IncompleteHistory_01.jpg
Title:
6°40’00” S 36°19’00” E
Erosion noun
e-ro-sion
1. The process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea:
the problem of soil erosion
the erosion of the coastline
2. The process by which something is gradually reduced or destroyed
erosion of
the gradual erosion of our civil liberties
Erosion, removal of surface material from the Earth’s crust, primarily soil and rock debris, and
the transportation of the eroded materials by natural agencies from the point of removal
Encyclopædia Britannica
IncompleteHistory_02.jpg
Title: SW TZ
Caption:
Tanzania
945,087 km2
NE Africa
Population: 47,783,100 (2012)
Fertility rate: 5.3
Life expectancy: 60.9
Iringa
Southern highlands
Indian Ocean drainage zone
Eastern Arc mountain range:
30,000,000 years old
96 endemic species of vertebrates
800 endemic plant species
IncompleteHistory_03.jpg
Title: Th230/Pa231
Caption:
Evidence of early hominid activities
260K (260,000+70,000-40,000)
Th230/Pa231
Late Acheulian/early Middle Stone Age
Assemblage
Type 1: 70% handaxes, cleavers, knives, small flake tool, large picks, corescrapers, choppers,
spheroids;
Type 2: 40- 60% small tools;
Type 3: 50% large picks, core-scrapers, choppers, spheroids, few small tools, few bifaces
Lower sand horizon
Hippo, skull and limbs absent, unretouched quartz flakes
Raw material types
Quartz, quartzite, rock crystal, chert or flint varieties, sandstone, rhyolite, granite, trachyte,
basalt, ironstone, argillite, feldspars, pumice
IncompleteHistory_04.jpg
Title: Kikunga
Caption:
Marcus Kikunga (1942-1990)
Eularia Beatrice Nzalaria (1948):
Richard Kikunga (1967),
Pascacia Kikunga (1970-2010),
Thomas Kikunga (1972-2006),
Juma Kikunga (1975),
Daria Kikunga (1976):
Saouda Bukuku (1999),
Joseph Bukuku (2000),
Victor Mgimwe (2010)
IncompleteHistory_05.jpg
Title: 100-130 d
Caption:
Crop cycle of maize
100 -130 days
Phenological phases: vegetative phase, reproductive phase and maturation phase
IncompleteHistory_06.jpg
Title: 42-145 d
Caption:
Growing season
42-145 days
Mean length: 93- 97 days
Start: first week of December
End: last week of April
IncompleteHistory_07.jpg
Title: Euforbia sp.
Caption:
Tree species
Euphorbia sp., Acokanthera laevigata, Cassipourea malosana, Bersama abyssinica, turrea holstii,
Halleria lucida, Macaranga kilimanscharica, Ekerbigia capensis, Podocarpus sp., Rapanea,
Schefflera, umbellifera
Shrubs
Clausena anisata, Coffea mufindensis
Sparse trees
Alangium chinense, Albizia gummifera, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum
IncompleteHistory_08.jpg
Title: 181,369 t
Caption:
Bag of maize (100kg)
70,000 to 80,000TSh at Iringa municipal market (2013)
181,369 tons of maize sold outsaide Iringa region (2011-2012)
IncompleteHistory_09.jpg
Title: 1220 kw
Caption:
Hydroelectric plant - Tosamaganga
1951, TANESCO owned, turbine type/manufacturer: Gilkes & Gordon/Francis
Installed capacity 1220 kw, average energy 55 GHh/yr, average energy 6.3 MWc, power flow 16.3
m3/s, spill low 4.8 m3/s, total flow 21.1 m3/s
Out of operation: outdated and inefficient technology (2002)
Heavily contaminated with PCBs – priority 1
IncompleteHistory_10.jpg
Title: pH 6.8
Caption:
Chemical analysis of the Little Ruaha river water
0.25 Boron ppm, 0.16 me/l Calcium, 0.12 Magnesium, 0.35 Sodium, 0.28 residual Sodium carb,
0.94 Sodium absorption ratio
Complete chemical analysis
Electric conductivity at 25°C 131, pH 6.8, Alkalinity 48, total hardness 28, Chlorides 4, O2
absorbed 6.7, Nitrite nil, Nitrate trace, Fluoride 0, Silica 26.5, Sulphate 3.7, Calcium 2.4,
Magnesium 5.28, Sodium 14, Iron 0.90, total dissolvent solids 430
IncompleteHistory_11.jpg
Title: 1273m3
Caption:
Tosamaganga catchment area
1273m3
Flow in May: 20,0638 m3/s, catchment area 759km2, mean annual discharge 4.4, mean annual
rainfall 1000mm, mean annual runoff 184s/km
IncompleteHistory_12.-20jpg
Title: No.1-2-3 etc
IncompleteHistory_21.jpg
Title: 1948
Caption:
“I used to live near the road to Iringa, close to a big tree. Every day, I walked to school in
Tosamaganga. One day, I was 18, I wanted to cross the bridge over the Little Ruaha River, but
there was a dangerous rhinoceros in the area. I had to take a different road, passing the
hydroelectric plant. Marcus worked there as a carpenter, and he watched me passing by. He
introduced himself to my father, who gave me away.”
