Q1.
Limestone and the products of limestone have many uses.
(a)
Limestone is quarried.
Photograph © Lonny Kalfus / Getty Images
Quarrying limestone has impacts that cause environmental problems.
Tick ( ) two impacts that cause environmental problems.
Impact of quarrying Tick ( )
Puts off tourists
Causes dust pollution
Increases jobs
Increases traffic
(2)
(b)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated calcium carbonate
produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
The word equation for this reaction is:
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(i)
Complete the sentence.
The reaction when calcium carbonate is heated is called
thermal ...........................................
(1)
Page 1
(ii)
100 g of calcium carbonate was heated and produced 56 g of calcium oxide.
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced.
...............................................................................................................
....................................... g
(1)
(c)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Complete the names of the calcium compounds formed in the flow chart.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 2
Q2.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3
(a)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Write the name of the correct calcium compound in each empty box to complete the
flow chart.
(3)
(b)
Limestone is heated with clay to make cement.
Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar.
A student investigated the strength of six mortar mixtures. Each mortar mixture
contained 100cm3 cement but each contained a different volume of sand.
Page 3
To do the investigation the student:
•
added and stirred water into each mortar mixture
•
put each mixture into the same sized moulds
•
left each mixture to set hard
•
dropped a metal ball from increasing height_s until the mortar cracked
•
recorded the results in a table.
Volume of sand in
cm3
Volume of cement in Height the metal ball was dropped from to crack
cm3
the mortar in cm
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
(i)
What happens to the strength of the mortar as the volume of sand increases?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The student was worried about an anomalous result.
Which result was anomalous?
Volume of sand = ................. cm3
Explain why you have chosen this result.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 4
(c)
The student repeated the investigation but used six concrete mixtures.
From the results the student concluded correctly that concrete was stronger than
mortar.
Suggest one reason why concrete is stronger than mortar.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.
This is a headline from a newspaper.
‘Why is a 2p coin made in 1991 now worth 3.3p?’
(a)
The bar chart shows the percentages of metals in UK coins in 1991.
Page 5
Use the bar chart to answer these questions.
(i)
Which metal is in all of these coins? ...................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which coin does not contain zinc? ......................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the percentage of nickel in a 50p coin? ............................... %
(1)
(b)
Suggest two reasons why a 2p coin made in 1991 is now worth 3.3p.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
Copper is found in the Earth’s crust as an ore containing copper sulfide. Large areas of
land, where this ore was once quarried, are contaminated with low percentages of copper
sulfide. Copper would be too expensive to extract from this contaminated land using the
traditional method of quarrying and then heating in a furnace.
(a)
The percentage of copper ore in the contaminated land is low.
(i)
It would be too expensive to extract from this land by the traditional method.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 6
(ii)
Extracting copper from this land by the traditional method would have a major
environmental impact.
Give one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
One way to extract the copper from land that contains low percentages of copper
sulfide is by bioleaching. Bioleaching uses bacteria. The bacteria produce a solution
of copper sulfate.
It is possible to get copper from a solution of copper sulfate using scrap iron.
(i)
It is economical to use scrap iron to get copper.
Give one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Why can iron be used to get copper from copper sulfate solution?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A new way to extract the copper from land that contains low percentages of copper
sulfide is phytomining.
Phytomining uses plants. Plants are grown on this land and absorb copper
compounds through their roots.
Page 7
(i)
Use this information to give two advantages of phytomining compared to the
traditional method.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Use this information to suggest one disadvantage of phytomining compared to
the traditional method.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q5.
(a)
Aluminium is more expensive than iron. Why is aluminium and not iron used for
Page 8
the central core in power cables?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Many industrial processes involve the removal of minerals by quarrying.
All quarrying has some effect on the environment and on people’s lives. Make
comments about the social, economic, health, safety and environmental effects of
quarrying.
....................................................................................................................................
Page 9
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Q6.
Sea water contains magnesium ions. Magnesium oxide can be obtained from sea
water using the following process.
