Bio21 Students:
Below is an article to familiarize you with the general literature search method and more specifically, how to find
scientific publications online or at SMC and UCLA. Please read the entire text and click on some of the links for further
information and further use. If the link is dead, simply skip it.
Formats of Library Resources
Information in libraries comes in several different formats, which usually means it is presented, processed, shelved, and
stored in several different ways. Books, for example, are usually shelved in specific areas, away from most issues of
magazines, copies of videotapes, or microfilmed materials. If library researchers want to use a library to maximum effect,
they should begin by finding out what materials are available there, and in what form; what clientele they were meant for;
where materials are held in the library; how to use library tools to access them; and how to utilize the materials effectively.
Library materials include print and non-print formats. The formats have evolved from primarily print materials, such as
books and periodicals, to include multi-media materials (e. g. videotapes, audiocassettes, slides) and, more recently,
electronic resources such as discs and Internet-based databases. No matter what the format of the information happens to
be, however, it always has to be made accessible to the researcher.
Accessibility is usually achieved in one or more of four major ways, or access points: by who wrote or compiled it (author);
by what it is named (title); by what it is about (subject); or by an important word or words that appear somewhere in the
document (keyword).
Formerly, before widespread digitalization of library materials, the “group-concept” access points of authors, titles, or
subjects were virtually the only access points. Then computers made it possible to search by a key word or words instead of
by a group concept. Keyword searching allows for searching by one or more meaningful words, in documents of sometimes
many thousands of words, in the hope of making the search more specific and customized, and therefore more likely to
produce the desired results.
Libraries have books, periodicals, multi-media, and electronic materials. Some are in print or electronic form, or on storage
material such as microfilm. Because of their different forms, natures, and intended uses they are usually shelved separately
and sometimes accessed separately. Today, most libraries have much of their materials in print, media, and electronic
format.
Sometimes beginning library researchers confuse the function of a library resource or tool with its format. This is
understandable, but it gets in the way of efficient searching. A library resource or tool’s function is defined by its intended
use and/or content. Materials and equipment in a library include both information resources, and the tools used to access
them. Books and periodicals (magazines, newspapers, and journals) are the mainstays of most libraries, and library users
are all used to seeing them in their customary paper formats. But some books are on audiocassette or in computer form.
Some periodical issues are also in electronic form, or on microfilm. Yet these items are no less books or periodicals because
they are not in paper form.
The library tools used to access library materials or information about them can also be in different forms. The reference
tool in libraries which helps users locate books is a catalog. It doesn’t matter if it is in card, book, or computer form; if its
job is to tell users which books the library owns, and where they are located, the resource is a catalog.
Similarly, a library reference tool called an index allows users to search for periodical articles on wanted topics. Indexes
specify exactly which issues of periodicals, with dates and page numbers, contain articles on a given subject. It doesn’t
matter if the index is in book or computer format, it is an index because of the function it performs.
Many library users fall into the trap of defining a tool or resource by only a quick glance at its format, instead of looking to
see which function it performs. Take the time, as you begin research in a library, to find out which resources are available
and where they are located. Begin with finding the two most constant access tools in libraries, the catalogs and the indexes,
which respectively tell researchers how to find books and periodical articles.
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Flow of Information
http://guides.library.ucla.edu/start
The flow of information is a conceptual timeline of how information is created, disseminated, and found. Information is
dispersed through a variety of channels. Depending on the type of information, the time it takes to reach its audience could
range from seconds to minutes, days to weeks, or months to years. Knowing how information flows helps you understand
what types of information you need and how to search and obtain the targeted information.
Report of Event
News (Internet / TV
/ Radio Services)
Time Frame
Seconds/Minutes
Newspapers (print)
Day / Days+
Magazines (print)
Week / Weeks
Journals (print)
Electronic Journals
6 months +
3 months +
Books
2 years +
E-books, Digitized
Books
2 years +
Reference Sources
Average 10 years
Where to look
Websites
TV news
indexes
Online
newspaper
websites
Newspaper
indexes
Periodical
indexes
Library catalog
Library catalog
Article database
Journal website
Google Scholar
Library catalog
Library catalog
Digital
collections
Library catalog
Written by
Journalists
Audience
General public
Professional journalists
General public
Professional journalists, poets,
writers of fiction, and essayists
General public to
knowledgeable
layperson
Scholars, specialists,
and students
Specialists in the field, usually
scholars with PhDs
Specialists/scholars
Specialists/scholars
Specialists/scholars
Web Pages
Seconds/minutes to Web search
Anyone
years
tools
A Look at Linear Time and Information:
1. from the occurrence of an event, era, social movement or discovery
2. to the documentation of evidence relating to this event, era, social movement, etc.
3. to how the evidence is disseminated
4. and how researchers (and term paper writers) can find this documentation
General public to
specialists
General public to
specialists
General public to
specialists
General public to
Specialists
Books
Books and periodicals still comprise the main kinds of print materials in most libraries. Access to information in or about
printed books is afforded through a library’s catalog. Every library has one: it could be a card, book, or computer catalog,
though most contemporary libraries now have the latter type. The SMC Library Catalog is a computer catalog, or OPAC
(Online Public Access Catalog). The principal job of a library catalog is to tell the library user which materials the library
owns, where they are located, and how they are made available. Typical library holdings listed in catalogs include books,
periodicals, media materials, and other items the library owns.
In most libraries, books are placed on bookshelves, which are often called stacks, by subject areas. These areas are coded
according to a formal classification system. A classification system is a standardized set of rules for labeling and
identifying books according to their subjects, authors and other distinguishing information. Each book is given a call
number, which is the code that represents: the classification system used; the subject, author, and/or title of the book; and
further identifying information. It also serves as the “address” for placing and locating the book on library shelves.
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The two major classification systems used in libraries in the United States are the Dewey Decimal Classification System
(DDC), used by most public libraries, and the Library of Congress Classification System (LC), used by most college,
university, and research libraries. Another important classification system for health-science students to know is the
National Library of Medicine Classification System (NLM), created by the National Institute of Health’s National Library
of Medicine, and mainly used by major health sciences collections such as UCLA’s Biomedical Library.
In each of these systems a set of numbers, a set of letters of the alphabet, or configurations of both stand for subject areas.
