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SODIUM FLUORIDE
CASRN: 7681-49-4
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
The IARC Working Group concluded that sodium fluoride (Group 3) are not classifiable
as to their carcinogenicity to humans. /Sodium fluoride was reviewed by the IARC
Working Group. Data for it are published in the IARC Monograph on sodium fluoride.
No evaluation of the carcinogenicity for sodium fluoride is given; Fluorides (inorganic,
used in drinking-water/
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. S7 63 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.33]**QC REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Symptomatology: A. Ingestion of soluble fluoride salts. 1. Salty or soapy taste, salivation,
nausea. Repeated small doses (as in drinking water) may produce no other symptoms, but
polyuria and polydipsia have also been reported. 2. Large doses lead promptly to burning
or crampy abdominal pain, intense vomiting and diarrhea, often with hematemesis and
melena. Dehydration and thirst. 3. Muscle weakness, tremors and rarely transient
epileptiform convulsions, preceded or followed by progressive central nervous depression
(lethargy, coma, and respiratory arrest, even in the absence of circulatory failure). 4.
Shock characterized by pallor, weak and thready pulse (sometimes irregular), shallow
unlabored respiration, weak heart sounds, wet cold skin, cyanosis, anuria, dilated pupils,
followed almost invariably by death in 2 to 4 hours. 5. Even in the absence of shock,
arrhythmias may occur, especially multiple episodes of ventricular fibrillation leading
eventually to cardiac arrest. 6. If the victim survives a few hours, paralysis of the muscles
of deglutition, carpopedal spasm and painful spasms of the extremities. 7. Occasionally
localized or generalized urticaria. 8. The above signs and symptoms are related to a
variety of metabolic disorders that may occur in acute fluoride poisoning, including
hypocalcemia (which may be the only invariable finding), hypomagnesemia, metabolic
and/or respiratory acidosis and sometimes hyperkalemia. /Fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**
Acute poisoning: Ingestion of neutral fluorides such as sodium fluoride ... causes
salivation, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Later, weakness, tremors,
shallow respiration, carpopedal spasm, and convulsions occur. Death is by respiratory
paralysis. If death does not occur immediately, jaundice and oliguria may appear.
Experience with oral fluoride supplements used to prevent tooth decay has been
reassuring; no adverse effects occur unless enormous amounts are ingested.
[Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange,
1987. 217]**PEER REVIEWED**
... THE MAJOR MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE
AMT OF FLUORIDE ARE OSTEOSCLEROSIS & MOTTLED ENAMEL. CHRONIC
EXPOSURE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE CAUSES INCR OSTEOBLASTIC ACTIVITY.
... DENSITY AND CALCIFICATION OF BONE ARE INCREASED; IN THE CASE
OF FLUORIDE INTOXICATION, IT IS THOUGHT TO REPRESENT THE
REPLACEMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE BY THE DENSER FLUOROAPATITE.
/FLUORIDE SALTS/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride was reported to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human
cells, and conflicting results were obtained on the induction of chromosome aberrations;
it did not induce sister chromatid exchanges.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. S7 209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Giant cells were discovered in the bone marrow of a woman taking 150 mg of sodium
fluoride daily for osteoporosis. After fluoride was discontinued, these cells disappeared.
[Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed.
London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982. 700]**PEER REVIEWED**
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN A CASE OF POISONING BY SODIUM
FLUORIDE IS DESCRIBED. AUTOPSY REVEALED GASTROINTESTINAL
CHEMICAL BURNS, VENOUS PLETHORA, & BRAIN EDEMA. HISTOLOGICAL
EXAMINATION SHOWED SWELLING OF MYOCARDIAL FIBERS.
[ZINGERMAN MY; UCH ZAP PETROZAVODSK GOS UNIV 21 (4): 230-1
(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A cross sectional study was performed to clarify a possible role of atopy in the
occurrence of acute bronchoconstrictive impairment observed in workers in a plant for
the electrolytic extraction of aluminum. At the time of examination, mean hydrogen
fluoride exposure was 0.56 mg/cu m, mean particulate fluoride exposure was 0.15 mg/cu
m, and mean sulfur dioxide concentration was 3.38 mg/cu m. No information on duration
of exposure or employment is provided. Of 227 workers examined (mean age 37, 43%
current smokers) the percentage of those with a history of atopy and positive skin tests
for common allergens was within the expected range. Six had a positive patch test with
2% sodium fluoride. Among 7 workers with paroxysmal wheezing and dyspnea, of
whom 3 were light smokers, 3 had positive skin tests with common allergens but only 1
had an increased IgE value. The same worker also had a positive patch test with 2%
sodium fluoride. Two had symptoms defined as chronic bronchitis. Forced expiratory
volumes, with 2 exceptions, measured at the beginning of the workshift were within
normal limtis. In 5 of the 7 workers, nonspecific bronchoprovocative tests with histamine
or metacholine indicated objectively the presence of bronchial hyperreactivty.
[Saric M et al; Am J Ind Med 9: 239-42 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Two percent solutions of sodium fluoride may kill intestinal mucosal cells and result in
severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. ... Fluorosis affecting bone is not detectable until the
water concentration exceeds at least 4 ppm.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of
Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.
531]**PEER REVIEWED**
Numerous reports of accidental and intentional poisonings with flouride were tabulated
and concluded that a dose range of 5 to 10 grams of sodium fluoride can be cited as a
reasonable estimate of a "certainly lethal (single) dose" for a 70 kg man. They noted that
this corresponds from 70 to 140 mg/kg.
[Hodge HD et al; Fluorine Chemistry Vol IV: p.3-518 (1965) as cited in USEPA;
Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-11 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-033279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The toxicity of sodium fluoride in relation to the beneficial effects of fluoride therapy in
the treatment of malignant neoplasia was examined. They described the effects of
fluoride administered to more than 70 patients for periods of 5 to 6 months. Most of these
subjects, suffering from malignant neoplastic disease, were being treated with metabolic
inhibitors. Some were leukemic children 3 to 6.5 years old, while others were adults
including elderly individuals. Doses for the children were 20 to 50 mg sodium fluoride
(9.0 to 22.5 mg fluoride) four times daily. Doses for adults were 80 mg sodium fluoride
(36.3 mg fluoride) four times daily. The material was administered orally with an antacid
containing 4 percent aluminum oxide or as an enteric coated tablet to avoid gastric
irritation. No evidence of systemic toxicity or of parenchymatous damage was seen
which could be attributed to fluoride, even though some patients had received more than
27 g of sodium fluoride over a period of 3 months. Criteria evaluated included growth
and development in the children, mottled enamel, eruption of permanent teeth,
hematopoisis, liver function, albumin-globulin ratio, blood sugar and cholesterol
concentrations and kidney function. Postmortem data from 4 cases showed no
parenchymatous degeneration attributable to fluoride. In hypertensive patients a tendency
was noted for decreased diastolic and systolic blood pressure. In two patients with
functioning colostomies there was no apparent effect of the fluoride on the exposed
mucosa of the colon.
[Black MM et al; NY State J Med 49: 1187-88 (1949) as cited in USEPA; Drinking
Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-9-10 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-033279]**PEER REVIEWED**
33 post-menopausal women with 100 mg sodium fluoride daily for two years and
another 23 similar patients with 50 mg sodium fluoride daily for two years were treated.
A decrese of cortical bone was evident at both dose levels. However, cancellous bone
was increased to some extent in half of those receiving the higher dose. The findings also
suggested that two years of treatment at the lower dose or one year at the higer dose
avoided new vertebral fractures. Gastrointestinal discomfort sometimes combined with
nausea was encountered chiefly at the higher dose, but was of minor clinical importance.
Osteoarticular pain was the major side effect of fluoride therapy and was seen in about 60
percent of the patients at both dose levels. The maximum effect was seen after 6 to 12
months of treatment and then gradually disappeared. In 18% of the patients, treatment
had to be discontinued.
[Dambacher MA; Centre d'etude des Maladies Osted-Articulaires de Geneve: 238-41
(1978) as cited in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-4 (1985)
EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chronic poisoning: Intake of more than 6 mg of fluoride per day results in fluorosis.
Symptoms are weight loss, brittleness of bones, anemia, weakness, general ill health,
stiffness of joints. ... /Fluoride/
[Dreisbach, R. H. Handbook of Poisoning. 9th ed. Los Altos, California: Lange Medical
Publications, 1977. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Dust inhalation and skin or eye contact may cause irritation of the skin, eyes or
respiratory tract ...
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 798]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
... Sodium fluoride is used in tablets and drops to supplement intake in children and is
also contained in mouth washes at such high levels, 200 to 900 ppm as to represent ... a
hazard if large volumes are ingested.
[Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug
Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983. 691]**PEER REVIEWED**
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom
in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1):
142 (1994)]**QC REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
Fluoride levels in urine should be checked periodically and all workers should be
subjected to periodical skeletal X-ray exam particularly of the pelvis. /Fluoride and
cmpd/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols.
I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 894]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Populations at Special Risk:
Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of fluoride are individuals
that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some forms of renal impairment. These high risk
populations represent a relatively small segment of the general populations. /Fluoride/
[USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.I-5 (1985) EPA Contract No.
68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
ACUTE FLUORIDE POISONING IS NOT RARE. IT USUALLY RESULTS FROM
ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF INSECTICIDES AND RODENTICIDES
CONTAINING FLUORIDE SALTS. /FLUORIDES/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride ... source of toxic fluoride ions which cannot be detoxified. Thus,
precautions must be taken to insure that /this/ material does not enter a water supply in
large amounts ...
[Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park
Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980. 679]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record
chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms
predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness,
carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hyperkalemia. In severe poisonings, hypotension and
dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually results from
cardiac failure or respiratory muscle paralysis.
B) Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop
after inhalation.
C) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts
with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which
may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported
following massive overdoses.
0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Cardiac dysrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may
be noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several
patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during
hemodialysis. QT prolongation secondary to hypocalcemia
can occur following fluoride toxicity.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Respirations are first stimulated then depressed. Death
is usually from respiratory muscle paralysis. Following
inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness
and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride
induced hypocalcemia.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation,
hematemesis, and diarrhea can occur. These effects may
be delayed for several hours following oral exposure.
GI symptoms can develop following fluoride ingestions
of 3 milligrams/kilogram or more.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) An increase of hepatic enzymes have been reported
following sodium fluoride toxicity.
0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia may occur following
fluoride toxicity. Hypocalcemia is likely to develop
with acute exposure.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following
dermal exposure to fluoride.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A) Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg
fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of
pregnancy has been reported to be safe.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY
A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS16984-48-8 (IARC,
2004):
1) IARC Classification
a) Listed as: Fluorides (inorganic, used in
drinking-water)
b) Carcinogen Rating: 3
1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not
classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
This category is used most commonly for agents,
mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the
evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
and inadequate or limited in experimental animals.
Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the
evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed
in this category when there is strong evidence that
the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental
animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures
and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any
other group are also placed in this category.
0.2.23 OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated
water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of
fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments,
and other crippling changes.
Laboratory:
A) Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels
closely in symptomatic patients or those with significant
ingestions.
B) No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis)
is needed unless otherwise indicated.
C) Monitor ECG in significant intoxications. Electrolyte
abnormalities (e.g., hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia)
secondary to fluoride toxicity can result in cardiac
dysrhythmias.
Treatment Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) ADMINISTER milk (1 to 2 glassfuls), calcium gluconate,
or calcium lactate to bind fluoride ion in the
gastrointestinal tract.
B) ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be
administered.
C) IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be
necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent
metals in serious overdosage.
D) Monitor ECG and vital signs closely.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist
ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled
beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A) OVERVIEW
1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
A) The average daily dietary fluoride intake for an adult
ranges from 0.5 to 5 milligrams as the anion.
B) The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of elemental
fluoride (not sodium fluoride).
C) Gastrointestinal symptoms have occurred following
ingestions of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Death has been
reported following ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride.
D) Accidental ingestion of sodium fluoride by children
usually does not present a serious risk if the amount of
fluoride ingested is less than 5 mg/kg. Fluoride
toothpaste typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of
fluoride per gram of toothpaste.
[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO,
2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):
TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume
122, edition expires Nov, 2004.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
The IARC Working Group concluded that sodium fluoride (Group 3) are not classifiable
as to their carcinogenicity to humans. /Sodium fluoride was reviewed by the IARC
Working Group. Data for it are published in the IARC Monograph on sodium fluoride.
No evaluation of the carcinogenicity for sodium fluoride is given; Fluorides (inorganic,
used in drinking-water/
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. S7 63 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.33]**QC REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Experimentally, sodium fluoride has been tested on rabbit eyes in several different ways.
Application of a 2% aqueous solution to the eye caused corneal epithelial defects and
necrotic areas in the conjunctiva. Injection subconjunctivally or into the anterior chamber
caused corneal edema and a severe inflammatory reaction in the eye with hemorrhages in
the iris.
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Publisher, 1986. 435]**PEER REVIEWED**
/ACUTE POISONING/ IF SUFFICIENT FLUORIDE IS ABSORBED ... FLUORIDE
ION INCREASES CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY AND ALSO PRODUCES A
COAGULATION DEFECT. THESE ACTIONS LEAD TO HEMORRHAGIC
GASTROENTERITIS & HEMORRHAGES, CONGESTION, & EDEMA IN VARIOUS
ORGANS INCL THE BRAIN. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE
EXCITABILITY, MUSCLE TREMORS, WEAKNESS, URINATION, DEFECATION,
SALIVATION, EMESIS, SUDDEN COLLAPSE, CLONIC CONVULSIONS, COMA,
& DEATH DUE TO RESP & CARDIAC FAILURE. CYANOSIS & EARLY RIGOR
MORTIS ... /FLUORIDE/
[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed.
Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1014]**PEER REVIEWED**
SHEEP RECEIVING WATER CONTAINING 10 PPM OF FLUORINE AS SODIUM
FLUORIDE OVER A SEVEN YEAR PERIOD SHOWED A DECREASE IN WOOL
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN THE TEETH; THE AVG
DAILY INTAKE OF FLUORINE WAS 14 MG.
[Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed.
London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 51]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROSIS /CHRONIC POISONING/ CAN OCCUR IN MILD FORM IN CATTLE
IF DIET CONTAINS 40 PPM AS SODIUM FLUORIDE. ... THERE IS A 6 MONTH
TO 1 YR OR MORE ONSET OF PERIODIC LAMENESS; PAINFUL, STIFF GAIT
OR POSTURE; DECREASED FEED INTAKE; ANOREXIA; ROUGH HAIRCOAT;
EMACIATION; AND DECR MILK PRODUCTION. BONY EXOSTOSES MAY BE
SEEN OR FELT ON THE LEGS, & THE TEETH HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC
MOTTLING AND PATCHY LOSS OF DENTINE. THE TEETH ALSO BECOME
STAINED BROWN AROUND ERODED AREAS, AND THEY WEAR UNEVENLY.
SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES MAY OCCUR. DENTAL LESIONS ... MOST
SEVERE IN DEVELOPING TEETH ... BEGIN BILATERALLY ON THE MEDIAL
SIDE OF THE PROXIMAL THIRD OF THE METATARSAL OF CATTLE ...
CONSIST OF HYPEROSTOSIS, POROSIS, ENLARGEMENT, CHALKY WHITE
APPEARANCE, & ROUGHENING. LESIONS PROGRESS TO THE MANDIBLE,
METACARPALS, RIBS AND SPINE.
[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed.
Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1045]**PEER REVIEWED**
ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVITY OF HOMOGENATES OF MONKEY
FRONTAL CORTEX WAS STIMULATED BY SODIUM FLUORIDE.
[AHN HS ET AL; BRAIN RES 116 (3): 437-541 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
PLASMA POLYPS WERE FOUND AT END OF A NORMAL PREGNANCY IN
GUINEA PIGS. FOLLOWING SODIUM FLUORIDE INTOXICATION, THERE
WAS AN EXTREME INCR OF PLASMA POLYPS IN PLACENTA. THIS
ACCELERATED FORMATION WAS PREVENTED BY INJECTION OF SODIUM
PYRUVATE.
[THORN W ET AL; ARCH GYNAEKOL 221 (3): 203-10 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE DID NOT INDUCE REVERSE MUTATIONS IN
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAINS TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, OR
TA100 WHEN TESTED AT UP TO 500 UG/PLATE IN THE ABSENCE, OR AT UP
TO 2000 UG/PLATE IN THE PRESENCE, OF A LIVER ACTIVATION SYSTEM
FROM AROCLOR 1254 INDUCED RATS. IT DID NOT INDUCE GENE
CONVERSION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE STRAIN D4 IN THE SAME
STUDY. NO SEX LINKED RECESSIVE LETHALS WERE INDUCED IN
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WHEN SODIUM FLUORIDE WAS ADMIN BY
INJECTION OF A 1X10-3 MOLAR SOLUTION ...
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 275 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride did not induce DNA strand breaks in testicular cells of rats treated in
vivo and did not cause chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow or testicular cells or
sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells of mice treated in vivo.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. S7 209 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE CHROMOSOMES
OF COW AND EWE OOCYTES WHEN CULTURED IN THE PRESENCE OF UP TO
0.1 AND 0.2 MG/ML SODIUM FLUORIDE, RESPECTIVELY & IN CULTURES OF
MOUSE OOCYTES AT CONCN BELOW 0.4 MG/ML. THE EFFECTS WERE NOT
DOSE RELATED. NO CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS WERE INDUCED IN OOCYTES
OF MICE EXPOSED TO SODIUM FLUORIDE AS A SINGLE, ACUTE DOSE (500
UG INTRAVENOUSLY) OR CHRONICALLY (250 UG SUBCUTANEOUSLY
DAILY FOR 16 DAYS).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 275 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
GROUPS OF 54 MALE & 54 WEANLING FEMALE SWISS CD1 MICE WERE
GIVEN 10 MG/L SODIUM FLUORIDE IN DOUBLY DEIONIZED DRINKING
WATER FOR LIFE, TO GIVE A DOSE OF ABOUT 70 UG/DAY FLUORINE. AN
EQUAL NUMBER OF ANIMALS SERVED AS MATCHED CONTROLS. NO
FLUORINE WAS DETECTED IN THE DIET OF THE ANIMALS. DEAD ANIMALS
WERE WEIGHED & NECROPSIED, GROSS LESIONS WERE RECORDED, &
VISIBLE TUMORS & TISSUES WERE EXAMINED HISTOLOGICALLY. THE
BODY WEIGHT OF MALES WAS NOT AFFECTED, BUT THAT OF FEMALES
WAS SOMEWHAT INCREASED WHEN COMPARED WITH THE
CORRESPONDING CONTROLS. MALES GIVEN SODIUM FLUORIDE
SURVIVED ONE TO TWO MONTHS LONGER THAN CONTROLS; THE LIFE
SPANS OF TREATED & CONTROL FEMALE MICE WERE SIMILAR. TUMORS
WERE OBSERVED IN 24/71 CONTROLS & 22/72 TREATED MICE, IN SIMILAR
LOCATIONS & OF SIMILAR TYPES.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 271 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A GROUP OF FEMALE DBA MICE, 7-10 WK OF AGE, WERE FED 900 MG/KG OF
DIET SODIUM FLUORIDE UNTIL THE SURVIVING ANIMALS WERE 97-100
WEEKS OF AGE. /MATCHED CONTROLS USED/. ... MAMMARY GLAND
CARCINOMAS OCCURRED IN 37/47 CONTROLS & IN 20/40 TREATED
ANIMALS (TANNENBAUM & SILVERSTONE, 1949).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 271 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
GROUPS OF 94 C3H & 46 DBA FEMALE MICE, 4-12 MO OF AGE, WERE GIVEN
0.4, 1.0 OR 4.0 MG/L SODIUM FLUORIDE IN DISTILLED DRINKING-WATER
FOR 7-12 MONTHS. GROUPS OF 96 C3H & 45 DBA FEMALES ... AS MATCHED
CONTROLS ... ALSO FED DIET CONTAINING 20-38 MG/KG FLUORINE. /OTHER
GROUPS OF/ 65 & 36 C3H MICE AND 66 & 66 DBA MICE, 2-9 MONTHS OF AGE,
RECEIVED 1.0 & 10.0 MG/L, RESPECTIVELY, SODIUM FLUORIDE IN
DISTILLED WATER FOR 10-17 MONTHS. ALL ... FED MIXED GRAIN DIET
CONTAINING NEGLIGIBLE AMT OF FLUORINE. ... AMONG MICE THAT
RECEIVED 10.0 MG/L FLUORIDE, 63% DIED OF MAMMARY GLAND
CARCINOMAS, COMPARED WITH 50% OF CONTROLS (TAYLOR, 1954).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 271 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride was evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay
using strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535. Sodium fluoride was tested at
nine concentrations ranging from 0.44 to 4421 ug/plate both in the presence and absence
of Aroclor induced rat liver microsomes. Sodium fluoride was negative in these tests and
the highest ineffective dose tested was 4421 ug/plate.