(a)
State the chemical name for limestone.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Write a word equation for the action of heat on limestone.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 10
(c)
State the chemical name for slaked lime.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Write a balanced chemical equation for the addition of water to quicklime.
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
How can magnesium hydroxide be separated from sea water?
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
Suggest and explain how magnesium could be obtained from magnesium oxide.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7.
Limestone is a useful mineral. Every day, large amounts of limestone are heated in
limekilns to produce lime. Lime is used in the manufacture of iron, cement and glass and
for neutralising acidic soils.
Page 11
CaCO3
(i)
CaO + CO2
The decomposition of limestone is a reversible reaction. Explain what this means.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the mass of lime, CaO, that would be produced from 250 tonnes of
limestone, CaCO3.
Relative atomic masses: C 12; O 16; Ca 40.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Mass of lime = ........................................ tonnes
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 12
Q8.
Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow
diagram shows how cement is made.
(a)
What are the two raw materials used to make cement?
1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
(1)
(b)
Cement is mixed with three substances to make concrete.
Choose from the list the three substances used.
crushed rock
slag
iron ore
soda
quicklime
sand
water
1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
3 .....................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Q9.
Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow
diagram shows how cement is made.
Page 13
(a)
(i)
Name the raw material X used to make cement.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
In the kiln the raw materials are heated to about 1500°C.
The limestone (calcium carbonate) is broken down at this temperature.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
calcium carbonate → ........................................ + carbon dioxide
(1)
(iii)
Suggest one major cost of this process other than the cost of the raw
materials.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Cement can be used to make concrete.
Name two substances that must be mixed with cement to make concrete.
1 .....................................................................
2 .....................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q10.
Use the Reactivity Series of Metals on the Data Sheet to help you to answer this
question.
The table gives information about the extraction of some metals.
Page 14
Metal
Date of discovery
Main source
Main extraction method
Gold
Known to ancient
civilisations
In the Earth as the metal
itself
Physically separating it
from the rocks it is
mixed with
Zinc
1500
Zinc carbonate
Reduction by carbon
Sodium
1807
Sodium chloride
Electrolysis
(a)
Explain why gold is found mainly as the metal itself in the Earth.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
One of the reactions involved in producing zinc is represented by this equation.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Explain why carbon can be used to extract zinc.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Sodium is one of the most abundant metals on Earth.
Explain, as fully as you can, why sodium was not extracted until 1807.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
##
The word box contains the names of some metals.
Page 15
aluminium
(i)
copper
iron
manganese
zinc
The drawing shows the view from a window. Choose from the names of metals in
the box to complete the three spaces.
(3)
(ii)
What is the name of the metal in the word box which has the chemical symbol Fe?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the name of one metal in the word box which often has coloured
compounds?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 16
Q12.
Part of a reactivity series is:
(a)
Carbon is used in blast furnaces to obtain iron and zinc from their oxides, but
electrolysis has to be used to obtain aluminium from its oxide.
Draw an arrow on the reactivity series above to show where carbon fits into the
series.
(1)
(b)
Predict the method of extraction used to obtain calcium from its ore and explain your
answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The formula for zinc oxide is ZnO. Write a balanced equation for the extraction of
zinc in the blast furnace.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 17
Q13.
Lime (calcium oxide) is used in agriculture to reduce the acidity of soils.
Describe, as fully as you can, the reaction by which lime is made.
Name any other product(s).
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q14.
An old lime kiln made in the ground is shown.
(a)
The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate makes a white solid and carbon
dioxide.
(i)
Name a naturally occurring form of calcium carbonate.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 18
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What does thermal decomposition mean?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Suggest and explain the purpose of the coal.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Write a word equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
................................... → ................................... + ....................................
(2)
(b)
The diagrams show what happens when drops of cold water are added to the white
solid formed by heating calcium carbonate.
(ii)
What type of chemical reaction takes place?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give the chemical name of the solid formed. Give a use of this solid.
