattern that drops
several feet under a heavy piece of glass making it appear as if there is a visual cleft.
5.75 Infants can begin to hear ___________.
a. prenatally
b. at birth
c. about one hour after birth
d. about one day after birth
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: a
Page(s): 139
Type: Factual
Rationale: Babies can actually hear prenatally.
5.76 Sound localization, pinpointing the source of a sound, is slightly poorer in infants due to
a. their lack of hearing experience.
c. waxy buildup in their ears.
b. low frequency sounds.
d. their smaller heads.
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: d
Page(s): 140
Type: Factual
Rationale: Compared to adults, infants have a slight handicap in terms of sound localization. This hearing ability is
dependent on the slight difference in the times the sound reaches our two ears. Because infants’ heads are smaller
than those of adults, the difference in the timing of the arrival of the sound is less than it is in adults.
5.77 Infants express all of the following reactions EXCEPT
a. disgust, when they taste something bitter.
b. pleasure, when they smell bananas or butter.
c. surprise, when they see their friends.
d. sadness, when they smell a rotten egg.
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: c
Page(s): 141
Type: Applied
104
Rationale: While infants show signs of disgust, pleasure, and sadness, they neither register surprise, nor do they
have recognition of others, with the possible exception of care givers.
Essay Questions
5.78 Compare and contrast the cephalocaudal principle and the proximodistal principle. Provide examples of each.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Page(s): 119
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body
parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
 Proximodistal principle is the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body
outward.
 Appropriate examples would be expected.
5.79 Explain and provide an example of the principle of hierarchical integration.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Page(s): 119
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 The principle of heirarchical integration is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately
and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
 Examples would incorporate these points.
5.80 Explain and provide an example of the principle of the independence of systems.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Page(s): 119
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 The principle of the independence of systems is the principle that different body systems grow at
different rates.
 Examples would incorporate these points of the definition.
5.81 Define and provide an example of brain plasticity.
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Page(s): 122
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Plasticity is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.
 Brain plasticity can be demonstrated in either human or non-human subjects. The textbook gives
several examples of research done with kittens.
5.82 Compare and contrast Apgar scores and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS).
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Page(s): 131
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Apgar score is an evaluation of a newborn’s general health.
 Apgar score is based on five dimensions with a score of zero to two for each dimension.
 Apgar is done immediately after birth.
 Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) is an evaluation of an infant’s normative
standing.
 NBAS is designed to determine neurological and behavioral responses to the environment.
 NBAS includes 27 separate categories of responses in four general areas.
105

NBAS serves as a supplement to the Apgar.
106
5.83 What are the major gross and fine motor milestones during the first two years of life, and approximately
when does each milestone occur?
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Page(s): 130
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 3 months – rolling over, grasping rattle
 6 months – sitting without support
 7 months – standing while holding on to furniture for support
 8 months – grasping with thumb and finger
 11 months – standing independently, without support
 12 months – walking
 15 months – building a tower with two blocks
 16 months – placing a peg in a board
 17 months – walking up steps
 24 months – jumping in place
 33 months – able to copy (draw) a circle
5.84 How does training and cultural expectations affect the timing of the development of motor skills?
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Page(s): 132
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Certain cultural restrictions may delay (in the short term) the acquisition of specific motor skills.
 Children in cultures that encourage certain skills may actually acquire the specific skill at an
earlier age.
 Parental expectations of appropriate ages for specific skills influences timing of motor development.
5.85 Explain the interaction between sensation and perception.
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Page(s): 138
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Sensation addresses the raw sensory information.
 Perception deals with the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of sensory stimuli.
107