In Dewey libraries, books on mathematics and science are placed in the 500 section. Specific sciences are given specific
areas within the 500s range. Human Anatomy and other biology books, for example, are in the 570s area. The same book in
an LC library, where works on mathematics and science are in the Q’s, would be in section QM, since those are the call
letters for works on Human Anatomy. And in an NLM library, the same book would be in section QS.
Books are placed on bookshelves by subject, and beginning researchers might think that the fastest way to find what they
need is to simply go directly to (for example) the science section and browse there to see what was available. Using this
method might net one or useful books. But this kind of hit-or-miss research rarely suits the purposes of serious students,
scholars, and other researchers. They need the most proficient, specific, and time-saving means possible to locate needed
information to write their papers or study for exams. So they have to take the time before beginning research to learn the
ways of efficiently accessing the information they need.
Using the catalog is the most efficient way to zero in on needed books. The listing for each book in the catalog is called the
record (or entry) for the book. The record or entry gives not only the call number, but also other important identifying and
describing information, such as author, title, city of publication, the publisher, and the copyright or publication date of the
book. These basic components of a book’s description usually comprise a basic citation for the book, because they include
the most fundamental descriptions needed to identify or describe accurately a specific book. Citations are useful for both
locating materials and for documenting them in notes and bibliographies.
Citations are standardized according to a set of rules called a style, which dictates how entries are arranged, put in order,
punctuated, and written out. There are many styles that students use in completing their academic research compositions.
Two of the ones most widely used in colleges and universities are the MLA (Modern Language Association) and the APA
(American Psychological Association) styles. There are also other widely-used styles. Professors usually choose one and
instruct their students to use it when writing required papers.
Tips for Book Searching
http://guides.library.ucla.edu/content.php?pid=60895&sid=2754381
When searching for books in the UCLA Library Catalog, here are a few strategies to start with:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
If you are not sure of where to start, do a Keyword search for relevant terms or phrases (put the phrases in
"quotation marks")
If you already have a relevant book or article in hand, use its bibliography to find other sources on the same topic
If you have the title of the book you want, do a Title (start of) search to find the call number
If you find a useful title, click on the Subject(s): to get a list of subject headings that will lead to other books on
the same topic
Use quotation marks if you want to search a phrase
Use ? to truncate a word, e.g., american? will retrieve american and americans
Selected E-book Collections


HathiTrust Digital Library.
http://www.hathitrust.org/home
HathiTrust Digital Library provides full-text access to millions of items in the public domain and partial access to
material still in copyright from a variety of sources, including the University of California libraries, one of the
founders of the HathiTrust. Digitized material can be searched like a traditional library catalog or for words that
occur within the items.
UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004
http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/
Almost 2,000 books from academic presses on a range of topics, including art, science, history, music, religion,
and fiction. Access to the entire collection of electronic books is open to all University of California faculty, staff,
and students, while more than 500 of the titles are available to the public. Print versions of many of the electronic
books can be purchased directly from the publishers.
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Encyclopedias
Major Online Encyclopedias
http://guides.library.ucla.edu/content.php?pid=44446&sid=328962
The links below lead you to encyclopedia and dictionary titles that come from major vendors of online reference tools.
These resources are primarily for humanities and social sciences. For biological and physical sciences, see the appropriate
research guides for those disciplines.
The Problem with Wikipedia
Andrew Raff
April 19, 2006
Jason Scott recently gave a talk about The Great Failure of Wikipedia. The audio is available at the Internet Arcive: The
Great Failure of Wikipedia (April 8, 2006). Scott uses specific examples to discuss the problems that face Wikipedia.
Despite the appearance of veracity and authority, Wikipedia faces significant challenges before it embodies "the availability
of the sum
of human knowledge to everyone on Earth for free."
Wikipedia remains a great place to be an information tourist, but falls short as a serious information resource . The antiexpert bias that Scott notes in the Wikipedia editorial process will continue to keep the actual Wikipedia from becoming
anything more than a novelty for information professionals.
In the NY Times, Randall Stross writes: Anonymous Source Is Not the Same as Open Source "Wikipedia, the free online
encyclopedia, currently serves up the following: Five billion pages a month. More than 120 languages. In excess of one
million English-language articles. And a single nagging epistemological question: Can an article be judged as credible
without knowing its author? Wikipedia says yes, but I am unconvinced."
At Concurring Opinions, Laura Heymann notes a case in the US Court of Federal Claims that discussed the reliability and
admissibility of Wikipedia articles:Concurring Opinions: Wikipedia in the Courts: "In an opinion released in February, the
U.S. Court of Federal Claims scolded a special master in a vaccine injury case for sua sponte supplementing the record
with ‘medical ‘articles’ on afebrile seizures’ that she located on the Internet."
Lore Sjöberg, Wired: The Wikipedia FAQK: "The Wikipedia philosophy can be summed up thusly: 'Experts are scum.'"
danah boyd offers some insight on the Wikipedia editorial process: on being notable in Wikipedia: "People wanted "proof"
that i was notable; they wanted proof of every aspect of my profile. Then, when people in my field stood up for my entry in
the discussion for deletion, they were attacked for not being Wikipedians."
Do any readers have academic Lexis/Westlaw or Hein access? Could you run a search to see if any law review articles cite
to wikipedia, and if so, how many?
Previously: Wikipedia Woes, Wikipedia and Authority
(edited 4/24 to add Concurring Opinions, NYT and Wired links)
Posted by Andrew Raff on April 19, 2006 11:02 PM | Permalink
Periodicals and Periodical Indexes
Access to information in periodicals (magazines, newspapers, and journals) is provided by indexes (or indices). A
periodical index differs from a catalog, which is usually set up by each library to reflect only what that specific library or
library system owns. Indexes, however, are generally published by outside companies who choose which periodicals they
feature, and who then sell their indexes to libraries on a subscription basis. Generally, libraries don’t have a direct voice in
selecting the periodicals that the companies use. Therefore, though a library might subscribe to a particular index, such as
General Science Index, the library probably won’t own all the journals and magazines used in the index.
Indexes allow users to look up a subject and discover exactly which issues of periodicals have articles on that topic. The
topic listings under which the articles are found are called subject headings. Searching in this way eliminates aimless
browsing, guessing, and loss of valuable time. Indexes customarily provide the title of each article, its author’s), the title of
the periodical in which the article appears, the date of the periodical and the volume, issue, and page numbers of the article.
