RESEARCH PROPOSAL UNDER PARB CGS SYSTEM
PROJECT ID NO. 34
1. PROJECT TITLE:
Development of nutrient efficient wheat germplasm for
food security in rainfed areas of Pakistan
2. PARB THEME UNDER
WHICH THIS PROJECT
FALLS
Theme-1: Enhancing Productivity on Sustainable Basis
of Major Farming Systems
3. PARB SUB-THEME
UNDER WHICH THIS
PROJECT FALLS
Sub-theme 1.4: Low-input Intensity and Rainfed
System
4. PARB PROJECT GROUP
FOR WHICH THIS
PROJECT MATCH
Project Group 1.4.5: Improve productivity of peanut
and wheat by identifying high
yielding genotype with improved
nutrient uptake and utilization.
5. OBJECTIVE OF THE
PROJECT
(Mission statement)
To develop nutrient efficient wheat germplasm for
increasing productivity under low fertility conditions of
Barani areas in Punjab.
6. ORGANIZATION SUBMITTING THE PROJECT
a. Name of the Host Organization:
Ayub Agri. Research Institute, Faisalabad
b. Name of the Host Institution
Barani Agricultural Research Institute,
Chakwal
c. Administrative Contacts
i. Head of the Host Organization (VC/DG/DIRECTOR/etc.)
Name
Dr. Muhammad Rashid
Title
Director General Agri.(Research)
Telephone 041-2654359
Email
dgaraari@yahoo.com
ii. Head of the Host Institution (Director)
Name
Dr. Abid Mahmood
Title
Director
Telephone 0543-594499
Email
abid_dr@yahoo.com
Signature with date and seal
2
7. COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION (S)
NIL
8. PROJECT MANAGER
Name:
Dr. Abid Mahmood
Title:
Director
Organization/Institute:
Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal
Qualification and Relevant Experience : Ph.D (CV attached)
Telephone:
0543-594499
Mobile:
0300-5478226
Fax:
0543-594501
E mail:
abid_dr@yahoo.com
Signature with date and seal
9. COLABBORATING SCIENTIST (S)
Not Applicable
10. PROJECT DURATION:
36 months
11. DATE OF COMMENCEMENT
Ist May, 2009
12. TOTAL PROJECT COST
Rs. 14.447 million
13. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT: Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal
14. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
i.
Problem to be addressed
Presently, average yield of wheat varieties in Pakistan is around 2.6 t/ha in irrigated
areas while it is 1.2 t/ha in rainfed areas. One of the reasons of low yield especially in
barani region is low input use mainly due to high input cost and low productivity of
these inputs under limited and uncertain soil moisture availability. In irrigated area, the
farmers are applying 208 Kg of NPK per hectare while in rainfed areas it is only 42 Kg
of NP/hectare (Kisana, et al. 2006).
Three stages of wheat plant are identified as most critical as far as moisture is
3
concerned. These are when plants had just completed tillering and entering into stem
elongation stage (about 40 days after planting), anthesis and during grain fill stage.
Moisture shortage at all these stages stops/reduces nutrient uptake, creates nutrient
stress in plants, and ultimately reduce growth/grainfill. The situation is further
complicated by the onset of foliar diseases and heat shock during grainfill. All these
induce senescence which force wheat plant to rely on translocation of carbohydrate
reserve for grain, and results in low yield under such conditions.
Despite these set physiological mechanisms in plants, however, there is genotype
variation on moisture absorption capacity and nutrient use efficiency under given
moisture stress. The main objective of this project is to select best moisture and nutrient
efficient genotypes from local material and its utilization for the development of wheat
breeding material for low fertility areas under rainfed conditions.
ii. Relevance of the Project to the problem to be addressed
In this project genetic resources will be screened for identification of nutrient use
efficient genotypes and this trait will be combined with high yield and disease resistance
to develop wheat breeding material capable of producing reasonable yields even under
water stress conditions.
The parameters related to nutrient use efficiency will be
identified and their correlation with yield under stress conditions will be established.
iii. Literature review preferably for the last 5 years.
Grain filling often occurs when temperatures are increasing and moisture supply is
decreasing. Foliar disease of wheat like leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew spread
and intensify after flowering. Increase in temperature, depletion of soil moisture, and
spread of leaf diseases enhance the rate of natural senescence. All above mentioned
biotic and abiotic stresses consequently result in grain shrivelling and ultimately loss in
yield.
