REFERENCIAS REMOCION DE METALES A PARTIR DE LIGNINA Acemioðlu, B., Samil, A., Alma, M.H., Gundogan, R., “Copper(II) removal from aqueous solution by organosolv lignin and its recovery”. Appl. Polymer Sci. 89, 1537-1541 (2003). Basso, M.C., Cerrella, E.G., Cukierman, A.L., “Cadmium uptake by lignocellulosic materials: effect of lignin content”. Sep. Sci. Technol. 39, 1163-1175 (2004). Basso M.C, Cerrella E. G, Cukierman A. L. “Lignocellulosic Material as Potentials Biosorbents of trace Toxics Metals from Wastewater”. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 41, 3580-3585, (2002). Crist R., Robertmartin J, and Crist D. “Heavy Metal Uptake by Lignin: Comparison of Biotic Ligand Models with an Ion-Exchange Process”. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1485-1490 (2002). Crist, R.H., J.R. Martin, and R.D. Crist, "Use of aNovel Formulation of Kraft Lignin for Toxic Metal Removal from Process Waters," Sep. Sci. Technol., 39(7), 15351545 (2004). Crist, D.R., Crist, R.H., Martin, J.R. “A new Process for toxic metal uptake by a Kraft lignin”. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 78, 199-202, (2003). Durga Parajuli, Katsutoshi Inoue, Keisuke Ohto, Tatsuya Oshima, Atsushi Murota, Masamitsu Funaoka and Kenjiro Makino. “Adsorption of heavy metals on crosslinked lignocatechol: a modified lignin gel”. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 62 (2),129-139, (2005). E. Gonzalez-Serrano, T. Cordero, J. Rodriguez-Mirasol, L. Cotoruelo and J. J. Rodriguez. “Removal of water pollutants with activated carbons prepared from H3PO4 activation of lignin from kraft black liquors”. Water Research. 38 (13), 30433050, (2004). H. Fred Koch and D. Max Roundhill. “Removal of mercury(Il) nitrate and other heavy metal Ions from aqueous solution by A thiomethylated lignin material”. Separation science and technology, 36(1), 137–143 (2001). Koch, F., Roundhill, M. “Removal of mercury (II) nitrate and other heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by a thiomethylated lignin material”. Separation Science and Technology, 36, 1, 137-143, (2001). Lalvani, S.B., A. Hubeeer, T.S. Wiltowski, and D. Murphy, "Chromium adsorption by Lignin," Energy Sources, 22, 45-56 (2000). Lalvani, S.B., T.S. Wiltowski, D. Murphy, and L.S. Lalvani, "Metal Removal from Process Water by Lignin," Environ.Technol., 18, 1163-1168 (1997). Mohan D., Pittman, C., Steele, P. “Single, Binary and multi-component adsorption of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions on Kraft lignin-a biosorbent”. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 297, 489-504, (2006). N. Pérez, G. Rincón, L. Delgado, C. Guerrero, A. Peña. “Equilibrium Studies and Isothermal Parameters on Adsorption of Nickel onto Lignin”. VII Iberoamerican Conference on Phase Equilibria and Fluid Properties for Process Design – EQUIFASE 2006. Morelia, México. Proceedings of the Conference, 122-129, (2006). N. Pérez, M. Sánchez, G. Rincón, L. Delgado. “Study of the behavior of metal adsorption in acid solutions on lignin using a comparison of different adsorption isotherms”. Latin American Applied Research – LAAR., (2006). Pahlman, J.E., Khalafalla, S.E. “Use of lignochemicals and humic acids to remove heavy metals from process waste streams”. Report RI 9200. U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Mines. Minneapolis, (1988). Pérez, N., Rincón, G., Delgado, L., González, N. “Use of biopolymers for the removal of heavy metals produced by the oil industry -A feasibility study”. Adsorption, 12, 279-286, (2006). Sciban, M. and M. Klasnja, "Study of the Adsorption of Copper (II) Ions from Water OntoWood Sawdust, Pulp and Lignin," Adsorp. Sci. Technol., 22(3), 195-206 (2004). Srivastava, S.K., A.K. Singh, and A. Sharma, "Studies on the Uptake of Lead and Zinc by Lignin Obtained from Black Liquor- a Paper Industry Waste Material", Environ. Technol. 