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Study Guide Chapter One Test
Section 1.1A. Scientists (make sure you know what they discovered and what their experiment was)
1. Robert Hooke:
 Observed dead cork cells under a microscope
 Called what he saw “cells” after the cells that monks occupied in monasteries
2. Anton von Leeuwenhoek
 First person to observe living cells
 Observed living cells in a sample of pond water
3. Francesco Redi
 Spontaneous Generation: In Redi’s time—the 1600s—it was commonly believed that
living organisms would randomly come in to being from non-living materials.
 Fly/Meat Experiment: A commonly-held assumption by Redi’s contemporaries was that
maggots (fly larvae) were generated in decaying meat and dead flesh. In order to test this
hypothesis, Redi placed rotten meat in both an OPEN CONTAINER and in a CLOSED
CONTAINER. Although adult flies tried to get into BOTH containers, they could only
gain access to the meat in the OPEN CONTAINER. After some time, maggots appeared
ONLY on the meat in the open container, suggesting that THE ADULT FLIES WERE
THE SOURCE OF THE MAGGOTS and SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DID
NOT OCCUR!!
4. Louis Pasteur
 Pasteurization: Process developed by Louis Pasteur after discovering that bacteria in the
air could contaminate food. By superheating and then rapidly cooling food items,
bacterial concentrations can be greatly reduced—prolonging shelf-life and reducing
spoilage/infection.
 Bacteria/Broth Experiment: Preparing two flasks containing a broth (proteins,
carbohydrates, etc. to support bacterial growth), Pasteur then sterilized them using high
heat to kill any bacteria potentially present in the broth. Now, with both flasks bacteria
free, Pasteur left one flask OPEN and left one flask CLOSED AIR-TIGHT. After some
time, the OPEN FLASK HAD BACTERIAL GROWTH, while the CLOSED FLASK
HAD NO BACTERIAL GROWTH. After opening the closed flask and exposing it to
air, it went on to DEVELOP BACTERIAL GROWTH. This was strong evidence that
bacteria is present in the air around us and led Pasteur to develop the technique for
sanitizing foods called Pasteurization (see above). The results of this experiment also
demonstrated that CELLS MUST COME FROM OTHER CELLS!!!!
B. Cell Theory – 3 parts
1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
2. THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE
3. ALL CELLS ARISE FROM EXISTING, LIVING CELLS
Section 1.2A. Microscopes – know what can be seen with them and magnification
1. Compound Light microscope: Uses visible light to look at a thin sample; can observe cells but not
detailed organelles
 Eyepiece/Ocular Lens is always 10X magnification
 Can have objective lenses of 4X, 10X, and 40X OR 10X, 40X, and 100X
 To find total magnification we multiply the 10X magnification of the eyepiece and the
magnification of whatever objective lens we are using
o EXAMPLE: 10X (eyepiece) and 40X (objective lens):10 * 40 = 400X
o The weakest magnification would be 4X objective: 10 * 4 = 40X
o The strongest magnification would be 100X objective: 10 * 100 = 1000X
2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Uses an electron beam to produce 3D, surface images of a
specimen at up to 100,000X Total Magnification (think SCANNING=SURFACE)
3. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Uses and electron beam to penetrate a thin sample and
produce images of a specimen at up to 300,000X Total Magnification (think
TRANSMISSION=THROUGH)
B. Prokaryotes vs.
Eukaryotes
C. Plant vs. Animal
Cells
D. Endosymbiotic Theory: MITOCHONDRIA and CHLOROPLASTS were once distinct organisms that were
absorbed into larger, pre-eukaryotic cells. Over billions of years, the symbiosis between
MITOCHONDRIA/CHLOROPLASTS and the EUKARYOTIC HOST CELLS has evolved to the point that
they are inseparable. MITOCHONDRIA are found in ALL eukaryotic cells, while CHLOROPLASTS are found
only in eukaryotes that perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS. This implies that MITOCHONDRIA were acquired
before the split of animals and plants and CHLOROPLASTS were acquired after.
Organelle Functions:
Centriole
organelles made of microtubules involved in
cell division
Cilia and Flagella
Used for movement/moving substances
around outside of the cell
Central Vacuole
Maintains shape of cell, stores water,
nutrients and waste
Golgi Apparatus
process materials manufactured by the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of lipid synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
produces proteins
Chloroplast
Captures light energy and converts to sugar
Cell Wall
Maintains cell shape, works with central
vacuole to maintain turgor pressure
Cell Membrane
support, protection, controls movement of
materials in/out of cell
Nucleus
controls cell activities
Mitochondrion
breaks down sugar molecules into energy
Cytoplasm
fluid substance that fills the interior of the
cell
Lysosome
breaks down cellular waste products and
debris (contains enzymes)
Animal and Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)
Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
Parts of Microscope
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