This information comprises a basic citation for an article. The citation includes the most fundamental descriptions needed to
identify accurately a specific article, just as similar appropriate information identifies a book. A correct periodical citation
enables researchers to check their library’s holdings to find out whether the library owns the needed periodical and issue,
whether in electronic or print form. If so, researchers can then retrieve the issue and find the article.
Indexes that include summaries of the articles as well as citations are called “abstracts”. Biological Abstracts, for example,
is an abstract and one of the most useful titles for biology students.
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Electronic Resources
Most SMC Library books and periodicals are still in print format. So are some of our indexes to periodical articles. But, in
keeping with most other libraries, SMC makes considered but timely transitions from traditional formats to electronic ones
as often as feasible. This is because of the greater capacity for speed, specificity, and efficiency that electronic resources
offer library users. Digitized resources such as periodical indexes on CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) were
the forerunners of online databases that now come to us via the Internet. Online indexes are web-based resources, meaning
that information comes through the World Wide Web and can be constantly added to, deleted, or updated at all hours of the
day and night, making it immediately available in the databases.
Researchers use a browser such as Google or Microsoft Internet Explorer for accessing materials on the Web. Web-based
search engines and databases are usually searched by keywords connected, in a structured search, by the Boolean operators
AND, OR, or NOT. Boolean searching is named for mathematician George Boole, and will be discussed more fully later in
the tutorial.
Web materials can be useful, but as with all other documents from all other sources, researchers have to evaluate each web
site and web document critically. Since almost anyone with a computer can publish on the Web, the credentials of
document creators cannot be easily verified. Finding documents through the Internet does not give the documents automatic
authority. There are, however, several web sites that offer good advice on how to evaluate Internet sources. Here is one
from Cornell and another from UCLA.
The SMC Library’s catalog/OPAC and several of the Library’s academic databases are Web-based. The OPAC represents
an electronic form of a print card catalog. The databases can also represent electronic versions of print indexes or other
reference sources. These databases are proprietary and not found for free on the Internet. The Library subscribes to these
resources just as it subscribes to print versions of, for example, the Los Angeles Times, so that students will have
appropriate and useful information available to them that is targeted to their general needs. The databases are accessed on
computer workstations, but although they come to us via the World Wide Web they are not strictly Internet documents.
Books, Periodicals, and Periodical Indexes
Books and the OPAC
SMC Library uses a web-based Online Public Access Catalog, or OPAC, to inform users about the books and other
materials in the Library’s collections, and to tell where these materials are located.
The Library provides computer workstations that allow users to search online for materials such as books and periodical
titles through the catalog, periodical articles through the databases, and Internet documents through the World Wide Web.
Users need to access the Library Home Page, which displays gateway access points for performing these searches.
Starting from the Library Home Page, follow basic instructions for using the Library Catalog as well as others onscreen to
find out which books, periodical and media titles that the SMC Library owns, as well as to locate reserve materials set
aside by instructors for their classes.
Analyzing OPAC Records
To search for and retrieve materials efficiently, Library users should be able to identify and understand component parts of
records found through the SMC Library OPAC.
A typical SMC Library OPAC record is illustrated below, with identification/explanation of its components following. Use
the identifications and explanations provided below the record as a guide to answer the questions in Quiz 2.
QR41.2 .T67 2001
Microbiology: an introduction
Tortora, Gerard J.
Personal Author:
Title:
Edition:
Publication info:
Physical descript:
General Note:
Held by:
Subject term:
Added author:
Added author:
Tortora, Gerard J.
Microbiology : an introduction / Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case.
7th ed.
San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings, c2001.
xxiv, 887 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 29 cm.
Includes index.
MAIN
Microbiology.
Funke, Berdell R.
Case, Christine L., 1948-
5
Copy Holds Location
Call Numbers for: MAIN
1) QR41.2 .T67 2001
1
NONE RESERVES
desk:RESERVES / circ rule:RESRV_2HR
2
NONE RESERVES
desk:RESERVES / circ rule:RESRV_2HR
Call Number of the Book: QR41.2.T67 2001
Indicates the LC subject/identification code for the book
Personal Author(s): Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Gives the names of the person(s) who wrote the book.
Title: Microbiology: An Introduction
The name of the book.
Edition of the book: 7th ed.
Indicates how many times the original text of this specific book was revised or updated, up to and including this specific
edition; and which revision or update this particular book represents.
Publication Info: San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings, c2001
Tells the city where the book was published; the name of the publisher of the book; and the copyright date of the book
Physical Description of the book: xxiv, 887p.: ill. (chiefly col); 29cm
Describes the number of preliminary pages (xxiv); of text pages (887); illustrations (chiefly illustrations in color); and
height of the book (29 centimeters)
Held by: MAIN
Indicates the building where the book is kept: i.e., the SMC Library building
Subject term: Microbiology
Gives the subject of the book and the subject heading under which this book can be found in the OPAC
Added Author: Funke, Berdell R., and Case, Christine L.
Gives the names of other persons who co-wrote the book
Copy: 1 and 2
Indicates how many copies of the book the Library owns and locating information for each copy
Holds: NONE
Tells whether there has been a formal request by a Library user to hold a checked-out book for that user when it is returned;
and also tells how many hold requests have been made. “NONE” means that no requests for holds have been made for the
book, so it should be available.
Location: RESERVES
Tells whether the book is in the Stacks, Reference, or Reserves sections of the MAIN library building. If the book was
checked out, the due date would be given instead of a location
desk:RESERVES
Indicates that the book must be asked for at the reserves/circulation desk, not looked for in reference or stacks areas.
circ rule: RESRV_2HR
Indicates the SMC Library circulation rule for regular reserves items: they may only be checked out for two hours use in the
Library
Examine the OPAC record above to analyze, recognize, and define some common components of an OPAC record.
Finding a Book on the Shelf
As discussed before, books in the SMC Library are classified (i.e. described and arranged by subject and identification
number) according to the Library of Congress Classification System (LC). It was started by the Library of Congress in
Washington, DC, and is used by many other libraries. (Many libraries, especially public libraries, use the second major
classification system, the Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC), which uses numbers to indicate the subjects.)