15(4), 353-361 (1994). Wieber J., F. Kulik, A. Phetica, and P. Zuman, "Sorptions on Lignin, Wood and Celluloses. Copper (II) and Zinc (II) Ions," Colloids Surf., 33, 121-132 (1988). LIGNINA Aarti V. Gidh, Stephen R. Decker, Todd B. Vinzant, Michael E. Himmel and Clint Williford. “Determination of lignin by size exclusion chromatography using multi angle laser light scattering”. Journal of Chromatography A, 1114 (1, 5), 102-110, (2006). Aarti V. Gidh, Stephen R. Decker, Chun H. See, Michael E. Himmel and Clint W. Williford. “Characterization of lignin using multi-angle laser light scattering and atomic force microscopy”. Analytica Chimica Acta, 555 (2), 250-258. (2006). Adler, E. “Lignin Chemistry - Past, Present and Future”. Wood Science Technology, 11, 169-218, (1977). A. Gregorová, B. Košíková and R. MoravĨík “Stabilization effect of lignin in natural rubber”. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91 (2), 229-233, (2006). Ana Alves, Manfred Schwanninger, Helena Pereira and José Rodrigues. “Analytical pyrolysis as a direct method to determine the lignin content in wood: Part 1: Comparison of pyrolysis lignin with Klason lignin”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 76 (1-2), 209-213, (2006). Argyropoulos, D.S. “Quantitative Phosphpurous-31 NMR analyses of six soluble lignins. Journal Wood Chemistry Technology, 14, 65-82, (1994). Baptista, C., Robert, D., Duarte, A. P. “Effect of pulping conditions on lignin structure from maritime pine kraft pulps”. Chemical Engineering Journal, 121,153158, (2006). Boeriu, C., Bravo, D. “Characterization of structure-dependent functional properties of lignin with infrared spectroscopy”. Industrial Crops and Products, 20, 205-218, (2004). Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. “Lignin Biosynthesis”. Annual Rewies Plant Biol. 54, 519-46, (2003). Cecília Baptista, Danielle Robert and Ana Paula Duarte, “Effect of pulping conditions on lignin structure from maritime pine kraft pulps”. Chemical Engineering Journal, 121(2-3), 153-158, (2006). Chakar, F.S., Ragauskas, A.J., “Rewied of current and future softwood kraft lignin process chemistry”. Industrial Crops and Products, 20, 131-141, (2004). Charlyse Pouteau, Stéphanie Baumberger, Bernard Cathala and Patrice Dole. “Lignin–polymer blends: evaluation of compatibility by image analysis”. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 327 (9-10), 935-943, (2004). Daniel Pasquini, Maria Teresa Borges Pimenta, Luiz Henrique Ferreira and Antonio Aprigio da Silva Curvelo. “Extraction of lignin from sugar cane bagasse and Pinus taeda wood chips using ethanol–water mixtures and carbon dioxide at high pressures”. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 36 (1), 31-39, (2005). David Ibarra, José C. del Río, Ana Gutiérrez, Isabel M. Rodríguez, Javier Romero, María J. Martínez and Ángel T. Martínez. “Chemical characterization of residual lignins from eucalypt paper pulps”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 74 (1-2), 116-122, (2005). David Ibarra, José C. del Río, Ana Gutiérrez, Isabel M. Rodríguez, Javier Romero, María J. Martínez and Ángel T. Martínez. “Isolation of high-purity residual lignins from eucalypt paper pulps by cellulase and proteinase treatments followed by solvent extraction”. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 35, (2-3), 173-181, (2004). Demirbas, A. “Adsorption of lead and cadmium ions in aqueous solutions onto modified lignin from alkali glycerol delignification”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B109, 221-226, (2004). Dominique Lachenal, Gérard Mortha, Rose-Marie Sevillano and Michail Zaroubine. “Isolation of residual lignin from softwood kraft pulp. Advantages of the acetic acid acidolysis method”. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 327 (9-10), 911-916, (2004). Dupont, L., and Guillon, E. “Removal of hexavalent chromium with a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran”. Environmental Technology. 37, 4235-4241, (2003). F. Le Digabel and L. Avérous. “Effects of lignin content on the properties of lignocellulose-based biocomposites”. Carbohydrate Polymers, 66 (4, 23), 537-545, (2006). F. Xu, X.C. Zhong, R.C. Sun and Q. Lu. “Anatomy, ultrastructure and lignin distribution in cell wall of Caragana Korshinskii”. Industrial Crops and Products, 24 (2), 186-193, (2006). Fadi S. Chakar and Arthur J. Ragauskas. “Review of current and future softwood kraft lignin process chemistry”. Industrial Crops and Products, 20 (2), 131-141, (2004). Feng Xu, Jin-Xia Sun, RunCang Sun, Paul Fowler and Mark S. Baird. “Comparative study of organosolv lignins from wheat straw”. Industrial Crops and Products, 23 (2), 180-193, (2006). Fengel, D. Wegener, G. “Wood-Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions”. De Gruyter (Eds.), New York,143-164, (1989). Froass, P.M., Ragauskas, A.J., Jiang, J.E. “Nuclear magnetic resonance studies. 4. Analysis of residual lignin after kraft pulping”. Industrial Engineering Chemical Res., 37, 3388-3394, (1998). Gang Sun, Hongguang Sun, Yu Liu, Binyuan Zhao, Na Zhu and Keao Hu. “Comparative study on the curing kinetics and mechanism of a lignin-basedepoxy/anhydride resin system”. Polymer, 48 (1, 5), 330-337, (2007). Gellerstedt, G., Lindfors, E.L. “Structural changes in lignin during kraft pulping”. Holszforschung, 38, 151, (1984). Gellerstedt, G., Majtnerova, A., Zhang, L. “Towards a new concept of lignin condensation in kraft pulping. Initial results”. C.R. Biologies, 327, 817-826, (2004). Goldstein, I.S. “Productos químicos derivados de la Madera”. VIII Congreso Mundial de Montes, Yakarta. Unasylva – No 125, (1978). http://www.fao.org/docrep/n5525s/n5525s01.htm Gosseling, RJ. A, de Jong, E., Guran, B., Abächerli, A., “Coordination network for lignin-standardization, production and applications adapted to market requirements” (EUROLIGNIN). Industrial Crops and Products, 20, 121-129, (2004). Jakab E., Faix, O., Till F. “Thermal decomposition of milled wood lignins studied by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 40-41, 171- 186, (1997). Laurence B Davin and Norman G Lewis. “Lignin primary structures and dirigent sites”. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 16(4), 407-415, (2005). M. Sarwar Jahan, D.A. Nasima Chowdhury, M. Khalidul Islam and S.M. Iqbal Moeiz. “Characterization of lignin isolated from some nonwood available in Bangladesh”. Bioresource Technology, 98 (2), 465-469, (2007). Nicolas Vivas, Marie-Françoise Nonier, Isabelle Pianet, Nathalie Vivas de Gaulejac and Éric Fouquet. “Structure of extracted lignins from oak heartwood (Quercus petraea Liebl., Q. Robur L.)”. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 9 (9), 1221-1233, (2006). Nour-Eddine El Mansouri and Joan Salvadó. “Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives: Application to lignosulfonate, kraft, soda-anthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins” Industrial Crops and Products, 24 (1), 8-16, (2006). Ola Wallberg and Ann-Sofi Jönsson. “Separation of lignin in kraft cooking liquor from a continuous digester by ultrafiltration at temperatures above 100°C”. Desalination, 195 (1-3), 187-20, (2006). R. Singh, S. Singh, K.D. Trimukhe, K.V. Pandare, K.B. Bastawade, D.V. Gokhale and A.J. Varma. “Lignin–carbohydrate