Page 19
Name ................................................................................................................
Use ...................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q15.
Limestone is an important raw material.
(a)
The main compound in limestone has the formula CaCO3 .
Name the elements in this compound.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Limestone has many uses. Select from the list below two important materials made
from limestone.
cement
diesel oil
poly(ethene)
sodium hydroxide
glass
sulphuric acid
.............................................................. and ..............................................................
(2)
(c)
The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
Page 20
(i)
Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Reason 1 ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)
Quicklime (calcium oxide) can be converted to slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
by adding water.
Write a word equation to represent this reaction.
...................................... + ...................................... → ....................................
(1)
Page 21
(ii)
Why do farmers sometimes add slaked lime to acidic soil?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q16.
Limestone is an important raw material.
The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
(i)
Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Page 22
Reason 1 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q17.
Copper metal is used for electric wires.
An alloy of copper, called brass, is used for pins and terminals of electric plugs.
(a)
Copper metal is relatively soft and flexible.
Give another reason why copper is used for electric wires.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Brass is an alloy.
What is an alloy?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Open-cast mining of copper ore makes a very large hole.
Page 23
(i)
Suggest one environmental problem that is caused by open-cast mining of
copper ore.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Some copper ores contain copper sulfide, CuS.
Copper sulfide is heated in air to produce copper and sulfur dioxide.
CuS + O2 → Cu + SO2
Suggest one environmental problem caused by heating copper sulfide in air.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The amount of copper-rich ores is estimated to last only a few more years. New
houses need several kilometres of copper wire.
(i)
Explain why the need to use so much copper will cause a problem in the
future.
..........................................................................................................................
Page 24
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest two ways in which society could overcome this problem.
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q18.
Aluminium has many uses because of its low density, good electrical conductivity,
flexibility and resistance to corrosion.
The main steps in the extraction of aluminium are shown in the flow chart.
(a)
Use the information in the flow chart to suggest the benefits of recycling aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 25
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Pure aluminium is rarely used for the construction of large objects. Small amounts of
other metals are usually mixed with aluminium.
Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q19.
Metals and their alloys have many uses.
(a)
Dentists use a smart alloy to make braces that gently push teeth into the right
position.
What is meant by a smart alloy?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Pure copper is made up of layers of copper atoms. Brass is an alloy of copper and
zinc.
Why are the physical properties of brass different from the physical properties of
pure copper?
Page 26
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Nearly all zinc is obtained from ores that also contain lead. The metals zinc and lead
can be extracted by reducing their oxides using carbon.
(i)
Choose one element from the box below to complete the sentence about the
reduction of zinc oxide.
lead
nitrogen
oxygen
Zinc oxide is reduced by carbon, which takes
away..................................................
to leave zinc metal.
(1)
(ii)
The melting points and boiling points of lead and zinc are given in the table.
Metal
Lead
Zinc
Melting point in °C
328
420
Boiling point in °C
1740
907
Page 27
The furnace operates at a temperature of 1200 °C.
Suggest how the lead metal and zinc metal are separated in the furnace.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q20.
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate.
(a)
Quicklime is produced by heating limestone.
(i)
Complete the word equation for this reaction by writing the chemical name of
the solid and the gas produced.
calcium carbonate
→
................................. + ................................. .
(2)
(ii)
What is the name for this type of chemical reaction?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Quicklime is used in self-heating cans.
The diagram shows a self-heating can designed to raise the temperature of coffee
to
60 °C.
Page 28
The button on the base of the can is pushed. The foil separator breaks, allowing
water to mix with the quicklime. After about 3 minutes, the can is opened by the ring
pull. Insulating materials are used inside the walls of the can to prevent either the
lips or the fingers from being burned.
(i)
Explain why the coffee becomes hot.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why it is not possible to re-use this self-heating can.
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q21.
When electricity passes through a thin wire, the wire gets hot. If the wire gets very
hot, it may glow. This idea is used in filament lamps.
(a)
The table shows some metals and their melting points.