[Li Y et al; Mutat Res 190: 229-36 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
After intraperitoneal administration of a single large dose of fluoride (sodium fluoride,
35 mg/kg body weight), the calcium contents of the renal cortex and medulla of fluoride
intoxicated rats were increased by 33 and 10 times, respectively.
[Suketa Y et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 39: 313-19 (1977) as cited in WHO; Environ
Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.54 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The ionic fluoride levels in plasma following intraperitoneal administration of 15, 20, or
25 mg of fluoride per kg body weight to 200 g rats /was studied/. In animals given 25
mg/kg, the mean ionic fluoride level in plasma was 38 mg/liter after 10 min and the
animals invariably died within 1 hr. All animals receiving 15 or 20 mg/kg survived,
despite mean ionic fluoride levels in plasma of 22.9 and 29.2 mg/l, respectively.
[Singer L et al; Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157: 363-68 (1978) as cited in WHO; Environ
Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.53 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fish exposed to poisonous amounts of sodium fluoride become apathetic, lose weight,
have periods of violent movement, and wander aimlessly. Finally, there is a loss of
equilibrium accompanied by tetany and death. Mucous secretion increases, accompanied
by proliferation of mucous producing cells in the respiratory and integumentary
epithelium.
[Neuhold JM et al; Trans Am Fish Soc 89: 358-70 (1960) as cited in WHO; Environ
Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.49 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Typical symptoms of acute toxicity are reduction or loss of appetite, local or general
congestion, and sub-mucosal haemorrhages of the gastrointestinal tract. Such acute
responses were recognized when chickens were fed for 10 days on a diet containing 6786
mg fluoride/kg (as sodium fluoride). Roosters receiving sodium fluoride at 200 mg/kg
body weight, twice in 24 hr, developed gastroenteritis with edema of the mucosa of the
stomach and upper bowels, subcutaneous edema, hepatomegaly, and atrophy of the
pancreas.
[Cass JS; J Occup Med 3: 471-77, 527-43 (1966) as cited in WHO; Environ Health
Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.49 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
No effect of sodium fluoride in drinking water on the frequency of sister chromatid
exchange in mice /were found/. Twelve week old mice were taken from colonies which
had been maintained for at least the seven prior generations on a low fluoride diet
(estimated to equal less than 0.1 mg/kg/day) or a high fluoride diet (50 ppm-estimated to
equal 10 mg/kg/day). Sodium fluoride was added to the drinking water of the group
exposed to 50 ppm fluoride. Sister chromatid exchange status was identified in a separate
laboratory with no knowledge of the fluoride status of the animals. No significant
differences in sister chromatid exchange status were found between the low and high
fluoride groups.
[Kram D et al; Mutat Res 57: 51-55 (1978) as cited in WHO; Environ Health Criteria:
Fluorine and Fluorides p.V-29 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In a chronic study, mice (female, CSE mice, 3 to 4 weeks old, initially weighing 22.5 to
25.5 grams) were given drinking water containing 1 to 6 mg fluoride (as sodium
flouride)/l for six months. No histological effects attributable to fluoride were seen in the
heart, stomach, intestines, or bones.
[Hansen K; Bios 19: 51-55 (1978) as cited in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document
for Fluoride p.V-27 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The mutagenicity of sodium fluoride in Salmonella typhimurium and in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae /was evaluated/. Sodium fluoride was added to plates at 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and
500 ug/plate; with and without microsomal enzyme preparatins from rats treated with
Aroclor 1254. There was no indication of mutagenic activity in this experiment. On test
which gave an elevated result (TA100) was repeated. There was no repetition of the
elevated result.
[Martin GR; Mutat Res 66: 159-67 (1979) as cited in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria
Document for Fluoride p.V-31 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Holstein calves /were exposed/ to dietary sodium fluoride. At the start of the experiment
the calves were 6 to 27 weeks old. Sodium fluoride was added to their diet to supply 1.0,
1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 2.0 mg fluoride/kg/day. The majority of the cattle were removed from
the experiment either during or at the end of the second lactation period. Length of
exposure in calendar time was not specified and varied from animal to animal. Severe
fluorosis (characterized by rapid weight loss, general deterioration of condition,
intermittent lameness and stiffness) was consistently associated with a skeletal fluoride
concentration greater than 5,500 ppm. This concentration was reached by the first
lactation in cows receiving 2.0 mg fluoride/kg/day and by the second lactation in cows
receiving 1.6 mg fluoride/kg/day. The authors stated that a fluoride level in bone in
excess of 5,500 ppm is one of the most reliable indices of fluoride toxicosis.
[USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-4 (1985) EPA Contract
No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The effect of sodium flouride on reproductive performance in Hereford heifers was
studied. These animals were free from tuberculosis and Bang's disease and were
immunized against brucellosis. Sodium fluoride was added to feed so that over the nine
year period of exposure, groups of three calves received 0.17, 0.39, 0.59, 0.91, 1.03, 1.24,
1.56 and 1.96 mg fluoride/kg/day. The cows were yearlings at the start of the experiment.
They were bred first when two years old, then at yearly intervals for nine years. Breeding
records of these animals were kept. ... It is apparent that there was some deficit in
reproductive performance associated with exposure to 1.56 and 1.96 mg/kg/day.
Exposure to less than 1.56 mg/kg/day did not have an obvious effect on reproductive
performance.
[Hobbs CS et al; Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 235: (1962) as cited
in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.V-19 (1985) EPA Contract
No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The acute and subacute physiological and pathological effects of fluoride (as sodium
fluoride) administered intravenously and orally to male and female dogs /were
described/. When fluoride was infused intravenously in four dogs at the rate of 5.4 mg
Fluoride/min, the mean acute lethal dose was 36.0 + or - 0.5 mg Fluoride/kg with death
occurring after 59 to 64 minutes of infusion. The principal effects observed were a
progressive decline in blood pressure, heart rate, central nervous system activity (pupil
size, response to light, tendon reflexes) with vomiting and defecation.
[Leone NC et al; Public Health Rep 71: 459-67 (1956) as cited in USEPA; Drinking
Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.III-9 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-033279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride test for mutagenicity in mouse lymphoma cells was positive.
[NTP; Fiscal Year 1988 Annual Plan p.84 (1988) NTP-87-200]**PEER REVIEWED**
... LAMENESS; PAINFUL, STIFF GAIT OR POSTURE; DECR FEED INTAKE;
ANOREXIA; ROUGH HAIRCOAT; EMACIATION; & DECR MILK PRODUCTION.
BONY EXOSTOSES ... TEETH HAVE ... MOTTLING & PATCHY LOSS OF
DENTINE. ... SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES MAY OCCUR. ... LESIONS CONSIST
OF HYPEROSTOSIS, POROSIS, ENLARGEMENT ... ROUGHENING. /FLUORIDE/
[Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State
University Press, 1977. 1275]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2 year dosed water studies, there was
equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium fluoride in male F344/N rats,
based on the occurrence of a small number of osteosarcomas in dosed animals.
"Equivocal evidence" is a category for uncertain findings defined as studies that are
interpreted as showing a marginal increase of neoplasms that may be related to chemical
administration. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats
receiving sodium fluoride at concentrations of 25, 100, or 175 ppm (11, 45, or 79 ppm
fluoride) in drinking water for 2 years. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of
sodium fluoride in male or female mice receiving sodium fluoride at concentrations of
25, 100, or 175 ppm in drinking water for 2 years.
[Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1
Mice (Drinking water Studies). Technical Report Series No. 393 (1990) NIH Publication
No. 91-2848 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27709]**QC REVIEWED**
National Toxicology Program Studies:
... Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted with F344/N rats and B6C3F1
mice of each sex by incorporating sodium fluoride into the drinking water in studies
lasting ... 2 yr. ... The sodium fluoride concentrations selected for the 2 yr studies in both
rats and mice were 0, 25, 100, and 175 ppm in the drinking water. These concn were
selected based on the decr weight gain of rats at 300 ppm and of mice at 200 ppm and
above, on the incidence of gastric lesions in rats at 300 ppm in the 6 month studies, and
on the absence of significant toxic effects at sodium fluoride concentrations as high as
100 ppm in an earlier 2 year study. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2 year
dosed water studies, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium
fluoride in male F344/N rats, based on the occurrence of a small number of
osteosarcomas in dosed animals. "Equivocal evidence" is a category for uncertain
findings defined as studies that are interpreted as showing a marginal increase of
neoplasms that may be related to chemical administration. There was no evidence of
carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats receiving sodium fluoride at concentrations
of 25, 100, or 175 ppm (11, 45, or 79 ppm fluoride) in drinking water for 2 years. There
was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium fluoride in male or female mice
receiving sodium fluoride at concentrations of 25, 100, or 175 ppm in drinking water for
2 years.
[Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1
Mice (Drinking water Studies). Technical Report Series No. 393 (1990) NIH Publication
No. 91-2848 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27709]**QC REVIEWED**
... Sodium fluoride (NaF) ... was administered ad libitum in drinking water to mated CD
rats (26 per group) on gestation days (gd) 6 through 15 at levels of 0, 50, 150, or 300
ppm. Control water contained less than 0.6 ppm NaF (method detection limit) and food
contained an average of 12.4 ppm F (11.6 - 13.4 ppm F). The calculated doses from
drinking water were 7, 18 and 27 mg NaF/kg/day (i.e., 3, 8 and 12 mg F/kg/day) for the
low- through high-dose groups, respectively. Intake from food added approximately 2 mg
NaF/kg/day (i.e., 1 mg F/kg/day) to the intake for each group. Animals were observed
daily for clinical signs of toxicity. Food, water, and body weights were recorded for the
animals in each group on gd 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20. ... No maternal
lethality occurred in this study. No treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or effects
on maternal body weight were observed. However, maternal weight gain was
significantly reduced at 300 ppm during the first two days of exposure (gd 6 to 8), and a
trend toward decreased weight gain was noted for the treatment period as a whole (gd 6
to 16). Maternal food intake (grams/kg/day) for NaF-exposed dams was generally
comparable to controls, except for a significant decrease at 300 ppm from gd 8 to 10. In
contrast, maternal water consumption (grams/kg/day) during exposure was significantly
decreased in the animals exposed to 300 ppm NaF. Post-exposure water consumption was
normal in these animals indicating the probability of decreased palatability of the 300
ppm solution. Necropsy of the maternal animals revealed no effects on kidney or liver
weights. NaF exposure did not significantly affect the frequency of post-implantation
loss, mean fetal body weight per litter, or external, visceral, or skeletal malformations.
Determination of serum fluoride levels in the 10 animals per group terminated on gd 16
revealed mean levels of 0.007 ± 0.002, 0.035 ± 0.040, 0.039 ±
0.039, and 0.187 ± 0.076 ppm F at the end of the exposure period (per data
provided by the NTP). The poor palatability of the 300 ppm NaF solution in this study
apparently reduced maternal water consumption. Maternal weight gain was significantly
reduced from gd 6 to 8, but recovered thereafter. There was no definitive evidence of
developmental toxicity at levels of sodium fluoride in drinking water as high as 300 ppm
(resulting in an average exposure of 27 mg NaF/kg/day, or 12 mg F/kg/day). When
rodent chow was considered as a source of F, the total intake for the high dose group was
13 mg F/kg/day. By comparison, the estimated human intake from a 1 ppm F drinking
water source is approximately 0.027 mg F/kg/day, and the estimated range of intake from
both food and drinking water sources for an adult human is 0.014-0.080 mg F/kg/day.
Thus, the average daily intake of F from drinking water at the developmental NOAEL in
this study was approximately 450 times the estimated adult human intake from a
fluoridated drinking water source. Total daily intake in this study was approximately 165
times the upper estimate for human intake from food and fluids, including fluoridated
water. This study established a NOAEL for maternal toxicity at 150 ppm (18 mg
NaF/kg/day) and a NOAEL at 300 ppm for developmental toxicity (27 mg NaF/kg/day)
administered in drinking water to pregnant CD® rats during organogenesis.
[Department of Health & Human Services/National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Toxicology Program; Developmental Toxicity of Sodium Flouride
(CAS No. 7681-49-4) in Sprague-Dawley CD Rats, NTP Study No. TER91022
(September, 1994) available at http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/pub-TT0.html as of
August 16, 2002]**QC REVIEWED**
This study was conducted to assess the potential for orally administered sodium fluoride
(NaF) to cause developmental toxicity in rabbits. ... NaF ... was administered ad libitum
in drinking water to mated NZW rabbits (26/group) on gestation days (gd) 6-19 at levels
of 0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/ml). Drinking water (vehicle) contained
<0.6 ppm of sodium fluoride (the detectable limit). Animals were observed daily for
clinical signs of toxicity. Food, water, & body weights were recorded for the animals in
each group on /gestation day/ 0 & every 2 days thereafter through /gestation day/ 30.
Blood samples were collected from 5 animals/group/replicate on /gestation day/ 20;
serum was delivered to the sponsor for determination of fluoride concn. All animals were
killed on /gestation day/ 30 & examined for maternal body & organ weights, implant
status, fetal weight, sex, & morphological development. Based on measurement of water
intake, animals in the low, mid & high concn groups ingested an avg of 10, 18 or 29 mg
NaF/kg bw/day, respectively. However, samples of rabbit chow contained an avg of 15.6
ppm fluoride (range 14.6-16.6 ppm) & therefore feed served as a secondary source of
fluoride exposure. The average measured fluoride intake from both sources (food &
water) was 3, 21, 34 & 52 mg fluoride/animal/day (or 0.8, 6, 9 & 14 mg fluoride/kg
bw/day) for the control through high concn groups. Water intake provided approx 84%,
91% & 95% of the total /fluoride/ consumed for the low through high concn groups in
this study. No maternal mortality occurred in this study. Pregnancy rates were 84%, 87%,
78%, & 83% in the control to high exposure groups, respectively. Maternal body weight
change for the animals receiving 400 ppm NaF was significantly lower than that of
control animals for the period from /gestational day/ 6-8 (14 g avg weight gain for
controls vs. 112 g weight loss for the 400 ppm group); this difference probably resulted
from significantly decreased food & water consumption during the same period. Maternal
body weight change was significantly increased from /gestation day/ 10-12 (22 g avg
weight gain for controls vs. 71 g weight gain for the 400 ppm group), but did not differ
among groups for the treatment period as a whole, indicating that animals in the 400 ppm
group recovered from the weight change effects observed during the first few days of
exposure to NaF in the drinking water. Maternal water consumption (g/kg/day) during
exposure was significantly decreased in the animals exposed to 400 ppm NaF. Postexposure water consumption was normal in these animals indicating the probability of
dereased palatability of the 400 ppm solution. Maternal food consumption was decreased
compared to control during the first four days of treatment (g/day on /gestation day/ 6-8
& 8-10; g/kg/day on /gestation day/ 6-8), but was normal thereafter. No clear clinical
signs of toxicity were observed. Determination of serum fluoride levels by the sponsor, in
7-8 pregnant animals/group, revealed levels of 0.06 &plusmn; 0.04, 0.24 &plusmn; 0.10,
0.39 &plusmn; 0.14, and 0.70 &plusmn; 0.33 ppm at the end of the exposure period for
the control through high dose groups, respectively. Necropsy of the maternal animals
revealed no effects on kidney or liver weights. In utero sodium fluoride exposure did not
affect the frequency of post-implantation loss, mean fetal body weight/litter, or external,
visceral, or skeletal malformations. In summary, there was evidence of minimal maternal
toxicity but no definitive evidence of developmental toxicity with levels of sodium
fluoride in drinking water as high as 400 ppm (resulting in an avg exposure of 29
mg/kg/day) although the palatabillity of a 400 ppm sodium fluoride solution apparently
reduced water consumption. This study established a NOAEL for maternal toxicity at 200
ppm NaF in drinking water (approximately 18 mg/kg/day) and a NOAEL for
developmental toxicity of 400 ppm NaF in drinking water (approximately 29 mg/kg/day)
administered to pregnant NZW rabbits during organogenesis.
[Department of Health & Human Services/National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Toxicology Program; Developmental Toxicity of Sodium Flouride
(CAS No. 7681-49-4) in New Zealand White (NZW) Rabbits, NTP Study No. TER91033
(December, 1993) available at http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/pub-TT0.html as of
August 19, 2002]**QC REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Mice oral 44.3 mg/kg (Admin via stomach tube, under light ether anaesthesia)
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mice intraperitoneal 17.2 mg/kg
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mice oral 46.0 mg/kg
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mice intravenous 23.0 mg/kg
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 rats oral 51.6 mg/kg (Admin via stomach tube, under light ether anaesthesia)
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rats oral 32.0 mg/kg
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (19820]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rats intravenous 11.8 mg/kg
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rats intraperitoneal 24 mg/kg
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
/Studies in man revealed/ peak serum levels are reached within a half hour, and levels fall
promptly, with 20% of a given dose being excreted in the urine within 4 hr.
[Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug
Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983. 691]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS
MAJOR SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS
SODIUM FLUORIDE, ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED. ... FLUORIDE
HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES EXAMINED. ... THERE IS
NO EVIDENCE THAT IT IS CONCENTRATED IN ANY TISSUES EXCEPT BONE,
THYROID, AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PREPONDERANTLY
DEPOSITED IN THE SKELETON & TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL
STORAGE IS RELATED TO INTAKE AND AGE. ... MAJOR ROUTE OF ...
EXCRETION IS BY WAY OF KIDNEYS; ... ALSO EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT BY
SWEAT GLANDS, LACTATING BREAST, & GI TRACT. ... ABOUT 90% OF
FLUORIDE ION FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL
TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride is almost 100% absorbed through the stomach and small intestine.
Absorption may be retarded if calcium salts, milk, or antacids are taken simultaneously.
... A 1.5 mg dose produces a peak blood level of 6 ug/dL.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of
Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.
532]**PEER REVIEWED**
After sodium fluoride solution (1.5 mg orally) was administered to a mother, plasma
fluoride levels increased but there was no corresponding increase in the fluoride
concentration in the breast milk; 2 to 8 ng/ml appeared in the breast milk.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of
Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.
532]**PEER REVIEWED**
/RENAL CLEARANCE/ 1. VIRTUALLY ALL FLUORIDE IN PLASMA ... IS
ULTRAFILTERABLE. 2. RENAL EXCRETION OF RADIOFLUORIDE DEPENDS
ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION & VARIABLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION. 3.
PROBABLY, REABSORPTION IS LARGELY PASSIVE ... 4. FLUORIDE
EXCRETION INCR WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS INCREASED. 5. PROCEDURES
THAT INCREASE URINARY FLOW RATE (EG, ADMIN OF OSMOTIC
DIURETICS, HYPERTONIC SALINE, OR DIURETIC DRUGS) INCREASE THE
CLEARANCE OF FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press, 1977. 376]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN FEMALE RATS, POISONED BY ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM FLUORIDE, THE
SKELETONS OF YOUNGER RATS APPARENTLY ARE MORE EFFICIENT AT
REMOVING FLUORIDE FROM CIRCULATION THAN ARE THOSE OF OLDER
RATS.
[DE LOPEZ OH ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 37 (1): 75-83
(1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RATS GIVEN (18)FLUORIDE ION AS A RADIOTRACER BY CONTINUOUS IV
INFUSION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE FOR 3 HR SHOWED AT SUBLETHAL DOSE
RATES, BLOOD FLUORIDE CONCN NEARS STEADY STATE PROPORTIONAL
TO FLUORIDE INFUSION RATE. BLOOD, KIDNEY, & LUNG HAD HIGHEST
CONCN @ DOSES UP TO 3 MG FLUORIDE/KG/HR, BUT @ 6 MG/KG/HR THE
FLUORIDE OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN & HOLLOW ORGANS INCR SHARPLY.
AMT ABOVE THIS WAS NOT WELL PROCESSED BY EXCRETORY
MECHANISM. RATS INFUSED 3 HR WITH 6 MG FLUORIDE/KG/HR: DURING
INFUSION FLUORIDE CONCN OF BONE & OTHER TISSUES WAS HIGH, BONE
THE HIGHEST. OF SOFT TISSUES, LUNG HAD THE HIGHEST, BRAIN, TESTES,
& FAT PADS THE LEAST CONCN. DURING DEPLETION PHASE, TISSUE
FLUORIDE CONCN DECR, BONE FLUORIDE REMAINED CONSTANT, &
SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT REMAINED IN THE LUNG.
[KNAUS RM ET AL; TOX APPL PHARM 38 (2): 335-43 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FOLLOWING ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM FLUORIDE TO RABBITS, THE
FLUORIDE CONCN OF PLASMA ROSE RAPIDLY FROM A RANGE OF 0.01 TO
0.07 PPM TO A MAXIMAL LEVEL USUALLY WITHIN 1 HR AND THEN
USUALLY DECLINED WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 4 OR 5 HR. DOSES OF 100 TO 140
MG/KG GAVE 1 HR CONCN OF 12 TO 14 PPM.
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and
Wilkins, 1982. 58]**PEER REVIEWED**
Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout the tissues of the
body by the blood. Fluoride concentrations in soft tissues fall to pre-exposure levels
within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchange with hydroxyl radicals of
hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone) to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride
that is not retained is excreted rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake
conditions, the urinary concentration of fluoride tends to approximate the concentration
of fluoride in the drinking water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride
(primarily in bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiration may be an
important route of fluoride excretion. The concentration of fluoride retained in bones and
teeth is a function of both the concentration of fluoride intake and the duration of
exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in increased retention in the
bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated, the bone fluoride
concentration will decrease to a concentration that is again reflective of intake. /Fluoride/
[USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.III-19 (1985) EPA Contract
No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Biological Half-Life:
FOLLOWING ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM FLUORIDE TO RABBITS, THE
FLUORIDE CONCN OF PLASMA ROSE RAPIDLY FROM A RANGE OF 0.01 TO
0.07 PPM TO A MAXIMAL LEVEL USUALLY WITHIN 1 HR AND THEN
USUALLY DECLINED WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 4 OR 5 HR.
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and
Wilkins, 1982. 58]**QC REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
The mechanism of action of orally and topically administered fluorides in reducing tooth
decay are not fully understood. Fluoride ions are incorporated into and stabilize the
apatite crystal of teeth and bone. /Fluorides/
[American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 21580]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Acidification of sodium fluoride solutions increases fluoride uptake by dental enamel ...
[American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2158]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIDE IS VERY REACTIVE AND CAPABLE OF INHIBITING A NUMBER OF
ENZYMES, INCL PREGLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES, PHOSPHATASES, AND
CHOLINESTERASE. THE RESULT IS INHIBITION OF CELLULAR GLUCOSE
PHOSPHORYLATION (HENCE SUBSEQUENT GLYCOLYSIS) AND
RESPIRATION AND INCR SENSITIVITY OF CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS TO
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed.
Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1014]**PEER REVIEWED**
INHIBITION OF ONE OR MORE ENZYMES CONTROLLING CELLULAR
GLYCOLYSIS (& PERHAPS RESP) MAY RESULT IN A CRITICAL LESION. ...
BINDING OR PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM AS CALCIUM FLUORIDE ...
SUGGESTED AS MECHANISM UNDERLYING MANY DIVERSE SIGNS &
SYMPTOMS IN FLUORIDE POISONING, PARTICULARLY IF DEATH IS
DELAYED. ... AT LEAST IN SOME SPECIES FLUORIDE INTERFERES WITH
BOTH CONTRACTILE POWER OF HEART AND THE MECHANISM OF BEAT IN
A WAY THAT CANNOT BE ASCRIBED TO HYPOCALCEMIA. /FLUORIDE/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE INHIBITED AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS & LACTATE
FORMATION. CELLULAR PYRUVATE DECR, & PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
ACCUMULATED. FLUORIDE INHIBITS ENOLASE AND PYRUVATE KINASE.
[GUMINSKA M, STERKOWICZ J; ACTA BIOCHEM POL 23 (4): 285-91
(1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
... PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH FLUORIDE INCR THEIR SENSITIVITY TO
SUCCINYLCHOLINE, DEMETON & PARATHION. /FLUORIDE/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
Fluorides, Topical
[National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH,
1999)]**QC REVIEWED**
... A CONCN OF ABOUT 1 PPM OF /SODIUM/ FLUORIDE IN WATER SUPPLY
RESULTS IN A 50-66% REDUCTION IN INCIDENCE OF DENTAL CARIES IN
PERMANENT TEETH. INGESTED FLUORIDE IS EFFECTIVE ONLY WHILE
TEETH ARE BEING FORMED. THE FLUORIDE IS INCORPORATED INTO
TOOTH SALTS AS FLUOROAPATITE.
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:
Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 732]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride is used orally to increase bone density and relieve bone pain in the
treatment of various metabolic and neoplastic bone diseases.
[American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2160]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): ... USE ... AS AN ANTHELMINTIC AGAINST ROUND
WORMS (ASCARIS) & STOMACH WORMS (HYOSTRONGYLUS) IN PIG. FOR
THIS PURPOSE ... USUALLY MIXED WITH DRY FOOD IN CONCENTRATION
NOT EXCEEDING 1%.
[Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed.
London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 49]**QC REVIEWED**
EXPTL USE: PRETREATMENT OF MICE WITH ATROPINE (17.4 MG/KG) &
SODIUM FLUORIDE (5 OR 15 MG/KG) HAD A SIGNIFICANT ANTIDOTAL
EFFECT OVER ATROPINE ALONE AGAINST THE LETHALITY PRODUCED BY
SOMAN & SARIN. ATROPINE & SODIUM FLUORIDE (15 MG/KG) WAS
EFFECTIVE AGAINST TABUN, WHEREAS THE LOWER DOSE OF NAF WAS
NOT. AN EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON ORGANOPHOSPHATE
INHIBITED ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE COULD NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE
ANTIDOTAL ACTION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE. SODIUM FLUORIDE HAD NO
EFFECT ON LIVER SOMANASE ACTIVITY BUT INHIBITED ALIESTERASE
ACTIVITY. ALIESTERASE ACTIVITY IN SODIUM FLUORIDE PRETREATED
SOMAN POISONED MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN THOSE
RECEIVING ATROPINE ALONE. THE ANTIDOTAL EFFECT OF SODIUM
FLUORIDE VERSES ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING APPEARED TO BE
DUE TO ITS ANTIDESENSITIZING ACTION AT NICOTINIC RECEPTORS IN THE
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION &/OR SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN ADDITION
TO THE PROPOSED INCREASED HYDROLYSIS OF SARIN & DIRECT
DETOXIFICATION OF TABUN.