complexes from sugarcane bagasse: Preparation, purification, and characterization”. Carbohydrate Polymers, 62 (1), 17, 57-66, (2005). Ralph, J., Lundquist, K., Brunow, G., Lu, F., Kim, H., Schatz, P.F., Marita, J.M., Hatfield, R.D., Ralph, S., Christensen, J.H. “Lignins: Natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hidroxyphnyl-propanoids”. Phytochemistry Rewied, 3, 2960, (2004). Ralph, J., Marita, J.M., Ralph, S.A., Hatfield, R.D., Lu, F., Ede, R.M., Peng, J., Quideau, S., Helm, R.F., Grabber, J.H., Kim, H., Jimenez-Monteon, G., Zang, Y., Jung, H-J.G., Landucci, L.L., MacKay, J.J., Sederoff, R. R., Chapple, C.& Boudet, A.M. “Solutions-state NMR lignins”. Argyropoulos DS& Rials T, (ed), Advances in Lignocellulosics Characterization, 55-108. TAPPI Press. Atlanta. GA., (1999). Rohella, R.S., Sahoo, N., Paul, S.C., Choudhury, S., Chakravortty, V. “Thermal studies on isolated and purified lignin”. Thermochimica Acta, 287, 131-138, (1996). Sarkanen, K.V, Ludwig, C. H. “Lignin, Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions”. Wiley/Interscience; New York, pp.95-240, (1971). Shivani B. Mishra, A.K. Mishra, N.K. Kaushik and Mukhtar A. Khan. “Study of performance properties of lignin-based polyblends with polyvinyl chloride”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 183 (2-3), 273-276, (2007). Smook, G.A., Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologist, vol. 11, 2snd edition. Angus Wilde Publications, pp.163-183, (1992). Sun, C.R., Tomkinson, J., Bolton, J. “Effects of precipitation pH on the physicochemical properties of the lignins isolated from the black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre pulping”. Polymer Degradation on Stability, 63, 195-200, (1999). Taina Ohra-aho, Maija Tenkanen and Tarja Tamminen. “Direct analysis of lignin and lignin-like components from softwood kraft pulp by Py-GC/MS techniques”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 74 (1-2), 123-128, (2005). Vinh Q. Dang, Nishi K. Bhardwaj, Viet Hoang and Kien L. Nguyen. “Determination of lignin content in high-yield kraft pulps using photoacoustic rapid scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy”. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68 (3, 5), 489-494, (2007). X. F. Sun, F. Xu, R. C. Sun, Y. X. Wang, P. Fowler and M. S. Baird. “Characteristics of degraded lignins obtained from steam exploded wheat straw”. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 86 (2), 245-256, (2004). Yu-Jane Yang, Li-Ming Cheng and Zin-Huang Liu. “Rapid effect of cadmium on lignin biosynthesis in soybean roots”. Plant Science, 172 (3), 632-639, (2007). ACTIVACION DE LA LIGNINA C. Pouteau, B. Cathala, P. Dole, B. Kurek and B. Monties. “Structural modification of Kraft lignin after acid treatment: characterisation of the apolar extracts and influence on the antioxidant properties in polypropylene”. Industrial Crops and Products, 21, (1), 101-108, (2005). Claudia Crestini, Paola Pro, Veronica Neri and Raffaele Saladino. “Methyltrioxorhenium: a new catalyst for the activation of hydrogen peroxide to the oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 13 (7), 2569-2578, (2005). V. Fierro, V. Torné-Fernández, A. Celzard, D. Montané. “Influence of the demineralization on the chemical activation of Kraft lignin with orthophosphoric acid”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, (2004). V. Fierro, V. Torné-Fernández, D. Montané and A. Celzard. “Study of the decomposition of kraft lignin impregnated with orthophosphoric acid”. Thermochimica Acta, 433 (1-2), 142-148, (2005). Yanping Guo and David A. Rockstraw. “Physical and chemical properties of carbons synthesized from xylan, cellulose, and Kraft lignin