Page 29
Metal
Melting point in °C
Aluminium
660
Copper
1084
Iron
1540
Tungsten
3410
Which metal in the table should be used to make the wire in a filament lamp?
Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The table shows some gases.
Gas
Argon
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Sulfur dioxide
Which gas in the table should be used in a filament lamp?
Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 30
Q22.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate.
(a)
Calcium carbonate has the formula CaCO3.
Complete the sentence by writing in the correct numbers.
The formula of calcium carbonate is made up of 1 calcium atom, ............ carbon
atom(s)
and ............ oxygen atom(s).
(2)
(b)
When limestone is heated it forms two other compounds.
(i)
State one safety precaution that you should take when heating limestone.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name the white solid produced.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Why does a piece of limestone lose mass as it is heated?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
A company wants to quarry limestone. There are some houses near the quarry.
Page 31
Residents in the houses say that they do not want a quarry next to them.
(i)
Suggest two reasons why they do not want the quarry next to them.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one possible benefit to the residents of having a quarry near their
houses.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q23.
Many everyday items are made from iron.
(a)
Haematite is an ore of iron. Haematite contains iron oxide, Fe2O3.
Page 32
(i)
What is the meaning of the term ore?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Iron can be produced by reacting iron oxide with carbon in a blast furnace.
What type of reaction produces the iron?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The word equation for this reaction is:
iron oxide
+
carbon
→
iron
+
carbon dioxide
Complete and balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
.....Fe2O3
+
.....C
→
................... +
...................
(2)
(b)
Pure iron is relatively soft and not very strong.
The iron from the blast furnace is very hard and brittle. It contains about 4% carbon
and is used as cast iron.
Explain the differences in the properties of pure iron and cast iron by referring to the
diagrams.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 33
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The diagram shows the way in which iron is extracted, used and recycled.
Explain why the recycling of iron is necessary for sustainable development.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q24.
Iron ore is the main source of iron.
Page 34
(a)
This was the headline in a newspaper.
‘Village protests against quarry’
The dotted line ( ---- ) on the map is drawn around the area from which a company
wants to quarry iron ore.
(i)
Give one reason that the company could give for the need to quarry the iron
ore.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The people who live in the village do not want the quarry because it would
decrease the value of their homes.
Suggest two other reasons why the villagers do not want the quarry.
1 .......................................................................................................................
Page 35
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Iron ore contains the compound iron oxide, Fe2O3.
(i)
Iron is extracted from its oxide in the blast furnace.
Complete the word equation for the extraction of iron.
iron oxide + ............................................................... → iron + carbon dioxide
(1)
(ii)
This diagram represents pure iron.
Use the diagram to explain why pure iron is described as an element.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Pure iron is relatively soft. The iron from the blast furnace is hard and brittle.
The diagram below represents iron from the blast furnace.
Use the diagram to explain why iron from the blast furnace is hard and brittle.
Page 36
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q25.
Limestone contains the compound calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(a)
Limestone is used to make cement in a rotary kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to name the two main waste gases from this
rotary kiln.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Columns used as supports for buildings can be made from materials such as
limestone blocks or concrete.
Page 37
From the diagrams, name which you think is the better material for making a
column.
....................................................................................................................................
Give three advantages for your choice of material.
1 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q26.
Copper is a widely used metal. The main ore of copper contains copper sulfide.
Copper can be extracted from copper sulfide in a three stage process.
(a)
In the first stage of extraction the copper sulfide is heated in air.
(i)
Balance the symbol equation for the reaction.
Cu2S + ........O2 → .........CuO + SO2
(1)
Page 38
(ii)
Explain why there would be an environmental problem if the gas from this
reaction were allowed to escape into the atmosphere.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
In the second stage copper oxide, CuO, is reduced using carbon.
Describe and explain what happens during this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
During the third stage the copper can be purified as shown in the diagram.
(i)
What is the name of the type of process used for this purification?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 39
(ii)
Give one use of purified copper.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Copper-rich ores are running out.
