For Funeral Services Foundation Degree students:
Citing references using the Harvard system
In academic writing, whether essay, review, research report or paper, it is
essential that you acknowledge exactly where you have obtained your
ideas and information. There are various methods of citing references, the
Harvard System, being the most straight-forward and the one that you
should use for the Foundation Degree
When should I provide references?
Whenever you use any source of information for:

Ideas or inspiration.

Particular facts, illustrative examples, theories, findings, ideas or
concepts in an author's work.

Specific data or statistics.

A direct quotation.

Paraphrasing an author's words.
Why should I provide references?

To acknowledge your sources.

To substantiate your arguments.

To avoid plagiarism, even when unintentional.

To enable your reader to follow up your source material.
Citing references is a two-fold process of
1. Citing or making a brief reference to your source, in brackets,
within the body of your document, which includes the author’s
surname, the date of publication, and, if relevant, the page
number, for example (Fisher and Harrison, 1998:2).
2. Referencing or giving a full bibliographic description of each source,
in alphabetical order, at the end of your document. This description
should contain all the elements needed to identify the source:
author, date, title, place and name of publisher, etc. Your
referencing should also be consistent, i.e. you should not mix
different systems but stick to one, which, as indicated, for the
purposes of the Foundation Degree should be the Harvard system.
A Reference looks something like this (keep reading for specific
guidance)
Fisher, D. and Harrison, H. (1998) Citing References. London: Blackwell.
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1. Methods of Citation
Citing sources within the body of your document:
Direct Citation
If the author’s name forms a natural part of your sentence, then the
surname should be followed by the year of publication, in brackets.
Example
Boatright (2006) argues that there are six questions that should be
considered, before making a decision on whether to blow the whistle in
a case.
In-direct citation
If you do not mention the author’s name within your text, then you should
place the author’s name and year of publication, in brackets, at the end of
the sentence.
Example
There are six distinctive conditions, which need to be satisfied, in order
for a whistle-blowing case to be justified (Boatright 2006).
Citing page numbers
If the information comes from a particular page or section of the
publication, or you are using an exact quotation, then include page
numbers as follows:
Example
(Siedman 1996: 74-89).
The full bibliographic reference will read:
Seidman, S. (1996). Contested Knowledge. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell.
Using two or more publications by the same author in the
same year
Use a, b, c, etc. after the date to distinguish these from each other.
Example
(Walter, 1997a) and (Walter, 1997b)
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The full bibliographic reference will read:
Walter, T. (1997a) Secularisation. In: P. Laungani, C.M. Parkes and W.
Young, (eds.) Death and Bereavement Across Cultures. London:
Routledge.166-187.
Walter, T. (1997b) The Ideology and Organisation of Spiritual Care.
Palliative Medicine 11, 21-30.
Citing a source that has more than two authors
Cite the first author followed by et al in italics.
Example
(Hallam et al 1999).
The full bibliographic reference will read:
Hallam, E., Hockey, J. and Howarth, G. (1999) Beyond the Body. Death
and Social Identity. London, New York: Routledge.
No author
If you cannot identify the author of a document then use the following
format:
Title of document (in italics) Anon and date of publication.
Example
Marketing strategy (Anon 2001) or (Marketing strategy Anon 2001).
No date
If you cannot identify the date of a publication then use the abbreviation
n.d.
Example
Cosgrove (n.d.) or (Cosgrove n.d.)
Secondary Referencing
If you wish to reference a source that has been cited in something else
that you have read, you should cite both the primary source and the
source you have read, as follows:
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Example:
(Deleuze cited in Grosz 1999:88)
However, in the bibliography you should always reference the source you
have read not the primary source:
Grosz, E. (1999) (ed). Becomings: Explorations in Time. Memory and
Futures. New York: Cornell.
Direct Quotations
When quoting a few words, then the quotation should simply form part of
your text:
The understanding and management of grief has been informed by a
“normalising psychology” (Prior 1989).
If you have omitted words or added your own to the quotation then you
need to indicate this by using … for omissions and square brackets [ ] s
around words that you have added yourself.
Example
Parkes has identified grief as a “process… [rather than] a state”, which
“involves a succession of clinical pictures which blend into and replace one
another….” (Parkes 1986: 27).
When quoting a longer passage then this should be indented.
Example
“Memory writing, in the contexts explored throughout the chapter,
emerges as a hybrid form where surfaces of inscription are
enmeshed in networks of material objects sustained through
embodied practices (including speech). We also note the dynamic
aspects of memorial inscriptions in that even when words are ‘fixed
‘at officially sanctioned sites of remembrance, they can be
supplemented and‘re-inscribed’ through further written gestures – as
in the case of ‘ephemeral’ words, which are brought to graves and
monuments in the form of cards and letters (Hallam and Hockey
2001: 177).”
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2. Referencing
In addition to citing your sources in the body of your text you need to
include a list of all these sources at the end of your document. These
should be in alphabetical order and include a full description of each of the
sources you have used. There are different rules for different types of
documents, from books and articles to internet sources and personal
communications. The following guide includes examples of all the types
that you are likely to need to use. These are divided into Books; Articles,
papers and reports; Internet sources; Film, video and TV broadcast;
Published music; Personal communication.
1. Books
Use the information on the title page rather than the book cover for the
information you need for your reference. The order of the various
elements is:

Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.

Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.

Year: Publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses,
followed by full stop.

Title: Full title in italics. Only the first word and proper nouns should
be capitalized. Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).

Sub-title: Follows a colon at the end of the full title. Only proper
nouns should be capitalized. Followed by a full stop.

Edition: Only include if it is not a first edition. Use the number
followed by “ed.”

Place of publication: Give town or city, and country if there is
possible confusion with the UK. Follow with a colon

Publisher: Publisher name followed by full stop.
Single author
(one person has written the whole book)
Example
Seidman, S. (1996). Contested Knowledge. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell
If no publishing details appear on the publication then use:
(s.l.) to indicate place unknown (sine loco)
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(s.n.) to indicate name unknown (sine nomine)
When using two sources by the same author, both published in the same
year, use a, b, c, etc to distinguish them from each other as follows:
Example
Valentine, C. (2008a) Bereavement Narratives: continuing bonds in the
21st Century. London, New York, Routledge.
Valentine, C. (2008b) Contemporary perspectives on grief and
bereavement. In: P. Jupp, ed. Death Our Future: Christian Theology and
Funeral Practice. Epworth Press. Ch. 5
Multiple authors
(two or more people have written the whole book)
For three or less authors cite all names.
Example
Alvesson, M. and Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive Methodology: New
vistas for qualitative research. London: Sage Publications.
For four or more authors cite the first only, followed by et al.
Example
Taylor, P. et al. (1997) Sociology in Focus. 3rd ed. Bath: Causeway.
No individual authors
(no individual authors are identified)
For books without individual authors, use the title.
Example
Windows 98, a users' guide. (1998). CA: Microsoft Publishing.
Edited books
(books that consist of chapters written by different authors, overseen by
one or more ‘editors’)
The required elements are:
Author(s), Initial(s). ed(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Edition (if
not 1st edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example
Cohen, A. P. and Rapport, N. eds. (1995). Questions of Consciousness.
London: Routledge.
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Chapters from Edited collections
(one of the chapters in an edited collection, even if written by one of the
editors)
The required elements are:
Chapter author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year). Title of chapter. In: Book
editor(s) initials and surnames, ed. or eds. Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher. Chapter number (or first and last page numbers).
Example
Ash, J. (1996). Memory and Objects. In: P. Kirkham, ed. The gendered
object. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 219-224.
Corporate Body, Official and Legal publications
The required elements are:
The name of the Issuing Body, (Year). Title of the publication. Place of
publication: publisher.
Example
Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors. (2001). Code of measuring
practice: A guide for Surveyors and Valuers. 5th ed. Coventry: RICS
Books.
Note: when citing reference in the main body of your document use:
(Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors 2001: 12).
Dissertations/Unpublished PhD. thesis
The required elements are:
Author’s name and initials. (year). Title. Level. Educational establishment.
Example
Levine, D. (1993). A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioning
problem. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Illinois Institute of Technology.
2. Articles, papers and reports etc.
Journal articles
The required elements are:
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Author's surname and initials, (year). title of article. full title of Journal,
volume number, (part or issue number), pages. Note: italics are used for
the title of the journal, not the article.
Example
Francis, D. Kellaher, L. and Neophytou, G. (2000). Sustaining cemeteries:
the user perspective. Mortality, 5 (1), 34 – 53.
Newspaper articles
The required elements are:
Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Full title of newspaper, Day &
month, page numbers.
Example
Wallace, S. (2008). Barry to reject record pay deal and join Benitez.
The Independent, 6 May, 55.
Conference papers
The required elements are:
Author’s name and initials. (Year). Title of paper. In: Full title of the conference.
