MANUSCRIPT STYLE
The language of the journal is English. 12-point type in one of the standard fonts: Times, Helvetica, or
Courier is preferred. Please double-line space your manuscript. Tables must be on separate pages after
the reference list, and not be incorporated into the main text. Figures should be uploaded as separate
figure files.
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The full title, short title of up to 70 characters and names and affiliations of all authors. Give the
full address, including email, telephone and fax, of the author who is to check the proofs.

Include the name(s) of any sponsor(s) of the research contained in the paper, along with grant
number(s).
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An abstract of up to 250 words for all articles. An abstract is a concise summary of the whole
paper, not just the conclusions, and is understandable without reference to the rest of the paper. It should
contain no citation to other published work.
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Include up to six keywords in alphabetical order that describe your paper for indexing
purposes.
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A brief biography (max 300 characters) and recent portrait photograph of each author.
Illustrations. Each figure as a separate file in either .tiff, .eps or .jpg format, the figure number and the
top of the figure indicated. Compound figures e.g. 1a, b, c should be uploaded as one figure. Tints are not
acceptable. Lettering must be of a reasonable size that would still be clearly legible upon reduction, and
consistent within each figure and set of figures. Where a key to symbols is required, please include this in
the artwork itself, not in the figure legend. All illustrations must be supplied at the correct resolution:
Black and white and colour photos - 300 dpi
Graphs, drawings, etc - 800 dpi preferred; 600 dpi minimum
Combinations of photos and drawings (black and white and colour) - 500 dpi
Title. This should be concise, reasonably specific and explain the nature of the paper, but it is also ideal
for the title to appeal to a broader audience and to capture the audience’s attention. Please state in a
footnote if the paper was given, in whole or part, at a scientific meeting. If the paper is a part of a series,
the full reference of the previous part should be given in a footnote on the title page.
Authors' names. These must each have one forename in full and initials for any further forenames (for
example, Arthur B Smith). Give the address where the work was done, and the name, address, phone
and fax numbers (and e-mail address where available) of the corresponding author to whom
correspondence and proofs are to be sent.
Abstract. This should draw attention to the salient points and be intelligible by itself. The aim is to attract
readers to download and read the full paper.
Keywords. Appropriate keywords (4-6) should be provided in alphabetical order for indexing, abstracting
and online searching.
Headings Sections depend on content, the type of article to be written and to some extent the author’s
style. Ideally each manuscript should contain an introduction and a conclusion although it is not essential
for these to be identified under headings. Sub-headings should be numbered thus: 1 FOR MAIN
HEADINGS ; 1.1 For headings ; 1 . 1 . 1 For sub-headings.
Acknowledgements. Keep these to the absolute minimum.
References. Check these carefully for accuracy and follow the Vancouver style (see Section 3 f below).
MANUSCRIPTS
(a) Typing. Type in double spacing on one side of the paper, using at least a 10 cpi or 12 point font and
leaving adequate margins. Each page should be numbered individually. Italicize no part of the text or
headings unless it is absolutely necessary, i.e., for emphasis, genera and species names, some
chemical descriptors and journal titles. Do not underline headings.
(b) Tables. Number tables consecutively using arabic numerals and supply each table on a separate
sheet. Keep the number of columns as few as possible and the titles of the tables concise. Units should
appear in parentheses in the column heading and not in the body of the table. Give essential details as
footnotes, each identified by an alphabetical superscript (e.g. a Minimum inhibitory concentration). The
results must be easy to follow without horizontal lines between entries.
(c) Chemical structures. Number these with bold arabic numerals ( 1, 2 ) and submit them as figures (see
Section d ). Use -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 etc, rather than Me, Et. Aromatic and unsaturated heterocyclic systems
are shown by the presence of double bonds. Preferably use general structures, distinguishing related
compounds by substitutions R 1, R 2 , etc.
(d) Illustrations. Include only if essential, and number the figures and photographs in a single sequence in
order of appearance using arabic numerals. Keep lettering and numbering (characters) on illustrations to
a minimum and include essential details in the legend. Photomicrographs must have a scale bar. All
legends should ideally be included under each figure, not in a separate place in the manuscript.
Figures should be in a high-resolution electronic format, ideally 300 dpi or greater.
Use only essential characters and insert these and any other symbols clearly; explain all symbols used,
and, where a key to symbols is required, please include this in the artwork itself, not in the figure legend.