New ways of extracting copper from low grade ores are being researched.
Recycling of copper may be better than extracting copper from its ores.
Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q27.
Bags of readi-to-mix concrete contain three ingredients.
Readi-to-mix Concrete
contains
cement
Page 40
crushed rock
sand
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
clay
limestone
salt
slaked lime
water
Cement is made by heating.......................................... and ......................................... in a
rotary kiln.
To make concrete, the contents of the bag of readi-to-mix concrete must be mixed with
............................................................................... .
(Total 3 marks)
Q28.
The 50 Eurocent coin is made from an alloy called ‘Nordic Gold’.
The pie chart shows the percentage by mass of each metal in ‘Nordic Gold’.
Page 41
(a)
(i)
Calculate the percentage of aluminium, Al, in the coin.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The 50 Eurocent coin has a mass of 7 grams.
Calculate the mass of zinc, Zn, in this coin.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Mass of zinc = ........................................ g
(2)
(b)
Zinc is extracted by removing oxygen from zinc oxide.
(i)
What name is given to a reaction in which oxygen is removed from a
substance?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain how oxygen can be removed from zinc oxide to make zinc. Use the
reactivity series on the Data Sheet to help you.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q29.
The table gives information about some metals.
Name of the metal
Cost of one tonne of the
metal in December 2003
(£)
Page 42
Percentage of the metal
in the crust of the earth (%)
(a)
Aluminium
883
8.2
Platinum
16720000
0.0000001
Iron
216
4.1
Gold
8236800
0.0000001
Use information in the table to suggest why gold and platinum are very expensive
metals.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Aluminium and iron are made by reduction of their ores.
(i)
Name the element that is removed from the ores when they are reduced.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the reactivity series on the Data Sheet to suggest a metal that would
reduce aluminium ore.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Aluminium is made by the reduction of molten aluminium ore, using a very large
amount of electricity.
(i)
How is iron ore reduced in a blast furnace to make iron?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest why aluminium is more expensive than iron.
...........................................................................................................................
Page 43
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q30.
Transition elements and their compounds have many uses.
Iron oxide and cobalt oxide have been added to the glazes on pottery for hundreds of
years.
(a)
State why transition metal oxides are added to pottery glazes.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Use the table of ions on the Data Sheet to help you work out the formula of iron(III)
oxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Cobalt oxide is reacted with hydrogen to form cobalt.
(i)
Balance the equation for this reaction.
(1)
(ii)
Cobalt is mixed with other transition metals to make alloys.
Page 44
These alloys are used to make cutting tools which remain sharp at very high
temperatures. They can cut through other metals.
Suggest two properties of transition metals that make them suitable for
making cutting tools.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q31.
Magnesium chloride is a useful salt.
The flow diagram shows how it can be made.
(i)
Describe how calcium hydroxide can be made from limestone.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Page 45
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Write a word equation for the neutralisation of magnesium hydroxide with a suitable
acid to form magnesium chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q32.
Read the information in the box and then answer the question.
Aluminium is made by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound containing aluminium ions (Al3+) and oxide ions (O2–).
The diagram below shows the apparatus used to electrolyse aluminium oxide.
(a)
In this question you will get marks on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms correctly.
Use information in the box and your knowledge and understanding of this process to
answer this question.
Explain, as fully as you can, how aluminium and carbon dioxide are formed in this
process.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Page 46
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)
Aluminium is a metal.
Explain why aluminium conducts electricity.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q33.
Iron is the main structural metal used in the world.
(a)
The diagram represents the particles in iron, Fe.
Page 47
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence.
atoms
Iron is described as an element because all the
compounds are the same.
metals
(1)
(b)
Stainless steel is mostly iron.
The diagram represents the particles in stainless steel.
Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences about alloys.
metal
mixture
molecule
polymer
smart
structure
Stainless steel is an alloy because it is a
........................................................................... of iron, chromium and nickel.
An alloy is made up of more than one type of
................................................................ .