by H3PO4 activation” Carbon, 44 (8), 1464-1475, (2006). CARBON ACTIVADO A PARTIR DE LIGNINA Britt P.F., Buchanan A.C., Thomas, K.B, Lee, S. “Pyrolysis mechanisms of lignin: surface-immobilized model compound investigation of acid-catalyzed and freeradical reaction pathways”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 33, 1-19, (1995). Caballero, J.A., Font, R., Marcilla A., “Study of the primary pyrolysis of Kraft lignin at high heating rates: yields and kinetics”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 36, 159-178, (1996). Daniel Montané, Vanessa Torné-Fernández and Vanessa Fierro. “Activated carbons from lignin: kinetic modeling of the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin activated with phosphoric acid”. Chemical Engineering Journal, 106 (1), 1-12, (2005). Dave V., Prasad A., Marand H., and Glasser W. “Molecular organization of lignin during carbonization”. Polymer. 34 (15), 3144 – 3154, (1993). De Chamorro, M; Romano, M. “Simultaneous demetalization and desulphuration of carbonaceous materials via microwaves”. U.S. Patent 6 (068), 737, (2000). Ferdous, A., Dalai, A.K., Bej, S.K., Thring, R. W. “Pyrolysis of lignins: experimental and kinetics studies”. Energy & Fuels, 16, 1405-1412, (2004). Hayashi, J., Kazehay, A., Muroyama, K., and Watkinson, A. “Preparation of activated carbon from lignin by chemical Activation”. Carbon, 30, 1873-1878, (2000). J.L. Braun, K.M. Holtman and J.F. Kadla. “Lignin-based carbon fibers: Oxidative thermostabilization of kraft lignin”. Carbon, 43 (2), 385-394, (2005). Ken-ichi Kuroda and Akiko Nakagawa-izumi. “Analytical pyrolysis of lignin: Products stemming from β-5 substructures”. Organic Geochemistry, 37 (6), 665673, (2006). L. Khezami, A. Chetouani, B. Taouk and R. Capart. “Production and characterisation of activated carbon from wood components in powder: Cellulose, lignin, xylan”. Powder Technology, 157 (1-3), 48-56, (2005). Luisa A. Delgado, Carlos Urbaneja, Diego H. Alizo, Clara I. Guerrero, Gladys Rincón, Narciso A. Pérez. “Obtaining adsorbents through the controlled carbonization of lignocellulosic residues”. CARBON CONFERENCE 2007, Seattle, EE.UU, (2007). Marsh, H., Heintz, E.A., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., “Activated carbon: structure, characterization, preparation and applications”. Introduction to carbon technologies, Alicante: Universidad; 35-98, (1997). P.J.M. Carrott, M.M.L. Ribeiro Carrott, Suhas, P.A.M. Mourão, C.I. Guerrero L.A. Delgado. “Comparison of Activated Carbons Prepared from Lignin from Different Sources”. CARBON CONFERENCE 2006, Aberdeen, UK, paper No SA-458 (2006). Qing Shen and Lei Zhong . “Lignin-based carbon films and controllable pore size and properties”.Materials Science and Engineering: A, 445-446, 731-735, (2007). Ramesh K. Sharma, Jan B. Wooten, Vicki L. Baliga, Xuehao Lin, W. Geoffrey Chan and Mohammad R. Hajaligol. “Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin”. Fuel, 83 (11-12), 1469-1482, (2004). Sharma, R., Wooten, J.B., Baliga, V.L., Lin, X., Chan, W.G., Hajaligol, R. “Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin”. Fuel, 83, 1469-1482, (2004). Suhas, P.J.M. Carrott and M.M.L. Ribeiro Carrott. “Lignin – from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review”. Bioresource Technology, 98 (12), 2301-2312, (2007). V. Fierro, V. Torné-Fernández and A. Celzard. “Kraft lignin as a precursor for microporous activated carbons prepared by impregnation with ortho-phosphoric acid: Synthesis and textural characterisation”. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 92 (1-3), 243-250, (2006). Andrea Mancera Estudiante de Maestría de la UPB Becaria del proyecto Lignocarb en la UHP del 01/01/07 al 31/01/08