On graphs, include labels and units on axes. Units should be in the same form as used in the text (see
section e, below). Data points should carry error bars where appropriate. Present logarithmic scales with
arithmetic numbering 0.1, 1, 10, 100 rather than -1, 0, 1, 2. Avoid unnecessarily long axes that lead to
large blank spaces on graphs.
Photographs must be submitted as digital images, preferably at a resolution of 300 dpi or higher.
(e) Symbols, formulae and equations. Write these with great care using SI units and symbols where
possible (see British Standards Publication PD 5686, 1972; part 1 of BS 1991: 1976). Common units
include: concentration g m -3 , mg litre -1 (not ppm, nor g/cu m, not % w/w nor % w/v); molarity M (not
normality); pressure as Pa or mmHg (not psi, nor Torr).
(f) References. Format references in the Vancouver style.
Refer to unpublished work entirely in the text thus: (Smith AB, unpublished), (Brown CD, 1987, pers.
comm.).
Indicate literature references by numerical superscripts 1 in order of appearance 2,3 after any
punctuation. 4-6 Each number should refer to only one reference. List the references in numerical order
at the end of the paper, giving all the authors, with forename initials after the respective surname(s)
(where there are 6 authors or more the first 6 should be listed followed by et al. ). Include paper titles and
chapter titles in references. Abbreviate the journal title as in Chemical Abstracts (see detailed list
in Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index 1978, cumulative; and quarterly supplements; if the journal
is not included, give the title in full). Note carefully the style and order:
1. Zhou Q, Birkholzer JT. On scale and magnitude of pressure build-up induced by large-scale
geographic storage of CO2. Greenhouse Gases Sci Technol 1(1): 11-20 (2011).
The journal title should be in italic and the volume number in bold. Give first and last page numbers of the
reference but no part number unless there is separate pagination for each issue.
When quoting patents give the name of the applicant(s), the title, the country and patent number (or
application number) and the year of publication, thus:
2.Hegner MB and Wendt KL, Method of sorting seeds. UK Patent 1470133 (1977).
Quote books as follows, taking care to include the publisher's name and the place and date of
publication:
3.Doyle J, Altered Harvest . Agriculture , Genetics and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Viking
Penguin Inc., New York, pp. 136-158 (1985).
When quoting conference proceedings, include the organisers of the conference and also the publishers
of the proceedings (if different from the organisers) and the date and place of publication.
Online citations to online-only journals and books should include the author, title, website and date of
access:
4.Wright NA, The standing of UK Histopathology Research 1997 - 2002. http://www.pathsoc.org.uk
/[accessed 7 October 2004]
5.Schüder I, Port G and Bennison J, The behavioural response of slugs and snails to novel molluscicides,
irritants and repellents. Pest Manag Sci DOI: 10.1002/ps.942 (2004).
All other online citations should be cited only in the text with the author's name and the website address:
(Brown CD (http://pest.ac.uk)).
( g ) Footnotes Keep footnotes in the text to a minimum and indicate them by asterisks and daggers ( * †).
( h ) Nomenclature of chemicals Use the ISO common names of chemicals (or the BSI, or ANSI name if
no ISO name is available; if there is a common name give the chemical name only if necessary for clarity.
If there is no BSI common name use the compound's code number, giving the full chemical name
(IUPAC nomenclature) at the first mention in the text; all names to be published in IUPAC form. Take
care with chemical prefixes, for example o -, O , O -, N , N
-, S -, ( R )-, ( Z )-, ( E )-, sec -, tert -
(underline for italic), and with hyphens, numbers, punctuation and spacing, all of which are critical.
Certain other officially approved common names for medicinal and veterinary products are also permitted,
including British Pharmacopoeia Commission Approved Names (BAN) and Recommended International
Non-proprietary Names (rINN).
( i ) Scientific names of organisms Give the scientific names (with authority abbreviated as is customary,
e.g. scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.) of test plants or other organisms in full at the first mention in the
abstract and in the main text, e.g. Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Thereafter abbreviate the scientific name in
the text ( M. persicae ), or, if appropriate, use the common name, e.g. wheat. Give scientific names in full
(without authority) in the paper title, in the headings of sections and tables, in figure captions and at the
beginning of sentences. Underline genera and species names.