Stainless steel alloys are harder than iron because the different sized atoms added
change
the ............................................................................... .
An alloy that can return to its original shape after being deformed is called a
..................................................................... alloy.
(4)
(c)
In the UK, we use about 1.8 billion steel cans every year but only 25% are recycled.
Used steel cans are worth about £100 per tonne.
Recycling saves raw materials and reduces waste that would end up in landfill.
Producing steel by recycling used cans saves 75% of the energy that would be
needed to produce steel from iron ore. This also reduces carbon dioxide emissions.
Page 48
(i)
Give two reasons, from the information above, to explain why recycling used
steel cans is a good idea.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest how the local council could increase the percentage of used steel
cans that are recycled.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Limestone has been called the Earth’s most useful rock.
Q34.
(a)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(i)
Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the
formula of calcium carbonate.
Calcium has been done for you.
Element
Number of atoms in the formula CaCO3
Calcium, Ca
1
Carbon, C
Oxygen, O
(2)
(ii)
The diagram below represents a carbon atom.
Use words from the box to label the parts of this atom.
Page 49
bond
electron
molecule
nucleus
(2)
(b)
At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions.
(i)
Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Page 50
Draw a ring around the correct gas in the box to complete the sentence.
argon.
The gas formed when calcium carbonate decomposes is
carbon dioxide.
nitrogen.
(1)
(c)
The cement works starts to burn a different fuel.
Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks.
Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke
particles from the chimney.
The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.
(i)
Particle size in mm
Medical effect
Larger than 0.4
No medical risks known
0.3 and smaller
Causes asthma attacks
0.2 and smaller
May cause cancer
Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about the cement works
burning a different fuel.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The company operating the cement works stated that smoke particles from the
chimney had not changed since it started burning the different fuel.
If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to see to help you
decide if the company’s statement is true or not?
...........................................................................................................................
Page 51
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q35.
The hip joint between the femur and pelvis sometimes has to be replaced.
Early hip replacement joints were made from stainless steel.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel.
The diagram below represents the particles in stainless steel.
(a)
Use the particle diagram to complete the percentages of metals in this stainless
steel.
The first one has been done for you.
Page 52
Element
Percentage (%)
Iron, Fe
72
Chromium, Cr
Nickel, Ni
(2)
(b)
Pure iron is a relatively soft, metallic element.
(i)
Why is iron described as an element?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why pure iron would not be suitable for a hip replacement joint.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use the particle diagram to help you to explain why stainless steel is harder
than pure iron.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 53
Q36.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln.
(a)
(i)
When methane is burned in this process the waste gases contain carbon
dioxide and nitrogen.
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Complete the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium
carbonate.
CaCO3 → .........................
+
.........................
(2)
(b)
A different fuel is burnt at the cement works.
Suggest one reason the company may give for using this different fuel at the
cement works.
Page 54
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The cement works continue to burn the different fuel.
Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks.
Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke
particles from the chimney.
The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.
Particle size in mm
Medical effect
Larger than 0.4
No medical risks known
0.3 and smaller
Causes asthma attacks
0.2 and smaller
May cause cancer
It is also recommended that to avoid damage to health, the concentration of any
particles should be no higher than 2 parts per million (ppm).
Scientists were brought in to monitor the emissions from the cement work’s
chimney.
They positioned four sensors around the cement works to monitor airborne smoke
particles.
These four sensors only detect particle sizes larger than 0.5 mm and measure the
concentration of particles in ppm. The scientists reported that the particle sensors
showed that the average concentration of particles was 1.8 ppm. The scientists
concluded that there was no risk to health.
Page 55
(i)
Explain why the local residents objected to the positions of the four sensors.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
What evidence did the scientists use to conclude that there was no risk to
health?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The local residents were still concerned that there was a risk to health, even
though the average concentration of particles was 1.8 ppm.
Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q37.
The diagram shows a circuit that is used in a torch. Electrons flow through this
circuit.