The current assimilation is the carbon source during grain fill. This source is normally
diminishing due to natural senescence and the effect of various stresses. Hence, an
important source of carbon for grain filling in wheat is stem reserve. It was estimated
that canopy respiration and grain dry-matter accumulation were approximately equal
sinks for canopy photosynthate in the early grain-filling stage and, together, were
4
greater than canopy photosynthesis late in grain filling (Gent, 1994). Thus stem reserves
were essential for complete grain filling. Under optimal growing conditions with regard
to temperature, water regime (Davidson and Chevalier, 1992) and mineral nutrition
(Papakosta and Gagianas, 1991), carbon assimilation rates are high and a proportion of
the assimilates is allocated to storage. Under dryland field conditions only half the
amount of water-soluble carbohydrates is available for remobilisation during grain
filling, as compared with irrigated conditions (Winzeler et al. 1989).
Under favourable grain filling conditions, stem reserves contribute only about 20% of
grain yield in all genotypes. Stem reserve mobilization is affected by water deficit
during grain filling. Even the rate of development of water deficit may affect the
mobilization. Palta et al. (1994) found that total grain carbon with fast developing water
deficit reduced by 24% relative to slow rate, whereas post-anthesis assimilation reduced
by 57% while remobilisation of reserves increased by 36%. Water deficit during grain
filling also induces carbon mobilization from tillers to the main stem ear.
It may be concluded that the reduction in current assimilation during grain filling, under
different stresses, will induce greater stem reserve mobilization to and utilization by the
grain. What seem to be important is the reduction in assimilation and not the nature of
stress causing the reduction in yield.
Landraces of wheat were better at grain filling from stem reserves than modern high
yielding cultivars (Blum et al., 1989), but the advantage of landraces in this respect
could be ascribed also to their taller stature. Wheat yield is mainly limited by sink
strength during grain filling. Hence, any trait allowing more assimilates available to the
growing spikes during that period would result in increased spike dry weight at anthesis,
which in turn concomitantly increases spike fertility. An alternative avenue to keep
increasing spike dry weight and thereby number of grains is lengthening the duration of
stem elongation phase and avoiding major changes in flowering time (Miralles and
Slafer 2006). Despite more kernels per unit area, the most modern wheats are still
largely sink limited during grain filling. Growing evidence from spring and winter
wheat (and from rice and maize) now points to the importance of increased
photosynthetic activity before and around flowering for recent genetic increases in yield
potential (Fischer 2006). Cooler canopies reflect a relatively less stressed crop under the
circumstances that is expected to produce more biomass and hence yield (in most
5
cases), than a stressed crop. Canopy Temperature Depression (CTD) has been widely
studied on a range of wheat genotypes under various types of stress, such as excess
drought (Blum, 1988), with impressive correlations with yield recorded (Van Ginkel et
al. 2006). Many papers presented in the 7th International Wheat Conference in Mar Del
Plata, Argentina in December 2005 clearly established that a few genetic traits and
physiological parameters contributed to yield advancement in last 15 years of 20th
Century. Overall valuation of these genetic traits and physiological methodology is only
worth when changing agronomic practices such as no till, water use efficiency and
efficient nutrient uptake are also considered. In most circumstances in developing
countries the water and nutrients are lacking (Rajaram and Braun 2006).
Ortiz et. al. (2001) suggested that the improvement of nutrient use efficiency in wheat
cropping systems can be achieved through two main strategies: by adopting more
efficient crop management practices (such as nutrient rate, timing, source, and
placement) and breeding more nutrient use efficient cultivars.
This project is proposed with philosophy that Photosynthetically active genotypes will
uptake nutrients efficiently and accumulate more biomass rapidly. The biomass
accumulated will serve as source of stem reserve that will be utilized during grain fill
stage when plant faces moisture and heat stress and natural senescence.