LC uses the letters of the alphabet to indicate the broad subjects of books. For example, “B” stands for subjects in
philosophy and religion. Most science books fall under “Q”. Letters, combined with other subject numbers and author
codes, make up the call numbers for books. The call number identifies and describes the book, and indicates where it is
shelved. You can search for books by using the OPAC and following the directions onscreen, and on previous pages.
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When you find a book you want, write down its call number. If it is available and located in the stacks, go to the book area
called the Stacks that begin just after the Reference works near the reference desk and continue, in call number order, to the
area opposite the circulation desk. Go to the area where the first letter of the call number that you want appears; then follow
the call number letter by letter, number by number, etc., until you have found the book with exactly that number on its
spine.
Consult the summary of instructions for using the Library catalog for a listing of steps to follow when searching for
information in the SMC Library OPAC.
Periodicals
When writing research papers and other course assignments, you may need to find periodical articles as well as (or instead
of) books for relevant information. Periodicals contain more recent and up-to-date information than books, although the
information may not always be 100% accurate.
Periodicals are magazines, journals, and newspapers. They are called “periodicals” because they are published at regular
periods—such as every day, every week, or every month—instead of just once, like most books. Some periodicals,
especially journals, can be published every three or four months or even just once or twice a year.
Magazines are general-interest or special-interest publications meant for the average reader. They are usually glossy and
contain articles, stories, poems, illustrations, advertisements, etc. Magazines are sometimes dedicated to one subject only,
such as fashion or automobiles. Some examples of magazines are: Time, Newsweek, Good Housekeeping, Vogue, Discover,
Omni, and Car and Driver.
Journals are periodicals containing articles on specific subjects usually written for (and by) scholars and professionals in
fields such as medicine, literature, law, music, etc. The word “journal” may or may not appear in the title of the publication.
Articles in journals generally contain the results or description of research or critical analysis. Some examples of journals
are: JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), College English, and American Journal of Botany.
Newspapers usually are published every day or week and contain the news of the day or time period covered; commentary;
feature articles; and advertising. Some examples are the Los Angeles Times, the Los Angeles Sentinel, and the New York
Times.
Periodical Indexes and SMC Library Periodical Resources
To use periodicals in library research, you need several reference tools. The first such helper is an index. This specific type
of index tells researchers exactly which periodical issues contain articles on chosen subjects. The General Science Index
(GSI), a book/print index found in many libraries, is this type of resource. GSI only contains article listings on science
topics. Since it only deals with one subject area, it is called a subject index. Other indexes, such as The Reader’s Guide to
Periodical Literature, contain citations covering articles on many subjects, not on one subject alone. These types of indexes
are called general indexes.
Listed under each subject heading in a print index, or in a result list from an electronic one, will be all of the articles entered
on the subject searched, which came out during the time period covered by the index. The articles could come from any of
the periodicals included by the index publishers.
Most of SMC Library’s print indexes are kept near the Reference shelves on the first floor. Each of them usually lets the
user know which magazines, newspapers, or journals it includes by placing a list of the periodicals in the front pages of
each volume. An important exception, however, is Biological Abstracts, published by BIOSIS, which prints its list of
indexed periodicals in a separate book entitled Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Previews Database. Electronic indexes
usually print their list in a separate file or hardcopy list; some are accessible to searchers and some are not. Ebscohost does
allow users to browse their list of included periodicals.
The second reference helper that might be needed to locate periodical articles in SMC Library is the Santa Monica College
Library Periodical Holdings List. This list is found in the OPAC, and also in red 3-ring binders near the reference computer
workstations and the circulation desk areas. Look up a needed periodical alphabetically by its title and the list will indicate
whether the SMC Library subscribes to the periodical. It also specifies which dates of the periodical the Library owns.
Additionally, it indicates which issues are stored in the bound or unbound periodicals area behind the circulation desk, and
which issues are stored on microfilm or microfiche in cabinets near the reference area. You will need proof of current
enrollment, such as your student identification card, to ask for periodicals from the bound or unbound periodicals area, but
you can go directly to the microform periodical issues (which must be read on special machines nearby).
The Santa Monica College Library Periodical Holdings List
The computer catalog, or OPAC, tells us which books the library owns. It also tells us which periodicals and other materials
the library owns. To search the OPAC to see if the Library subscribes to a specific periodical, click the Library Catalog on
the Library Home Page. Type the title of the periodical” (e.g. Newsweek) in the search box, and click the “Periodical
Titles” button below the search box.
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The Periodical Holdings List is another tool that tells Library users which periodicals the Library subscribes to; it is often
handier to use than the computer catalog listings. However, although the information contained in the print List comes from
the computer records, the OPAC offers more updated information about the periodicals.
Copies of the List, in red 3-ring binders, may be found at the circulation desk, near the computer workstations and tables,
and in print-index and reference areas. It is updated at regular intervals.
All magazines, newspapers, and journals to which the SMC Library subscribes are listed alphabetically by title in the
printed List.
The List also tells which dates of the periodicals are owned by the Library, and where the back issues of each periodical are
kept: bound periodicals and unbound periodicals (single, loose issues) are kept behind the periodicals/circulation desk; and
many periodical back issues are stored on microfilm or microfiche in cabinets in the reference area.
Using the Periodical Holdings List
If you need to know if the Library subscribes to a certain periodical (Newsweek magazine, for example), you would look in
the printed List alphabetically under the title of the periodical (in the “N” section for Newsweek) and it would indicate
which dates of this magazine the Library holds, and which issues were bound, unbound, on microfilm or on microfiche.
If a periodical title does not appear in the List, then the SMC Library does not subscribe to it.
When you locate an article you want, especially after using a print index or abstract, your next step is to check our List to
see if the Library has the periodical containing the needed article. If the Library subscribes to the periodical, then you must
go to the correct area where it is kept to retrieve it. Click the following connection for more details on steps to finding
periodical articles in the SMC Library.
Print Index Citations: General Science Index
Although electronic databases predominate in contemporary library research, there are times when it is preferable or
mandatory to use a print index, especially to find information older than a few years.
The following example from The General Science Index provides practice in analyzing a citation from a print index.