Page 56
(a)
Why is copper used for the wire?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows the structure of an atom of lithium.
Name the particle labelled Z.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Metal
The table shows some properties of the metals used in the electrical circuit.
Melting point in
°C
Boiling point in
°C
Reaction with oxygen
Copper
1083
2582
Reacts slowly to form a thin oxide layer on
surface
Lithium
179
1317
Reacts rapidly to form oxide
3370
5930
Reacts only when very hot to form oxide
Tungsten
Page 57
(i)
Use information from the table to suggest the order of reactivity for copper,
lithium and tungsten.
most reactive
..........................................................
..........................................................
least reactive
..........................................................
(2)
(ii)
The filament wire glows because it gets very hot.
Use information from the table to suggest one reason why tungsten is used for
the filament wire in the light bulb.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The gas used in the light bulb is argon.
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence.
dense.
Argon is used in the light bulb because it is
solid.
.
unreactive.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q38.
A limestone quarry is in an area of natural beauty and near several villages.
The company operating the quarry wants planning permission to build a new cement
works in the quarry.
The diagram shows some of the substances used and produced at a cement works.
Page 58
(a)
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Write the correct number in the box to complete each sentence.
(i)
The formula shows that calcium carbonate, CaCO3,
contains
different elements.
(1)
(ii)
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, contains a total number of
atoms.
(1)
(b)
The company wants the new cement works because the nearest cement works is
100 km from the quarry. The company argues that a new cement works sited inside
the quarry would reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Suggest why the new cement works might reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Residents from the villages near the quarry are concerned that there will be
atmospheric pollution from the new cement works.
Page 59
(i)
Name and explain how one of the emissions from the chimney causes
atmospheric pollution.
Name of emission: ...........................................................................................
Explanation: .....................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest what the company could do to reduce this atmospheric pollution.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q39.
(a) Limestone is a hard rock that is used as a building material.
Limestone was used by the Egyptians to make plaster.
Reaction 1 – calcium carbonate, CaCO3, was decomposed by heating limestone
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Reaction 2 – water was added to the solid produced to make slaked lime
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Reaction 3 – a mixture of slaked lime and water was used as plaster. After the
plaster
had set it became even harder with age
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(i)
Name the solid formed when calcium carbonate decomposed.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the reactions to explain how the plaster became even harder with age.
Page 60
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
A gardener wanted to make a step up to his greenhouse door. He decided to use a
mixture of cement and sand to make mortar.
He experimented using mixtures with different cement to sand ratios.
•
The mortar mixtures were put in the same sized mould.
•
Each mortar mixture was allowed to set hard.
•
He then dropped a metal ball from increasing height_s until the set mortar
cracked.
•
He recorded his results in a table.
Volume of sand
in cm3
Volume of cement
in cm3
Height the metal ball dropped to crack the
set mortar in cm
800
100
17
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
(i)
What is the relationship between the volume of sand and the strength of the
mortar?
...........................................................................................................................
Page 61
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The gardener was not sure about some of his results.
Use the results to explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q40.
The demand for iron and steel is high.
(a)
Iron that is extracted from its oxide by carbon reduction in a blast furnace is called
cast iron. Cast iron contains about 4% carbon. This carbon makes cast iron very
brittle.
Carbon steels can be made by the following processes.
• Blowing oxygen into molten cast iron to remove most of the carbon.
• Adding a calculated amount of carbon.
Sometimes different metals may also be added to the molten carbon steels.
Page 62
(i)
Suggest how blowing oxygen into molten cast iron removes most of the
carbon.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Why are different metals sometimes added to molten carbon steels?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The percentage of iron and steel recycled in the UK has been increasing.
Year
%iron and steel recycled
1998
25
2000
35
2002
42
2004
46
2006
57
The UK government has set targets for the percentage of iron and steel to be
recycled.
In 2006 the target was exceeded.
Suggest two reasons why the UK government wants to encourage recycling of iron
and steel.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 63
(Total 5 marks)
Page 64
Page 65