The farmers in the barani areas are mostly unable to apply fertilizer to the wheat crop
due to less soil moisture availability. Sometimes this practice results in complete failure
of the crop. The development of nutrient efficient and low input breeding material may
help to develop such cultivars that may exhibit sustainable yield under drought even
without or with nominal inputs.
iv. Achievements and related research in hand, if any
A germplasm of more than 700 genotypes comprising of local collections, local
land races, synthetic hybrids, wheat germplasm and commercially approved wheat
cultivars was screened for various biotic and abiotic stresses like drought, heat, rust and
fertilizer use efficiency. During 2005-06, a programme was initiated to screen wheat
germplasm comprising of more than 200 accessions for no input (only soil available
nutrients were used) or optimum fertilizer application at Barani Agricultural Research
6
Institute, Chakwal. The wheat crop was sown on an exhausted field (low in fertility).
One set of these accessions was applied with optimum dose of fertilizer whereas other
set was grown with no fertilizer application. The yield with fertilizer was achieved upto
3000 kg/ha whereas in case of no fertilizer maximum yield was obtained 1399 kg/ha
which is still higher than the average yield of barani areas, depicting promise for
improvement. After through screening a list of 100 lines was made to be used in
nutrient use efficiency screening.
15. PROJECT PLAN
a.
Scientific/technical methodology (give details):
The wheat accessions collected will be planted in a nutrient exhausted field i.e., wheat
trial will be sown following millet crop. The trial of nutrient efficiency study will be
conducted under two moisture levels a) irrigated and b) drought (Rain Shelter) conditions.
Three levels of nutrients will be applied under each moisture regime.
1. No nutrient input (Low fertility level, only soil available nutrients will be utilized
without addition of any fertilizer/nutrient)
2. Half of the recommended nutrient input (medium fertility level)
3. Recommended nutrient input (Adequate fertility level)
The data regarding morphological parameters and yield and yield components like No. of
tillers/m length, spike length, No. of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, total biomass, grain
yield, straw yield, harvest index, chlorophyll contents (With the help of Chlorophyll meter),
stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis & transpiration rate (with IRGA Photosynthesis
Analyser) will be recorded to develop indirect selection criteria for nutrient use efficient
genotypes and their correlation with yield, the ultimate goal of the project. Before sowing and
after completion of the experiment, composite soil samples will be collected for their detailed
fertility status. Soil sampling will be done fortnightly from different depths (0-15, 15-30, 3045 and 45-60cm) to know the soil moisture status available at different stages.
At maturity plant and grain samples will be collected, prepared and analyzed for different
macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe) contents. This physical and nutrient
analytical data will help to calculate Nutrient use efficiency, Uptake efficiency, Utilization
efficiency and Biomass production efficiency.
7
First Year
1. The 100 wheat accessions mentioned in section 14 (iv) and collection of some new
lines comprising of commercially approved varieties, local collections from drought
areas, local land races and accessions from already available germplasm of bread
wheat at this institute, will be used in this study.
2. These collected accessions will be planted with optimum, half and minimum input
(only available soil nutrients without addition of nutrients/ fertilizers) under drought
(in rain shelter) and irrigated field conditions. The accessions will be screened for
Nutrient use efficiency, Uptake efficiency, Utilization efficiency and Biomass
production efficiency (Ortiz et. al. 1997, 2001, Moll et al. 1982).
CALCULATIONS:
Uptake efficiency = Total above ground nutrient in the plant at maturity (Nt)
Nutrient supplied (Ns)
Where Nt = [grain weight at constant moisture (g/m2) x nutrient conc.
in grain (%)] + [non-grain biomass at constant moisture (g/m2) x nutrient conc.
in non - grain biomass(%)]
Utilization Efficiency = harvest index x nutrient biomass production efficiency
Gw/Nt = Gw/ Tw x Tw/Nt
Where Tw = total above ground plant dry weight at maturity
Nutrient Use Efficiency = uptake efficiency x utilization efficiency
Gw/Ns = Nt/ Ns x Gw/Nt
Where Gw = grain dry weight (g/m2)
Nt = total above ground plant nutrient at maturity (g/m2)
Ns = nutrient supplied (g/m2)
Nutrient Biomass Production Efficiency = Tw/ Nt
3. Physiological data like Stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate,
and chlorophyll contents etc. will be recorded.
4. Relationship of nutrient use efficiency with physiological characters mentioned in No.
3 will be established.
5. At maturity plant and grain samples will be collected, prepared and analysed for
different macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe) contents.