Components of the citation are explained in the list following the citation. Try to match visually each component part of the
analyzed entry with the definitions and components of each part of the entry, which appear below the record
Hearing
See also Auditory perception
Auditory interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus [two-year research project ].
A. Stumpner and B. Ronacher. bibl il J Exp Biol v158 p391-410 Jl ‘91
Subject Heading : Hearing
What the article is about.
Cross Reference : See also Auditory perception
Refers the researcher to a related subject heading within the same index volume, where other related articles can be found.
Title of the Article: Auditory interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus
The name of the article
Informational Note: [two-year research project ]
A note of additional information about the article that explains, summarizes, or characterizes the article
Author(s) of the Article: A. Stumpner and B. Ronacher
Name(s) of the person(s) that wrote the article
Informational Note: bibl
A note of additional information about the article; in this case the abbreviation “bibl” means that the article contains a
bibliography
Informational Note: il
A note of additional information about the article; in this case the abbreviation “il” means that the article contains
illustrations
Title of the Periodical (abbreviated): J Exp Biol
The name of the journal/periodical in which the article appears; in this case an abbreviation for the Journal of Experimental
Biology
(Title abbreviations are spelled out in the front section of each volume of General Science Index)
Volume Number of the Periodical : v158
The volume number of the periodical.
Page Number(s) of the Article: p391-410
The specific page numbers where the specific article will be found.
Date of the Periodical: Jl ‘91
The date when the periodical issue was published; in this case an abbreviation for the date July 1991.
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The Internet
The World Wide Web provides a number of useful life- and health-sciences websites that would repay investigation by
students of the biological sciences. The information in websites differs from that in proprietary databases in that the
databases pre-screen and pre-select their information before distributing it (usually for a fee) according to sets of preexisting standards. The documents on the still-evolving Internet, however, are generally not screened according to preestablished academic or other standards; virtually anyone with an Internet-equipped computer can post documents on any
and all subjects. A vast quantity of information on the Web is therefore not up to academic professional, scholarly, or
authoritative levels.
In academic or scholarly databases, the majority of material included has been somewhat pre-selected for the researcher.
The publishers have winnowed out material that they believe do not meet the standards they are striving for, or that do not
match the needs of their target audiences. Researchers still have to search for and separate out the materials that fit their
needs of the moment. But they can select from a largely pre-screened pool of choices, which means that some of the
“work”, in a sense, has already been done for them!
The present state of the Web, however, offers no such safety net. Researchers using the Web must do all the work of
searching out and evaluating their search results for appropriateness and authenticity, often in what seems like a vacuum.
Great care should be taken in relying on information from any research source, and even more care should be taken with
information from the Internet. This certainly applies to researchers in the sciences, where accuracy and authoritativeness are
so important.
When using the Internet, choose documents from reliable and stable sources. Use the hints from Cornell and UCLA web
pages on evaluating web sites to help you decide.
Science Databases (free registration required for some databases)
http://guides.library.ucla.edu/start/articles
PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?tool=cdl&otool=cdlotool
Access to citations from MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, other journals in the field of medicine and life sciences, and links to
NCBI's integrated molecular biology databases including nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, 3-D protein structure
data, population study data sets, and assemblies of complete genomes in an integrated system.
consumer health, Entrez, MEDLINE, AIDSLINE, HealthSTAR, HISTLINE, nucleotides, genomes
BIOSIS Previews (free registration required for some databases)
http://isiknowledge.com/biosis
Contains citations and abstracts for journal articles, books, conference proceedings, and technical reports in all areas of
biology, related fields such as biomedicine and ecology, and interdisciplinary areas such as biochemistry and
biotechnology.
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
http://uclibs.org/PID/77296
This multidisciplinary database provides comprehensive coverage of the environmental sciences. Abstracts and citations are
drawn from over 6000 serials including scientific journals, conference proceedings, reports, monographs, books and
government publications.
PsycINFO
http://www.csa.com/htbin/dbrng.cgi?username=ago21&access=ago2121&db=psycinfo-set-c&adv=1
Abstracts and citations to the scholarly literature in the psychological, social, behavioral, and health sciences. Many link to
full-text. 99% are peer-reviewed journals.
Web of Science
http://isiknowledge.com/wos
Web of Science is comprised of Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Science Citation
Index. Covers thousands of journals in a wide array of disciplines.
The preceding sections of the tutorial have dealt in large degree with the organization of library materials and approaches to
accessing them. This section is concerned with specifics of some principal resources you will need to use to fulfill the
Biology 21 library assignments.
The following information introduces MEDLINE, a much-respected database of the National Library of Medicine. Practice
searching for your subject in MEDLINE to gain experience in researching a scholarly website.
The United States National Library of Medicine
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The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is “the world’s largest medical library”, a U. S. government agency
headquartered in Maryland. The NLM has made many of its databases available to the public through the Internet. Two of
the main avenues to their information is through PubMed or the NLM Gateway, both of which provide access to
MEDLINE.
PubMed and MEDLINE
The web-based NLM Gateway allows simultaneous searching of several of NLM’s databases at once, including
MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE (containing journal references published before 1966), MEDLINEplus (consumer health
topics) and others.
The Internet, which can be used to search such websites as MEDLINE for citations and abstracts (no direct full text) of
relevant journal articles, is accessible from all SMC Library workstations in the reference area.
Current SMC students and staff do not always have to be physically present on the SMC Library premises to gain access to
databases and other electronic resources. The Library’s online offerings are available from all Internet-equipped labs on
campus. In addition, current SMC staff and students may access them from home, or from any off-campus Internetequipped computer to which they have access. You must establish a user account with the College, obtaining a username,
password, and e-mail privileges. Sign up here.
MEDLINE is an online database that is often of great help to health and life science researchers. It began years ago as the
“Medical Literature, Analysis, and Retrieval System” (or MEDLARS) and has now become MEDLINE (Medical
Literature, Analysis, and Retrieval System Online). It is probably the most well-known of the NLM’s databases, and is
considered by them to be their “premier bibliographic database. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
PubMed, an online searching service of the National Library of Medicine, provides access to over 11 million MEDLINE
citations back to 1966, and additional life science journals. PubMed includes links to many sites providing full text articles
and other related resources.