[CLEMENT JG, FILBERT M; LIFE SCI 32 (16): 1803-10 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): ANTHELMINTIC, PEDICULICIDE, ACARICIDE
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 244 (1982)]**QC REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
... Sodium fluoride is used in tablets and drops to supplement intake in children and is
also contained in mouth washes at such high levels, 200 to 900 ppm as to represent ... a
hazard if large volumes are ingested.
[Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug
Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983. 691]**PEER REVIEWED**
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom
in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1):
142 (1994)]**QC REVIEWED**
Interactions:
... PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH FLUORIDE INCR THEIR SENSITIVITY TO
SUCCINYLCHOLINE, DEMETON & PARATHION. /FLUORIDE/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
ACUTE FLUORIDE POISONING IS NOT RARE. IT USUALLY RESULTS FROM
ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF INSECTICIDES AND RODENTICIDES
CONTAINING FLUORIDE SALTS. /FLUORIDES/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride ... source of toxic fluoride ions which cannot be detoxified. Thus,
precautions must be taken to insure that /this/ material does not enter a water supply in
large amounts ...
[Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park
Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980. 679]**PEER REVIEWED**
Natural Pollution Sources:
... The natural concentration of fluoride in ground-water depends on such factors as the
geological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the water-supplying area, the
consistency of the soil, the porosity of rocks, the pH and temperature, the complexing
action of other elements, and the depth of wells. ... /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.25 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
At Lake Magadi Kenya, raw trona is dredged from encrustations on the lake, crushed,
washed, and calcined to convert the sodium sesquicarbonate to soda ash. The calcined
material is crushed and screened to produce a dense product with ... a characteristically
high (1.0%) sodium fluoride content.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 1(78) 877]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorine ranks 13th among the elements in the order of abundance in the Earth's crust.
/Fluorine/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.25 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Because it is so reactive, fluorine rarely, if ever, occurs naturally in the elementary state,
existing instead in the ionic form or as a variety of inorgainc and orgainc fluorides.
Rocks, soil, water, air, plants, and animals all contain fluoride in widely-varying
concentrations. /Fluoride and fluorine/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.11 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
FROM FACTORIES, PROCESSING FLUORINE CONTAINING ORES, DUSTS MAY
CONSIST OF SODIUM FLUORIDE VOLATILIZED .../AND/... THEN
CONDENSED BY COOLER SURROUNDING AIR. LEAVES OF PLANTS MAY
COLLECT SOME OF THE DUST. EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION WILL DEPEND
UPON TOPOGRAPHY OF SURROUNDING TERRAIN & ESPECIALLY
DIRECTION OF PREVAILING WIND.
[Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke and M.L. Clarke.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967. 83]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
...Fluoride concentrations in ground-water fluctuate within wide limits e.g. from <1 to 25
mg or more per litre. ... In surface fresh fluoride content is usually low, 0.01-0.3 mg/l. ...
Fluoride concentrations are higher in sea ... averaging 1.3 mg/l. ... /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.26 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Sodium fluoride (not more than 0.25% pesticide formulation) is exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as
inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing
crops.
[40 CFR 180.1001 (7/11/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
TSCA Requirements:
Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report
preliminary assessment information concerned with production, use, and exposure to
EPA as cited in the preamble of the 51 FR 41329.
[40 CFR 712.30 (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response
Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous
substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454
kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C.
metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required
is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977
and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
[40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/88)]**QC REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Standards:
EPA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Standards:
(CA) CALIFORNIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
(DE) DELAWARE 1800 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
(HI) HAWAII 1,400-2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
(PA) PENNSYLVANIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
(ME) MAINE 2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
FDA Requirements:
Sodium fluoride is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.
For use only as a bonding agent for aluminum foil stabilizer, or preservative. Total
fluoride for all sources not to exceed 1 percent by weight of the finished adhesive.
[21 CFR 175.105 (4/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Bottled water packaged in the USA to which no fluoride is added shall not contain
fluoride in excess of 1.8 mg/l at 63.9-70.6 deg F. Bottled water packaged in the USA to
which fluoride is added shall not contain fluoride in excess of 1.2 mg/l at 63.9-70.6 deg
F. Imported bottled water to which no fluoride is added and imported bottled water to
which fluoride is added shall not contain fluoride in excess of 1.4 mg/l and 0.8 mg/l,
respectively. /Fluoride/
[21 CFR 103.35 (4/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Sodium flouride (not more than 0.25% pesticide formulation) is exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as
inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing
crops.
[40 CFR 180.1001 (7/11/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
F-Na
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
42.00
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
COLORLESS, CUBIC OR TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**
WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and
Wilkins, 1982. 58]**PEER REVIEWED**
White powder or colorless crystals [Note: Pesticide grade is often dyed blue].
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Odor:
Odorless.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Taste:
SALTY
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and
Wilkins, 1982. 58]**PEER REVIEWED**
5X10-3 moles/l in water (Taste detection)
[Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM
Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing
and Materials, 1978. 150]**PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
1704 DEG C
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
993 DEG C
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
2.78
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
pH:
7.4 (Freshly prepared saturated soln)
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Very slightly sol in alcohol
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility in water 4.0 g/100 ml water @ 15 deg C
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubility in water 4.3 g/100 ml water @ 25 deg C
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubility in water 5.0 g/100 ml water @ 100 deg C
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.336
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
1 MM HG @ 1077 DEG C
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 2430]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
AQ SOLN HAVE ALKALINE REACTION CAUSED BY PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS;
AQ SOLN ETCH GLASS
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
All alkali fluorides, with the exception of the lithium salt, absorb hydrogen fluoride to
form acid fluorides of the type MHF2 where M is the alkali metal.
[Banks RE et al; Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 20 (1): 608 (1966) as cited in
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p. 16 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: TOXIC, inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe
injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may
produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water
may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium fluoride,
solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose
upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite
combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve
flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Sodium fluoride;
Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak
area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep
unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed
areas. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the
manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters'
protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY, it is not effective
in spill situations. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800
meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2
mile) in all directions. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride,
solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2,
alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it
without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire
involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned
hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with
flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of
rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away
from tanks engulfed in fire. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium
fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in
immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing
appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into
waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or
other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER
INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride,
solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if
victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a
pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing
and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running
water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on
unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion
or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of
the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Sodium fluoride;
Sodium fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P
5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G154]**QC REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Dust inhalation and skin or eye contact may cause irritation of the skin, eyes or
respiratory tract ...
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 798]**PEER REVIEWED**
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 3. 3= Materials that, on short exposure, could cause serious temporary or residual
injury, including those requiring protection from all bodily contact. Fire fighters may
enter the area only if they are protected from all contact with the material. Full protective
clothing, including self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, boots, and
bands around legs, arms, and waist, should be provided. No skin surface should be
exposed.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-119]**QC REVIEWED**
Flammability: 0. 0= Materials that will not burn.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-119]**QC REVIEWED**
Reactivity: 0. 0= Materials which are normally stable even under fire exposure conditions
and which are not reactive with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-119]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not
burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog; Cool all affected
containers with flooding quantities of water; Apply water from as far a distance as
possible. /Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizers.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Reacts with acids to form hydrogen fluoride.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-119]**QC REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride and disodium
oxide/.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3.
New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 2965]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
250 mg/cu m (as F)
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Wear special protective clothing & positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-119]**QC REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, and boots. /Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 12.5 mg/cu m. Respirator
Class(es): Any dust and mist respirator.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 25 mg/cu m. Respirator
Class(es): Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators.
May require eye protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 62.5 mg/cu m. Respirator
Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require
eye protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter. May
require eye protection. May need gas acid sorbent.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 mg/cu m. Respirator
Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate
filter. May need acid gas sorbent. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full
facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 250 mg/cu m. Respirator
Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into
unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing
apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positivepressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary selfcontained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring
respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with
a high-efficiency particulate filter. May need acid gas sorbent. Any appropriate escapetype, self-contained breathing apparatus.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of
ignition away; Keep material out of water sources and sewers; Build dikes to contain
flow as necessary; Neutralize spill material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.
/Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Avoid breathing vapors; Keep upwind; Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not
handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment; ... any
material which may have contacted the body /should be removed by washing/ with
copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
**PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The
benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the
substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and
duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of
the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive
properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In
those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye
protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
**PEER REVIEWED**
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and
replaced.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into
uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 283]**QC
REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in
commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material
is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment
as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**QC REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are
published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and
619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA
Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva,
Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January,
1997. 213]**QC REVIEWED**
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for
transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances
and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing
with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This
index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to
be used when shipping any substance or article.
[IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime
Organization p.6228 (1988)]**QC REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
SOLN /USP TOPICAL FLUORIDE SOLN/ SHOULD BE STORED IN PLAX
(PLASTIC), PARAFFIN LINED, OR PYREX BOTTLES.
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:
Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1890]**PEER REVIEWED**
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids & alkalies.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 49-119]**QC REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain
liquid or solid material; /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding
areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike a surface
flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete; Absorb bulk liquid
with fly ash or cement powder; Neutralize with agricultural lime , crushed limestone or
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). /Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental considerations-water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime, crushed
limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate; Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove
immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates; Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7).
/Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill)
disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal
of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory
agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**
Group III Containers (both combustible and non-combustible) that previously held
organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides should be triple rinsed,
punctured and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Non-rinsed containers should be
encapsulated and buried at a specially designated landfill site. /Organic mercury, lead,
cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides/
[40 CFR 165.9 (c) (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A suggested disposal method converts the soluble fluoride ions to insoluble calcium
fluoride ... a naturally occurring mineral (fluorspar) which can safely be added to a
landfill. The method is as follows: add slowly to a large container of water. Stir in slight
excess of Na2CO3 /sodium carbonate/. If fluoride is present add Ca(OH)2 /calcium
hydroxide/ also. Let stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon into another container and neutralize
with 6 m HCl /hydrochloric acid/ before washing down with large cxcess of water. The
sludge may be added to landfill. Recommendable methods: Precipitation & landfill.
[United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File).
Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental
Programme, Dec. 1985. 279]**QC REVIEWED**
Precipitation & landfill: Industry wastes with a high fluoride concn are treated in two
phases. By adding CaO /calcium oxide/, the soluble fluorides are precipitated as CaF2
/calcium fluoride/ until the concn has been reduced to 10 mg/l. The compact sludge is
disposed of on special waste dumps.
[United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File).
Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental
Programme, Dec. 1985. 280]**QC REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m.
/Fluorides, as F/
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m. /Fluoride
as dust/
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2.5 mg/cu m. /Fluorides as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.33]**QC REVIEWED**
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed
three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and
under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the
TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.6]**QC REVIEWED**
Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: fluorides in urine; Sampling Time: prior
to shift; BEI: 3 mg/g creatinine. Determinant: fluorides in urine; Sampling Time: end of
shift; BEI: 10 mg/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens
collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration
which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are
incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed
after exposure to other chemicals. /Fluorides as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.90]**QC REVIEWED**
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold
limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.33]**QC REVIEWED**
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
250 mg/cu m (as F)
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 282]**QC
REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
IN ELECTROPLATING; IN HEAT TREATING SALT COMPOSITIONS; FOR
DISINFECTING FERMENTATION APPARATUS IN BREWERIES AND
DISTILLERIES; MFR COATED PAPER; FROSTING GLASS; IN DENTAL LAB; IN
REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FROM EXHAUST GASES TO REDUCE
AIR POLLUTION
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 244 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fungicide, rodenticide, glass manufacture
[ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The
International Technical Information Institute, 1982. 477]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIDATION AGENT IN DRINKING WATER; A FLUX IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF RIMMED STEEL, ALUMINUM, AND MAGNESIUM; A
FUNGICIDE; A GLASS FROSTING AGENT; A COMPONENT OF GLUES AND
ADHESIVES; AN AGENT IN ORE FLOTATION; A STAINLESS STEEL PICKLING
AGENT; A TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT; A COMPONENT OF BITREOUS
ENAMELS; AND A COMPONENT OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 244 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Used in chemical cleaning, cryolite manufacture, single crystals used as windows in UV
& infrared radiation detecting systems.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1060]**PEER REVIEWED**
Used as an anti-coagulant in vitro for blood; Sodium fluoride, 2 mg/ml blood.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 4(78) 121]**PEER REVIEWED**
Used in the resmelting of aluminum, pickling of stainless steel, & component of laundry
sours.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 798]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride is used orally to increase bone density and relieve bone pain in the
treatment of various metabolic and neoplastic bone diseases.
[American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2160]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET)
**QC REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE ... FOR CONTROLLING ROACHES & SILVERFISH IN
HOMES & INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. IN THE SUSPENDED AND
CANCELLED LIST OF THE EPA (MAY 1978), SODIUM FLUORIDE IS
CANCELLED FOR HOME USE IF THE PRODUCT CONTAINS MORE THAN 40%
OF THIS COMPOUND.
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:
Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1199]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION
**QC REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Chemtech Industries, Inc, Hq, 1655 Des Peres Road, PO Box 31000, St Louis, MO
63131, (314) 966-9900; Fluoride Manufacturing Division; Production site: East Saint
Louis, IL 62202
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1989.. 952]**QC REVIEWED**
The Procter & Gamble Co, Hq, 301 E Sixth St, PO Box 599, Cincinnati, OH 45201,
(513) 983-2641; Subsidiaries: Richardson-Vicks, Inc, 10 Westport Rd, Wilton, CT
06897, (203) 762-2222; JT Baker Inc, (201) 859-2151; Production site: 222 Red School
Ln, Phillipsburg, NJ 08865
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1989.. 953]**QC REVIEWED**
Pennwalt Corporation, Hq, Pennwalt Building, Three Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19102,
(215) 587-7000; Chemicals Group; Subsidiary: Ozark-Mahoning Company, 1870 S
Boulder Ave, Tulsa, OK 74119, (918) 585-2661
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1989.. 953]**QC REVIEWED**
Henley Manufacturing Inc, Hq, 11255 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, (619)
455-9494; General Chemical Corporation, 90 E Halsey Road, Parsippany, NJ 070540393; Production site: Route 13, Claymont, DE 19703 (Delaware Valley Works)
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1989.. 952]**QC REVIEWED**
Olin Corporation, Hq, 120 Long Ridge Road, PO Box 1355, Stamford, CT 06904-1355,
(203) 356-2000; Olin Chemicals (address same as Hq); Production site: Joliet, IL 60434
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1989.. 952]**QC REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
PREPARED BY FUSING CRYOLITE WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Normally manufactured by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with soda ash (sodium
carbonate) or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), with control of pH essential and proper
agitation necessary to obtain the desired crystal size.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
NOT APPROVED FOR /INSECTICIDAL/ USE IN BARNS, GRAIN BINS, POULTRY
HOUSES.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1989. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1989.,p. C264]**PEER REVIEWED**
PREPARED ... BY ADDING EQUIV AMT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE OR SODIUM
CARBONATE TO 40% HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (PPTN IS INSTANTANEOUS &
CRYSTAL SIZE DEPENDS ON PH, BUT TOO MUCH HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
YIELDS SODIUM BIFLUORIDE, NAHF2): MULLER, CHEM-ZTG 52, 5 (1928) ...
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE ... FOR CONTROLLING ROACHES & SILVERFISH IN
HOMES & INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. IN THE SUSPENDED AND
CANCELLED LIST OF THE EPA (MAY 1978), SODIUM FLUORIDE IS
CANCELLED FOR HOME USE IF THE PRODUCT CONTAINS MORE THAN 40%
OF THIS COMPOUND.
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:
Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1199]**PEER REVIEWED**
Only the powdered grade is authorized by and registered with the EPA for use in
pesticide formulations, with the further provison that it must be tinted blue or green, or
otherwise discolored. The word poison appears on all labels together with first aid
information.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Commercial grade (purity 93-99%) is used to prepare baits
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 750]**PEER
REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL GRADES ARE 90% & 95% NAF, LIGHT (37 CU IN/LB) & DENSE (23
CU IN/LB), & 98%
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride solution contains not less than 95% and not more than 105.0% of the
labelled amount of sodium fluoride, USP XXI
[USP Convention. The United States Pharmacopeia 21st Revision/The National
Formulary 16th ed. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Jan.
1, 1985 (plus Supplements 1-6).969]**PEER REVIEWED**
The purity of the commercial material is about 98%
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
Commercially available as tablets or solutions for oral admin and in dentifrices or as oral
gels, pastes, or rinsing solutions for topical administration.
[American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2158]**PEER REVIEWED**
Prepared by neutral neutralizing aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid with sodium
carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.16 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Impurities:
... Sodium & aluminum fluosilicates
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sulfates & iron
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Fluoride, (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1977) AT LEAST 4.60X10+8 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1986) 5.44X10+9 g /estimate/
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Fluoride,(1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1977) AT LEAST 5.95X10+7 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
CHARGED PARTICLE ACTIVATION TECHNIQUE IS USEFUL IN
NONDESTRUCTIVELY DETERMINING CONCN PROFILES OF F- IN
EXTRACTED TEETH. /FLUORIDE/
[RAJAN KS ET AL; J DENT RES 55 (4): 671 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH 8308: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Specimen: urine, pre- and post-shift; Vol: 50 ml
in chemically clean polyethylene bottles; Preservative: 0.2 g EDTA added to bottles
before collection; Stability: 2 wk @ 4 deg C, longer if frozen; Technique: ion selective
electrode; Quality control: spike urine pools, correct for creatinine content; Range: 1-100
mg/l urine; Est LOD: 0.1 mg/l urine; Precision(Sr): 0.04; Interferences: Hydroxide, the
only positive interference, is eliminated by use of the buffer /Fluoride in urine/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual
of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.p. V1 83081]**PEER REVIEWED**
MATRIX: URINE: PROCEDURE: ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE; RANGE: LOWER
LIMIT URINE 0.19 MG/L. /TOTAL FLUORIDE/
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of
Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1977-present.p. V1 114-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: Fluoride ion (F-); Matrix: urine; Procedure: Ion selective electrode; Quality
control: spike urine pools, correct for creatinine content; Range: 1-100 mg/l urine;
Precision: 0.04 /Fluoride in urine/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual
of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.p. V1 83081]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH 7902: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Matrix: air; Sampler: filter + treated filter (0.8um cellulose ester membrane followed by sodium carbonate treated cellulose pad; Flow
rate: 1-2 l/min; Vol: min: 20 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m, max: 800 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m; Stability:
stable; Technique: ion-specific electrode; Range: 0.03-1.2 mg F-/sample; Est LOD (Limit
of detection): 3 ug F-/sample; Precision Rel. Std. Dev. (Sr): 0.017; Interferences:
hydroxide ion greater than 1/10 fluoride level will interfere positively. Al3+ gives a
negative interference. /Fluorides, aerosol and gas/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual
of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.p. V1 79021]**PEER REVIEWED**
Matrix: toothpaste; Technique: Dissolve in acid medium; react sodium fluoride with
trimethylchlorosilane to form trimethylfluorosilane; extract with benzene; Gas
chromatography, flame ionization detector; Limit of detection: not given.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 269 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRODUCT ANALYSIS IS BY DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORINE CONTENT
BY TITRIMETRIC METHODS. (AOAC METHODS, 1984, 6.019-6.024).