Second Year
1. First year results will be confirmed by sowing again same accessions.
2. Nutrient use efficient lines selected during first year will be crossed with high
yielding and disease resistant wheat genotypes. At least 20 crosses will be made.
8
3. At maturity, plant and grain samples will be collected, prepared and analyzed for
different macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe) contents.
Third Year
1. Final confirmation of first and second year results will be made to finally select
nutrient efficient wheat lines.
2. The F1s will be planted during third year to know the physiological basis involved in
Nutrient use efficiency, Uptake efficiency, Utilization efficiency and Biomass
production efficiency.
3. At maturity plant and grain samples will be collected, prepared and analyzed for
different macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe) contents.
4. Plant morphological parameters, yield and yield components and data pertaining to
chlorophyll contents etc. will also be recorded to develop indirect selection criteria for
nutrient use efficient genotypes and their correlation with yield, the ultimate goal.
9
16. Milestones:
Item
Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal.
Description
Objective
Achievement indicators
Activity-1
Activity-2
Activity-3
Output-2
Activity-1
Completion
date
Scientists Involved
Cost
(Rs. Millions)
Development of nutrient efficient wheat
germplasm for food security in rainfed
areas of Pakistan
Genotypes with better
nutrient use efficiency.
Nutrient efficient
lines may not be
available in
existing germplasm
30.4.2012
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
14.447
Screening of local/exotic germplasm of
wheat for nutrient use efficiency under
drought and variable nutrient levels.
Genotypes with better
nutrient use efficiency
under drought & different
nutrient levels
Results of testing genotypes
for nutrient use efficiency.
Climatic hazard
30.6.2011
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
7.821
30.10.2009
30.10.2010
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
1.850
Nutrient use efficient lines
will be identified.
Low soil moisture
under rainfed
conditions may
lead to failure of
crop
Low soil moisture
under rainfed
conditions may
lead to failure of
crop
15.11.2009
15.11.2010
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
1.700
31.7.2010
31.7.2011
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
4.271
30.4.2012
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
2.561
30.4.2010
30.4.2011
30.4.2012
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
2.561


Output-1
Risk involved
Collection of some new wheat accessions
belonging to different genetic background
with tolerance to various biotic & abiotic
stresses in addition to already available
100 lines.
Plantation of 100 + accessions with
optimum, half and minimum input under
rainfed and irrigated field conditions.
Recording of physiological data like
Stomatal conductance, net
photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and
chlorophyll contents etc. At maturity,
plant and grain samples will be collected,
prepared and analyzed for different
macronutrients (N, P, K) and
micronutrients (Zn, Fe) contents. Grain
yield and yield components will be
recorded.
Systematized hybridisation to combine
traits of nutrient use efficiency with
high yield
Systematic hybridisation
 20 crosses will be made between
nutrient use efficient lines and
high yielding lines.
Data of yield, nutrient levels
and quality at various
nutrient levels will be
available
Nil
Crosses of five best nutrient
Nil
use efficient lines with five
elite varieties/ lines.
Seed of 20 crosses will be
Crosses may not
available
succeeded due to
low soil moisture
available
10
Output-3

Understanding physiological basis of
efficient nutrient uptake under drought
and variable nutrient levels
Data on nutrient use
efficiency of 100 wheat
accessions and their F1s.
Activity-1
Final confirmation of 1st and 2nd year
results to find out nutrient efficient wheat
lines
Activity-2
Sowing of F1 generation of last year
crosses and determination of their nutrient
levels and physiological characters to find
out physiological basis of nutrient use
efficiency
Data of yield, nutrient levels
and quality at different
nutrient levels will be
available with its statistical
analysis
Data on Physiological basis
of nutrient use efficiency
will be available.
Nil
Low soil moisture
under rainfed
conditions may
lead to failure of
crop
Nil
Note: Put * on activity incharge and put share of each scientist in ( ) if not equal.
30.4.2012
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
4.065
30.4.2012
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
2.000
30.4.2012
Dr. Abid Mahmood*
2 Research Associates
2.065
11
17. PROJECT STAFF DESCRIPTION:
a.