This resource is one that life sciences students should become familiar with for its vastness, impressiveness, and the fact
that it is free to anyone with Internet access. It is part of a retrieval mechanism called Entrez. PubMed is a database of
bibliographic information drawn primarily from the life sciences literature, with a focus on biomedicine. PubMed contains
links to full-text articles at participating publishers’ Web sites as well as links to other third party sites such as libraries.
Click the following to go to the PubMed site to practice searching in MEDLINE via PubMed’s interface. Or you may want
to study the PubMed tutorial to become more familiar with its contents and capabilities before beginning trial searches.
Try to search “Human Genome Project”
Articles on the Human Genome Project can be found at the SMC Library in Ebscohost MasterFile Premier and General
Science Full text.
Biological Abstracts
Biological Abstracts (BA) is one of the most useful researching tools for students of biology. As its title suggests, it is not
just an index but also an abstract: a research tool that supplies not only a basic citation for each article but also a summary
(or abstract) of each article as well. Much of the material found in this resource on life-sciences subjects comes from
scholarly journals. All abstracts are numbered and then grouped in broad subject or classification areas. In the print versions
owned by SMC Library, access to abstract contents is provided mainly by a keyword index for each volume. In citations of
journal articles, some journal titles are abbreviated. The explanations of the abbreviations are not found in the abstract
volumes themselves, but in a book in the SMC Library collection called Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Previews Database.
At UCLA’s Biomedical (or “Biomed”) Library, Biological Abstracts can be found archived in print form, and shelved
primarily in the Library’s journal stacks.
BIOSIS, Inc., the publisher of Biological Abstracts, describes it as “your key to the world’s life sciences journals.
Comprehensive coverage and context-sensitive indexing make the information in BA essential for all life sciences
researchers. BA directs users to information on life science topics from botany to microbiology to pharmacology, serving to
connect researchers with critical journal coverage.
“Whether you study botany, pharmacology, biochemistry, or evolutionary ecology, BA has the journal articles that your
research depends on.
“BA indexes articles from over 4,000 serials each year. This publication also offers over 360,000 new citations each year.
Nearly 90% of citations include an abstract by the author. Almost 5.8 million archival records are available back to 1980.
BA articles originate from journals all around the world, and cover topics in every life sciences discipline. If the information
you need lies in the life sciences, BA should be part of your information solution.”
For current research, the print version has largely given place to CD or online counterparts of Biological Abstracts,
including a version called BIOSIS Previews. SMC Library does not at present subscribe to BIOSIS Previews or to
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Biological Abstracts. But the Library does maintain some older print copies to acquaint students with the basics of using
Biological Abstracts, because of its importance as a life sciences resource.
Analysis of a Record from Biological Abstracts
An abstract from the print version of Biological Abstracts is reproduced below. Its component parts are explained in the list
below the abstract. When you analyze the citation, you’ll find that it contains the same kind of information found in other
indexes or abstracts that you have already examined in this tutorial, as well as additional information not found in
previously examined resources. For further information on using Biological Abstracts, click here.
Visually match the identifications and explanations found below the abstract with the actual components of the abstract;
this will help you gain a fundamental understanding of the structure and the information found in such a record, as well as
helping you to prepare for the quiz below.
118640. NAUMOV, G. I.* and T. I. FILIMONOVA. (All-Union Res. Inst. Genet. Sel. Ind. Microorg., Moscow.) MIKOL
FITOPATOL 23(1): 34-37. 1989. [In Russ.] Absence of killer strains in Moscow commercial populations of
Saccharmomyces yeast. – Commercial yeast populations from 4 Moscow breweries were studied, as was a collection of
123 beer strains. Data were presented on the sensitivity of the commercial populations to the K2 toxin. It was shown that
the commercial and museum beer strain populations do not contain killer strains, but this sensitivity of the strains to the K2
toxin can lead to the contamination of their populations with wild killer strains. Recommendations were made for creating
beer strains resistant to yeast toxins.
Abstract/reference number:
118640
Author(s) of the article:
NAUMOV, G. I.* (the asterisk [*] means that this is the author whose address is
given below), and T. I. FILIMONOVA.
Author’s Address:
All-Union Res. Inst. Genet. Sel. Ind. Microorg., Moscow.)
Title of Journal (abbreviated):
MIKOL FITOPATOL [Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya]
Volume Number of the Journal:
23
Issue Number of the Journal:
1
Page Numbers of the article:
34-37
Date of the Journal:
1989
Explanatory Note:
“In Russ.” [the article is written in Russian]
Title of the Article:
Absence of killer strains in Moscow commercial populations of
Saccharmomyces yeast.
Abstract/Summary of the Article:
Commercial yeast populations from 4 Moscow breweries were studied, as was a
collection of 123 beer strains…. [etc.]
Online Searching: Library Databases
Ebscohost MasterFile Premier and General Science Full-text 1984-Present
The fundamentals of Boolean searching, the basics of using the OPAC, and an introduction to using print indexes and the
Periodicals Holdings List have been explored in previous pages. And several of the searching principles learned in prior
readings can be applied to searching Ebscohost MasterFile Premier. When you are at SMC you have on-campus access to
Ebscohost without having to log in with your SMC username and password. However, for off-campus access to Ebscohost,
and to other Library online resources, you will need to use the username and password provided by your SMC student
account.
Ebscohost is one of SMC Library’s electronic periodical indexes, used in order to find appropriate articles from magazines,
newspapers, or journals. Ebscohost is a web-based database to which the SMC Library subscribes. This online general
index comes to us via the World Wide Web, but it is a proprietary database published by the Ebsco company. Since
Ebscohost is a general index, it contains articles on many subject areas instead of just one. In addition, it offers keyword,
customizable searching and the full text of many of its articles, which come from magazines, journals, newspapers, and
other source
General Science Full-Text 1984-Present
Ebscohost is just one of the online databases available at SMC Library that would be of interest to life sciences students.
Others include CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). It is an index to health sciences
journals and provides citations for the indexed articles, but not the entire text of the articles. See a complete list of SMC’s
Library Databases.
General Science Full-Text is another useful online periodicals index/database. Again, while you are at SMC you have oncampus access to General Science Full-Text without having to log in with your username and password. Just as with
Ebscohost, however, you need to use the username and password provided by your SMC student account, for off-campus
access to General Science Full-Text.