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 750]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FLUORIDE ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES BY FLUORIDE SPECIFIC
ELECTRODE. /FLUORIDE/
[STAHR HM; IN ANAL TOXIC METHODS MANUAL. 65-7 (1977)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE BY SPECIFIC ION ELECTRODE AND
REPORT OF A FATAL CASE OF FLUORIDE POISONING. /FLUORIDE/
[SPEAKER, JH; J FORENSIC SCI 21: 121-6 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Method 413B: Electrode Method. This method is suitable for fluoride concn from 0.1 to
more than 10 mg/l. The fluoride electrode is a selective ion sensor. The key element in
the fluoride electrode is the laser-type doped lanthanum fluoride crystal across which a
potential is established by fluoride soln of different concn. The crystal contacts the
sample soln at one face and an internal reference soln at the other. The fluoride electrode
measures the ion activity of fluoride in soln rather than concn. Fluoride ion activity
depends on the soln total ionic strength and pH, and on fluoride complexing species.
Adding an appropriate buffer provides a uniform ionic strength background, adjusts pH,
and breaks up complexes so that, in effect, the electrode measures concn. A synthetic
sample containing 0.850 mg fluoride ion/l in distilled water was analyzed in 111
laboratories with relative standard deviation of 3.6% and relative error of 0.7%. /Total
fluoride/
[Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
p.357-9 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Method 413C: SPADNS Method. This method is suitable only for concn in the range of
0.05 to 1.4 mg/l. /This is a colorimetric method based on the color developed upon
addition of SPADNs solution and Zirconyl-acid reagent to fluoride containing sample/.
The reaction rate between fluoride and zirconium ion is influenced greatly by the acidity
of the reaction mixture. If the proportion of acid in the reagent is incr, the reaction can be
made almost instantaneous. Under such conditions, however, the effect of various ions
differs from that in the conventional alizarin method. The selection of dye for this rapid
fluoride method is governed largely by the resulting tolerance to these ions. A synthetic
sample containing 0.830 mg fluoride ion/l and no interference in distilled water was
analyzed in 53 laboratories with a relative standard deviation of 8.0% and a relative error
of 1.2%. After direct distillation of the sample, the relative standard deviation was 11.0%
and the relative error 2.4%. /Total fluoride/
[Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater p.35961 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Method 413E: Complexone Method. This method is applicable to potable, surface, and
saline waters as well as domestic and industrial wastewaters. The range of the method,
which can be modified by using the adjustable colorimeter, is 0.1 to 2.0 mg fluoride/l.
The sample is distilled and the distillate is reacted with alizarin fluorine blue-lanthanum
reagent to form a blue complex that is measured colorimetrically at 620 nm. In a single
laboratory, four samples of natural water containing from 0.40 to 0.82 mg fluoride/l were
analyzed in septuplicate. Average precision was + or - 0.03 mg fluoride/l. To two of the
samples, additions of 0.20 and 0.80 mg fluoride/l were made. Average recovery of the
additions was 98%. /Total fluoride/
[Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
p.362 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 340.1 is a colorimetric method using sodium 2-(parasulfophenylazo)- 1,8dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonate with Bellack distillation for the measurement of
total fluoride in drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and industrial wastes.
It covers a range from 0.1 to about 1.4 mg/l fluoride. On samples containing 0.57, 0.68,
and 0.83 mg/l fluoride, the mean obtained was 0.60, 0.72, and 0.81, respectively with a
standard deviation of + or - 0.103, + or - 0.092, and + or - 0.089 mg/l respectively. /Total
fluoride/
[USEPA; Methods of Chemical Analysis or Water and Wastes p.340.1 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Method 340.2 is a potentiometric method using an ion selective electrode for the
measurement of fluoride in drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and
industrial wastes. Concentration of fluoride from 0.1 up to 1000 mg/l may be measured.
For total or total dissolved fluoride, the Bellack distillation is required for National
Pollutent Discharge Elimination System monitoring, but is not required for Safe Drinking
Water Act. A synthetic sample prepared by the Analytical Reference Service containing
0.85 mg/l fluoride and no interferences had a mean of 0.84 mg/l with a standard deviation
of + or - 0.03. A synthetic sample containing 0.75 mg/l fluoride, 2.5 mg/l polyphosphate
and 300 mg/l alkalinity had a mean of 0.75 mg/l fluoride with a standard deviation of + or
- 0.036. /Fluoride/
[USEPA; Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes p.340.2 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Method 340.3 is an automated complexone colorimetric method for the
determination of fluoride in drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and
industrial wastes. The applicable range is 0.05 to 1.5 mg/l fluoride. For total or total
dissolved fluoride, the Bellack Distillation must be performed on the samples prior to
analysis. In a single laboratory using surface water samples concentrations of 0.06, 0.15,
and 1.08 mg/l fluoride the standard deviation was + or - 0.018, and at concentrations of
0.14 and 1.25 mg/l fluoride, recoveries were 89% and 102% respectively. /Fluoride/
[USEPA; Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes p.340.3 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sampling Procedures:
NIOSH 8308: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Specimen: urine, pre- and post- shift; Vol: 50
ml in chemically clean polyethylene bottles; Preservative: 0.2 g EDTA added to bottles
before collection; Stability: 2 wk @ 4 deg C, longer if frozen; Controls: collect 3 sets of
specimens from unexposed workers pre- and post- shift /Fluoride in urine/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual
of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.p. V1 83081]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH 7902: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Matrix: air; Sampler: filter plus treated filter
(0.8-um cellulose ester membrane followed by sodium carbonate treated cellulose pad;
Flow rate: 1-2 l/min; Vol: min: 20 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m, max: 800 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m;
Stability: stable /Fluorides, aerosol and gas/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual
of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.p. V1 79021]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
NEWBURN E; J AM DENT ASSOC 94: (2) 301 (1977) A REVIEW OF THE SAFETY
OF WATER FLUORIDATION.
DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride in F344/N Rats
and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) Technical Report Series No. 393 (1990)
NIH Publication No. 91-2848
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (F)
TP-91/17 (1993)
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
ALCOA SODIUM FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
ANTIBULIT
**PEER REVIEWED**
CAVI-TROL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemifluor
**PEER REVIEWED**
CREDO
**PEER REVIEWED**
DISODIUM DIFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FDA 0101
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLORIDINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLOROCID
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLOZENGES
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORADAY
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORAL
**PEER REVIEWED**
T-FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIDENT
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORID SODNY (CZECH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIGARD
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORINEED
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORINSE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORITAB
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOR-O-KOTE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCID
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROL
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORURE DE SODIUM (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLURA DROPS
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLURCARE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FLURSOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
FUNGOL B
**PEER REVIEWED**
GLEEM
**PEER REVIEWED**
IRADICAV
**PEER REVIEWED**
KARIDIUM
**PEER REVIEWED**
LEMOFLUR
**PEER REVIEWED**
LURIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Luride SF
**PEER REVIEWED**
NAFPAK
**PEER REVIEWED**
NATRIUM FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
NCI-C55221
**PEER REVIEWED**
OSSALIN
**PEER REVIEWED**
OSSIN
**PEER REVIEWED**
PERGANTENE
**PEER REVIEWED**
PHOS-FLUR
**PEER REVIEWED**
ROACH SALT
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE CYCLIC DIMER
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORURE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM HYDROFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM MONOFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
F1-TABS
**PEER REVIEWED**
THERA-FLUR
**PEER REVIEWED**
THERA-FLUR-N
**PEER REVIEWED**
TRISODIUM TRIFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
VILLIAUMITE
**PEER REVIEWED**
ZYMAFLUOR
**PEER REVIEWED**
Associated Chemicals:
FLUORIDE ION;16984-48-8
Formulations/Preparations:
Commercial grade (purity 93-99%) is used to prepare baits
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 750]**PEER
REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL GRADES ARE 90% & 95% NAF, LIGHT (37 CU IN/LB) & DENSE (23
CU IN/LB), & 98%
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1235]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride solution contains not less than 95% and not more than 105.0% of the
labelled amount of sodium fluoride, USP XXI
[USP Convention. The United States Pharmacopeia 21st Revision/The National
Formulary 16th ed. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Jan.
1, 1985 (plus Supplements 1-6).969]**PEER REVIEWED**
The purity of the commercial material is about 98%
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
Commercially available as tablets or solutions for oral admin and in dentifrices or as oral
gels, pastes, or rinsing solutions for topical administration.
[American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda, MD: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2158]**PEER REVIEWED**
Prepared by neutral neutralizing aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid with sodium
carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.16 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1690; Sodium fluoride
IMO 6.1; Sodium fluoride
Standard Transportation Number:
49 323 75; Sodium fluoride, solution
49 441 50; Sodium fluoride, solid
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 1766
Last Revision Date: 20030305
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 08/25/1989
Update History:
Complete Update on 03/05/2003, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/24/1999, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/04/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/08/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/01/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/18/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/16/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/16/1998, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/03/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/08/1997, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/30/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/17/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/26/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/16/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/15/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/20/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/25/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/22/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/25/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/03/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1991, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/23/1990, 67 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/03/1986