Host Institute- BARI Chakwal
Additional staff requirements and their proposed qualifications
Name of
No. of posts
Proposed
Experience
post
with justification
qualifications
Research
1 (Available staff is
Ph. D (Soil Science) 5 years
Associate
engaged in ongoing
research activities)
Research
1 (Available staff is M.Sc.(Hons) Agri.
Nil
Associate
engaged in ongoing (Plant Breeding &
research activities)
Genetics)
Pay Package
Rs. 100,000 PM
Rs. 40,000 PM
18. SUMMARY OF THE BUDGET (Million Rs.)
BARI. CHAKWAL (Give detailed activity wise costs as annexure, given in Annexure I)
Research Phase
Year 1
Year 2
Item of Expenditure
Total
Year 3
Salaries
Operating
Equipment
Overseas Travel
Sub-Total
1.830
0.580
2.030
0.000
4.440
1.948
0.590
0.740
0.500
3.778
2.074
0.610
0.000
0.000
2.684
5.852
1.780
2.770
0.500
10.902
Management Cost (25% of the project
cost)
Incentive for PM (1% of the project cost)
Incentives for Scientists (5% of the
project cost)
Sub-Total
G. Total
1.110
0.945
0.671
2.726
0.056
0.278
0.047
0.236
0.034
0.168
0.137
0.682
1.444
1.228
0.873
3.545
5.884
5.006
3.557
14.447
19. BUDGET INSTALMENTS
Instalment
(Half Yearly)
st
1
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
TOTAL
Main Insti.
3.401
2.483
3.124
1.882
1.833
1.724
14.447
(Million Rs.)
Collaborating Insti.
-
Total
3.401
2.483
3.124
1.882
1.833
1.724
14.447
12
1.
2.
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION
a)
Name of linking international institute(s) with justification
b)
Type of collaboration
c)
Scientist(s) involved
INTRNATIONAL TRAVELS
i.
HOST INSTITUTE
a) Name of visiting scientist
Dr. Abid Mahmood
b) Name of institute(s) to be visited
John Innes Centre for Plant Sciences Research, Norwich, U.K
c) Purpose of each visit
Seven days visit to learn modern techniques/methodologies in estimation of nutrient use
efficiency
ii.
COLLABORATING INSTITUTE
Not Applicable
22. IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGIES
Not Applicable
23. COMMERCIALIZATION AND BENEFIT TO END USERS
Method of transferring results:
Please see section 15
ii) Agency/company/consultants involved in adaptation and adoption
Directorate of information Department of Agri. Govt. of Punjab
iii) Expected benefits to end users.
i)
The breeding material developed with nutrient use efficiency will provide a
launching pad for the development of wheat cultivars capable of producing higher
yields under drought and sub optimal nutrient levels. Such wheat genotypes will be
ideally suited for cultivation and increased wheat production in the barani areas.
24.
FINAL REPORT SUBMISSION (date)
30 April 2012
13
References:
1. Blum, A. 1988. Plant Breeding for Stress Environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p
72.
2. Fischer, R.A. 2006. Understanding the Physiological Basis of Yield Potential in Wheat.
In Reynolds MP & Godinez D (Eds): Extended Abstracts of the International
Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential “Challenges to International Wheat Breeding”
March 20-24th, 2006 Cd. Obregon, Mexico. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
3. Gent, M.P.N. 1994. Photosynthate reserves during grain filling in winter wheat. Agron.
J. 86:159-167.
4. Davidson, D.J., and Chevalier, P.M. 1992. Storage and remobilization of water-soluble
carbohydrates in stems of spring wheat. Crop Sci. 32:186-190.
5. Farooq, S. and F. Azam. 2001. Production of low input and stress tolerant wheat
germplasm through the use of biodiversity residing in the wild relatives. Hereditas
135(2-3): 211-215.
6. Kisana, N.S., I. Hussain, M.Y. Mujahid and S.Z. Mustafa. 2006. Increasing Wheat
Productivity in Pakistan. In Reynolds MP & Godinez D (Eds): Extended Abstracts of
the International Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential “Challenges to International
Wheat Breeding” March 20-24th, 2006 Cd. Obregon, Mexico. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
7. Miralles, D.J., and G.A. Slafer. 2006. Sink Limitations to Yield in Wheat: How Could it
be further Reduced? In Reynolds MP & Godinez D (Eds): Extended Abstracts of the
International Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential “Challenges to International Wheat
Breeding” March 20-24th, 2006 Cd. Obregon, Mexico. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
8. Moll, R.H., E.J. Kamprath, and W.A. Jackson.1982. Analysis and interpretation of
factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agron. J. 74:562-564.