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General Science Full-Text is a database that includes articles and citations from science-related magazines and journals,
starting from 1984. By far the greater portion of its entries are abstracts or citations of journal articles, with its available
full-text articles appearing from 1995 onward. This online periodicals index does not as yet index nearly as many
periodicals as Ebscohost, but its concentration on one subject area, the sciences, makes it a valuable resource nonetheless.
The instructions below offer basic steps to searching this database. For more information, see this page on How to search
General Science Full-Text.
In SMC’s Library Databases, find and click General Science Full-Text 1984-present.
At upper right, click “SearchPlus”.
At the search screen, type your subject /keyword in “Enter terms, select options” box.
Choose where the keyword should appear, e. g. words anywhere, subject etc.
Click the AND option to add a second term to your search, if applicable.
Analyzing a Record from General Science Full-Text
The record below represents an entry from General Science Full-Text. Its components are explained in the list following
the record. Note that it carries substantially the same type of information found in Ebscohost records, with a different layout
and different details. This reinforces the fact that different indexes usually display the same core information, with
individualizing details, additions, or omissions.
Compare visually the differences and similarities of both indexes as exemplified in both sample records, noting the styles
and information offered. Use the information in the analysis below to help you decide on the answers to Quiz 4B, which
follows this section:
Full Text: When the entire article is available in General Science Full-text’s database, this option appears. Choose to view
the article as an HTML document or as a PDF file (using Adobe Acrobat)
Title: “The risks for late adolescence of early adolescent marijuana use”
Personal Author: The person(s) listed as writing, or being responsible for, the content of the article, as opposed to an
organization (i. e., “Corporate Author”) listed as writing or being responsible for the content of the article:
Brook, Judith S.; Balka, Elinor B.; and Whiteman, Martin
Peer Reviewed Article: Indicates whether an article is from a scholarly research-level source.
Y = Yes; N = No
Abstract: The summary of the article
Publication Year: 1999
Journal Name: Title of the Periodical in which the article appeared
Source: Title of the Periodical, or other supplier, that provided the article
Physical Description: Informational note giving useful additional data about the article:
bibl: the article contains a bibliography
il: the article is illustrated
Language of Document: The original language in which the article is written:
English
Descriptors: Subject headings/keyword terms or phrases that describe the topics treated by the article:
Youth—Conduct of Life; Marijuana; Drug Abuse
Document Type: Indicates whether the article is a “Feature Article”,
UCLA’s Biomedical Library
UCLA’s Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library is a major health sciences research library. Visitors can be overwhelmed by
the multi-level layout and floor plan of the place, but the locations of books and journal volumes are easily learned and
make investigations there more easily navigable. The Biomedical Library uses the National Library of Medicine
Classification System extensively to classify their materials.
For more details, the Biomedical Library Home Page has extensive information about the library’s materials, organization,
services, and policies.
The Biomedical Library subscribes to many research journals as well as, of course, to other publications and materials. The
library keeps print back issues of most volumes of Biological Abstracts in reference and stack areas, but most basic
research is done online. Currently, one of the main databases used by UCLA Biomedical library researchers is BIOSIS
Previews, an online product by the same publishers that produce the print version of Biological Abstracts.
Available online information from Biomedical Library computer workstations can be printed or downloaded to disk, just as
similar information can be retrieved at SMC Library.
Click here for instructions on searching BIOSIS Previews, helpful for guidance in becoming familiar with this resource and
for printing, e-mailing, and downloading search results. HELPFUL HINT: Print out a copy of the guides to take with you to
UCLA.
Locating Materials in the Biomedical Library
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Before traveling to UCLA to complete your library assignments, review the information below for help in negotiating the
Biomedical Library’s resources. The Biomedical Library Call Number Locations chart can help you locate call number
areas for needed books and journals. HELPFUL HINT: Print out a copy of the locations to take with you to UCLA. Here is
some more information: directions to UCLA, public transportation and some Biomedical Library links.
What does the
Biomedical Library
have?
The Biomedical Library has over 550,000 volumes, 5,400 current journals, and a number of
instructional media resources (e.g., audiovisual material and computer-based instructional
systems). The Library’s collections include comprehensive coverage of the health and life sciences
and psychology.
How do you find
material in the
Library?
For items owned by any UC system libraries, use MELVYL, the UC Library online information
System, which contains information about most books, audiovisuals, and computer programs, and
all currently received journal titles.
How can you get
access to services or
materials?
UCLA faculty, staff, and students can use all services and materials which the Library provides. A
current UCLA ID and/or library card can be used to obtain services and materials. Eligibility for
non-UCLA individuals for services and materials will vary depending on the type of library card
issued.
Melvyl: The Melvyl Catalog provides information about articles, books, journals, and other materials
held by UCLA, other University of California (UC) campuses, and libraries worldwide. Many records
contain links to full-text articles from selected databases. Additional materials in all formats, including
full-text articles from journals and books not indexed in Melvyl, may be accessible from the Databases by
Subject section.
Use Melvyl when you want an encompassing, general search for books, articles, and more from all the UCs or to
request book delivery from other UC campuses using the "Request" button if UCLA does not own a particular
title.
Searching for primary literature
Primary and Secondary Articles
Primary and secondary sources form the basis of research.
Primary vs. secondary sources.
Primary literature are sources that report original work, written by the researcher(s) who did the work, peer reviewed, and
published in a journal. They can be diaries, letters, paintings, patents, photographs, poems, or, in the case of scientific
research, a research report. Secondary sources are.
Secondary sources are accounts written after the fact, are often reviews, commentaries, or summaries. They are
interpretations and evaluations of the primary sources. The data (figures) will have a reference or citation indicating where
it came from. Often there are no figures or tables, i.e. no data.
Gray literature are sources that do not have normal publisher. They are often called “reports” or “technical reports” and
are not published on a regular basis. Many are produced by and for government agencies or scientific advisory or study
groups. Although the work may be as rigorous as a journal article, the peer review process is inconsistent.
Compare the two with respect to organization, format, style of presentation, depth, breadth, and intended
audience (readers).
Type of work
Source
Organization and Format
Depth and Breadth
Content
Intended audience (reader)
Example
Primary
Original, creative work
First-hand information
More structured (Intro, Method,
Results, etc.)