Location. Date.
Example
Bauld, L. (2009). UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies: Opportunities for
involvement. In: ASH Wales 2nd Annual Tobacco Control Conference, 6-7
Cardiff, Wales, UK. October 2009.
Reports
The required elements are:
Author. (Year).Title of report, Place of publication: publisher.
Example
Devine, J., Notley, T., 2009. Extreme poverty policies of donors in
Bangladesh: An overview. Project Report. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Genesis
Ltd.
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Acts of parliament
The required elements are:
Short title with key words capitalised. (Chapter number). Place of
publication: publisher.
Example
Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. London: The
HMSO
3. Internet sources
The required elements are:
Author(s) or corporate author. (Year). Title of document. [type of
medium]. Available from: URL [accessed date]
Example
BBC News. (2007). King denies criticising Treasury [online].
Available from:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7149384.stm
[accessed 19 December 2007].
Note: Some of these details may not be available but the aim is to provide
as complete a reference as possible.
Do not cite the URL in the main body of your text. Use author’s name
(where possible) or title of source and the year it was accessed.
Examples
In the text:
(Fredrickson 2000).
In your bibliography.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health
and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Available from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html [Accessed
20 November 2003]
If the author is not identified, begin reference with title of document.
In the text:
(GVU user survey 2003).
In bibliography:
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. Available from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
[Accessed 8 November 2003].
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4. Film, video or television broadcast
Films and videos
The required elements are:
Title. (Year). Material designation. Subsidiary originator (director is
preferred). Production details, i.e. place and/or organisation.
Examples
In the text:
(Chicken Run 2000).
In bibliography:
Chicken Run. (2000). Animated film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick
Park. Bristol: Aardman.
In the text:
(Bladerunner 1982)
In bibliography.
Blade runner: from a story by Philip K. Dick. (1982). Film. Directed by
Ridley Scott. USA: Warner Brothers
Television programmes and series
The required elements are:
Series title: Episode number. Episode name (if relevant). (Year).
Transmitting organisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.
Example
Yes, Prime Minister: Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. (1986). [TV],
BBC2. April 5, 1986. 20.00hrs
News at Ten. (1996). [TV], ITV. January 27, 1996. 22.00 hrs.
Little Britain. (2006). [TV], BBC, BBC 2. January 30, 2006 20.00 hrs.
For contributors or individual items within a programme you should
include the contributor as author.
Example
Blair, T. (1997). Interview. Six O'Clock News. [TV]. BBC1. February 29,
1997. 18.23 hrs.
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Illustrations and Photographs
The required elements are:
Name of originator. (date of production). Title. [Medium]. (Location and
collection details).
Example
Gosse, S. (1912).The Garden, Rowlandson House. Etching and aquatint,
(British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number
1915-27-41).
Beaton, C. (1956). Marilyn Monroe [Photograph] (Marilyn Monroe’s own
private collection).
5. Published music.
The required elements are:
Name of originator. (Date). Title of music. Name of subsidiary originator
(ed). Place of publication: publisher.
Example
Brittain, B. (1980). Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and harp.
Osain Ellis. (ed). London: Faber Music.
6. Personal Communication
When referring to a more personal, informal communication, e.g. letter,
email, phonecall, conversation or interview, provide as much detail as
possible, including the nature of the communication. Note: permission
should be sought before referencing these sources.
Example
Ross, D.E. (2010). Discussion on citing references. [Letter] (Personal
communication, 20 July 2010).
For an email the required elements are:
Sender’s surname and initials, (email address), day, month and year.
Subject of message. Email to: recipient’s initials and surname (email
address).
Example
Ross, D. E. (D.E. Ross@bath.ac.uk), 29 July 2010. Citing references.
Email to: C.A.Valentine (C.A.Valentine@bath.ac.uk).
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