9. Ortiz-Monasterio R., J.I., K.D. Sayre, S. Rajaram, and M. McMahon. 1997. Genetic
progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four N rates. Crop Sci.
37(3):898-904.
10. Ortiz-Monasterio,J.I., G.G.B. Manske, and M. van Ginkel. 2001.Nitrogen and
Phosphorus use efficiency. In Reynolds, M.P., J.I. Ortiz-Monasterio, and A. McNab
(eds.). 2001. Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
11. Palta, J.A., Kobata, T., Turner, N.C., and Fillery, I.R. 1994. Remobilization of carbon
and nitrogen in wheat as influenced by postanthesis water deficits. Crop Sci. 34:118124.
14
12. Papakosta, D.K., and Gagianas, A.A. 1991. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation,
remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agron. J.
83:864-870
13. Rajaram,S and H.J.Braun. 2006. Wheat Yield Potential in Sustainable Agriculture
Model. In Reynolds MP & Godinez D (Eds): Extended Abstracts of the International
Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential “Challenges to International Wheat Breeding”
March 20-24th, 2006 Cd. Obregon, Mexico. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
14. Van Ginkel, M., M. Reynolds, R. Trethowan, E. Hernandez, and A. Condon. 2006.
Complimenting the Breeders Eye with Canopy Temperature Measurements. In
Reynolds MP & Godinez D (Eds): Extended Abstracts of the International Symposium
on Wheat Yield Potential “Challenges to International Wheat Breeding” March20-24th,
2006 Cd. Obregon, Mexico. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
15. Winzeler, M., Monteil, Ph., and Nosberger, J. 1989. Grain growth of tall and short
spring wheat genotypes at different assimilate supplies. Crop Sci. 29:1487-1491.
15
Annexure-1
DETAILS OF COST
Item of Expenditure
A. Salaries
i. Research associate 1 @ Rs.100,000PM
ii. Research Associate (1 @ Rs.40,000PM)
iii. Daily wages labour (un-skilled)
Sub-Total (A)
B. Operational
Research Material & Supplies
Fertilizer
Selfing bags/tags/labels etc
pesticides/weedicide/fungicide
Others (specify)Glasswares/chemicals etc
Travelling Allowance
POL
Stationery
Repair of equipments/machinery
Repair of vehicles
Communication costs (postage/phone/fax/internet)
Advertisement costs
Others (plastic sheet for rain shelter etc)
Sub-Total (B)
C. Machinery and equipment
Field Spectroradiometer
One Lap Top Computer
Digital camera
Digital Balance
Rain shelter
Sub-Total (C)
Overseas Travel
(D)
TOTAL (A+B+C+D)
Management Cost (25% of the project cost) E
TOTAL (F) = (A+B+C+D+E)
Incentives for Scientists (5% of theF)
Honoraria for PM (1% of the F)
Sub-total
TOTAL PROJECT COST
(Rs. Millions)
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Total
1.200
0.480
0.150
1.830
1.284
0.514
0.150
1.948
1.374
0.550
0.150
2.074
3.858
1.544
0.450
5.852
0.020
0.010
0.010
0.150
0.070
0.150
0.020
0.040
0.030
0.010
0.020
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.010
0.150
0.060
0.150
0.025
0.040
0.040
0.010
0.020
0.050
0.030
0.010
0.010
0.150
0.060
0.150
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.010
0.020
0.050
0.580
0.590
0.610
0.075
0.030
0.030
0.450
0.190
0.450
0.075
0.120
0.120
0.030
0.060
0.150
1.780
1.100
0.100
0.050
0.040
0.740
2.030
0.000
4.440
1.110
5.550
0.278
0.056
0.334
5.884
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.740
0.740
0.500
3.778
0.945
4.723
0.236
0.047
0.283
5.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2.684
0.671
3.355
0.168
0.034
0.202
3.557
1.100
0.100
0.050
0.040
1.480
2.770
0.500
10.902
2.726
13.628
0.682
0.137
0.819
14.447