Eularia Beatrice Nzalaria
Marcus Kikunga (1942-1990) died of tuberculosis. He was born in Irula and came to
Tosamaganga to work as a carpenter at the hydroelectric plant. He is buried in Irula, leaving
nothing behind in Tosamaganga.
IncompleteHistory_22.jpg
Title: 973 hPa
Caption:
Wind
Speed: 26 km/h
Humidity: 44%
Air pressure: 973 hPa
Prevailing wind: S
IncompleteHistory_23.jpg
Title: S
Caption:
Adiabatic flame temperature
Oxy-dicyanoacetylene 4,990°C
Oxy-acetylene 3,480°C
Oxyhydrogen 2,800°C
Air-acetylene 2,534°C
Blowtorch (air-mapp gas) 2,200°C
Bunsen burner (air-natural gas) 1,300 -1,600°C
Candle (air-paraffin) 1,000°C
IncompleteHistory_24.jpg
Title: 1-10 mm
Caption:
Geological erosion: 1 to 10 mm per century
IncompleteHistory_25.jpg
Title: Aw
Caption:
Aw (Köppen-Geiger climate classification)
Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate
Moderately cool tropical and subhumid
Average temperature: 19.7°C
IncompleteHistory_26.jpg
Title: 708mm p.a.
Caption:
Rain
Rainfall: 708 mm p.a.
Unimodal rainfall:
Mvua za mwaka: December – April
IncompleteHistory_27.jpg
Title: 06:17
Caption:
Civil twilight 06:17-18:49
Astrological twilight 05:27-19:39
Nautical twilight 05:52-19:14
IncompleteHistory_28.jpg
Title: 18:27
Caption:
Sunrise: 06:39
Sunset 18:27
Length of day 11:47:28
IncompleteHistory_29.jpg
Title: LX
Caption:
Lixisols (LX)
46888.61 km2; 4.95%
Definition
Soils, having an argic horizon starting within 100 cm from the soil
surface, or within 200 cm of the soil surface if the argic horizon is
overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout
Connotation
Strongly weathered soils in which clay is washed down from the
surface soil to an accumulation horizon at some depth; from L.
lixivia, washed-out substances
Parent material
Unconsolidated, strongly weathered and strongly leached, finely
textured materials
Environment
Regions with a tropical, subtropical or warm temperate
climate with a pronounced dry season, notably on old erosional
or depositional surfaces. Many Lixisols are (surmised to be)
polygenetic soils with characteristics formed under a more humid
climate in the past
Profile development
ABtC-profiles. On slopes and on other surfaces subject to erosion,
the argic accumulation horizon may be exposed or at shallow depth
IncompleteHistory_30.jpg
Title: Commiphora spp.
Caption:
Trees as/for
Water conservation/water source
Ficus thonningii, Ficus sycomorus
Windbreak
Xeroderris stuhlmannii
Cultural significance
Ficus sycomorus, Syzygium cordatum, Kigelia africana
Spiritual significance
Commiphora spp.: trees that provide a means of communicating
with ancestors
Indicators for rainfall
Mihemi: shed leaves when the rains are about to end
Mipogoro (Acacia): sprouting in the dry season indicates a good rainy season is coming. In the
past, flowering also indicated that rains were about to end