More in depth
Factual
Focused group
Lab report, journal article
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Secondary
Interpreted or analyzed work
One or more steps away from the
original event
Review
Broad understanding
Interpretive
General audience
Book, encyclopedia, editorial
Remember that a good careful search will make writing the paper easier when you have lots of references that are relevant
to your project. Writing the paper with several peripherally related articles will be a struggle. Good searches should be
comprehensive and well-focused. It will generate most of the relevant articles and minimize the irrelevant articles.
Good search terms are important in successful searches. If you already have a reference, keywords are often gleaned from
the title of the paper. Most journals require Keywords be listed after the abstract. Remember that scientific terminology is
very precise.
Searching is trial and error. If you start with a specific term (e.g. genus species, Drosophila melanogaster) and get no
“hits,” broaden your search to just “Drosophila.” If that does not work, go to the family Drosophilidae or the order Diptera.
At the same time, don’t try “Insect.” You may get several million hits. The same principal applies in reverse if your
keyword is too broad. If you type Canis and get 100,000 hits, narrow the search to Canis lupus.
The terms AND and OR are valuable tools in running searches. Linking terms with OR generates more comprehensive
(broader) searches. Remember that multiple terms or phrases may be used to describe the same concept. The excretory
system is also the kidney. Nephridial and renal are synonomous terms. Linking terms with AND generates well-focused
(narrower) searches. “Cardiac” AND “exercise” will generate a more focused search than each term alone.
“Female” AND “senior” AND “Asian” AND “cardiac” AND “exercise” is even more focused, but probably overkill.
If you are getting too many hits or you want a more focused search, most databases have tools to limit searches by
publication, species, language, online availability, date and other criteria. Most search engines scan the entire text for
keywords. You can sometimes limit the search for terms in the title and/or abstract.
Exploit what is free. Going up and down the 13 floors of the UCLA Biomed Library is a drag, especially if the volume is
not available. Then, if the article comes from an older volume, it is housed and archived offsite. It may take a few days for
the library to process your request to see the journal. Since most of you will not have an UCLA library card, you cannot do
this. You will need to get a friend already enrolled at UCLA to request the article for you.
Fortunately, articles in an ever increasing number of journals are published for free online in PDF or in full-text format.
Even if articles are not available in PDF on the journal website, the authors often purchase the article in PDF and make the
paper available to interested parties for free. Since most papers now give the author’s email address, go to the author’s
homepage or website. Most scientists now post their most recent, or most salient, or most important papers.
Many are available in PDF. Full-text format often does not print well, but its advantage is that you can move from section
to section by links. The reference lists are often linked to online versions of cited references. Sometimes there is also a list
of papers that have cited this paper.
In addition, some journals are completely online, and there are no hard copies.
Once you have found what looks like a “good” article, most search engines now have a direct link to the online article. You
need to learn to quickly read/skim/scan the article to see if it fits your needs. Scan the title, note the authors, and read the
abstract. The end of the introduction often has the hypothesis or purpose. Take a quick look at the figures and tables.
Jump to the back to see what the summary and conclusions are.
Once you have found one key article, the door seems to open like Pandora’s Box. Often, if the author wrote one article on
the subject, he/she wrote others on the same subject. Search for articles by that author. As noted above, go to the author’s
website/homepage to see if other articles are posted. Next go through the literature cited. The author has done a literature
search on the subject as well! Scan through it for relevant papers.
Consider which online search engine you use. At UCLA, the main database is PubMed, www.pubmed.gov. Note that this is
primarily a medical search engine, because there is the medical center. You won’t find much on animals and plants. You
need to go to Biosis. Similarly there are specific online databases for psychology, geology, etc.
Other Search Engines - Google.com is primarily for lay subjects, but there is a more scientific related search. On top right
above the window, click on “more.” Click on “even more.” Scroll down to “Scholar.” Now when you click on “Advanced
Scholar Search,” you can set the parameters for your search. This will often take you to the online source and most times,
you can at least see the abstract, if not the full article. The beauty of this is that you can do this at home. Biosis needs to be
accessed at UCLA. That said, I thought that Biosis could be accessed at our SMC library, which is linked to UCLA. Check
it out.
Remember that search engines are based on who pays to be put on top of the list and how many hits the site gets. So every
time you search, the rankings may change, so it is good to try again at a later time. Simple things like reversing your
keywords makes a difference.
Review the section above and prior sections, if applicable.
14
Citing Your Sources http://guides.library.ucla.edu/start/citing
Citation Style Guides - Online
When citing sources be sure to use the proper citation style for the course. Below are links to ONLINE summarized citation
rules from some of the more popular style guides:








APA Citation Quick Guide
http://www.cdlib.org/services/info_services/docs/UC_APA_CitationGuide_021810.pdf
Via University of California Libraries.
APA Style FAQ from American Psychological Association
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx
APA (American Psychological Association)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Via OWL at Purdue.
MLA (Modern Language Association)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Via OWL at Purdue.
Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/contents.html
The 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style is fully searchable online.
Chicago Manual of Style-Quick Guide
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
Via University of Chicago Press.
Turabian
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html
Based on the Chicago Manual of Style.
Research and Documentation Online
http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/
The information on this site is also available in a print book, Research and Documentation in the Electronic Age, Fifth
Edition, by Diana Hacker and Barbara Fister.
Annotated Bibliographies
Preparing an annotated bibliography is often the first step in writing a research paper. Sometimes it is a stand-alone
assignment. Annotations usually include both description and some evaluative comment. See Purdue University's OWL
(Online Writing Lab) page (linked below) for more help in preparing an annotated bibliography.

Annotated Bibliographies--Definition and Format
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/01/
This page from the OWL at Purdue provides basic information with links to other parts of the OWL website.
Citation Style Guides - Print




For a general introduction to academic citation and intellectual property, see Bruin Success with Less Stress.
For more detail, consult the complete printed style manuals, available in many campus libraries:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition)
http://catalog.library.ucla.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6299880
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition)
http://catalog.library.ucla.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6278113
Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition)
http://catalog.library.ucla.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6523875
Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th edition)
http://catalog.library.ucla.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5702186
Congratulations, you have finished the tutorial!
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