What percentage of ocean life is considered benthic as some point its existence?
What kind of sediments are most often found in polar regions and continental shelves?
What accumulates on the bottom of the ocean at a rate of 1mm-1cm / 1000 years?
What are the five zones of benthic life from least to most depth?
What are three changes to the bottom of the ocean produced by organisms?
What type of feeder is a sea cucumber?
What is the lifestyle of 75% of juvenile benthic organisms?
What “locks out” nutrients from being available to surface water in pelagic zones?
What type of coral is not limited to the photic zone of the tropics?
What two items are supplied by zooxanthellae for coral?
What three items are supplied by coral to the zooxanthellae?
What is the name of the larval form in corals?
What is no longer visible if a reef is now called an atoll?
Besides coral skeletons what life is another source for adding to the reef?
What is the buttress zone of a coral reef?
What allows coral reefs to become islands?
What are two organisms that eat coral?
How long is the Great Barrier Reef?
Why is the great barrier reef not truly a barrier reef in classical terms?
What type of organism is the sea wasp found in Australia
What is special about the blue ring octopus in Australian waters?
What are the ½ meter to 1m pieces of ice that stack up like lily pads called?
What is the thin layer of ice (less than .5cm) that sometimes traps salt called?
What percentage of the arctic ocean is covered by ice cap?
What % of the world’s ocean ice is in Antarctica?
6/7 of an iceberg is where?
Why are there so few icebergs in the North Pacific?
What is the process where a piece of glacier breaks off and forms an iceberg?
Approximately how long does an iceberg last?
What is the ice that forms on the Arctic bottom and floats up to the surface ice’s bottom called?
What is the problem for life with anchor ice?
What organisms are analogous to the copepods of temperate waters?
No land claims, no nuclear, and international cooperation were formed by an international treaty concerning what place?
How are penguins and Emperor penguins different in their egg brooding behavior?
Where do you find the crabeater seal?
What seal is a major carnivore of penguins and other seals in the Antarctica area?
What organism jets water through its tongue to drill holes into bivalve shells to have access to suck them out?
Of the following which is not a use of Walrus tusks: digging, chipping ice, defense, climbing onto ice, and hanging onto ice
to breathe?
75% of the ocean bottom is considered to be what?
What are four characteristics of deep sea ?
What is the name for the “false bottom” over the deep sea?
What is the deep scattering layer composed of?
When would the deep scattering layer move deeper?
What is the drifting downward of mucus and jelly houses to provide food for deep water organisms?
What are four reasons for bioluminescence?
What are four adaptations of deep sea fish to assure food capture?
Answers
90%
Terrogenous
Ooze
Intertidal, shelf, bathyl, abyssal, and hadal
Mixing by infauna, oxygen added as water is circulated through tubes, cement sediments for tubes, compact fecal pellets, bore into rock
Deposit feeder
Planktonic
Thermocline which makes it like a desert
Ahermatypic (does not rely on zooxanthellae)
Oxygen and Nutrients not used by zooxanthellae
Carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, N/P/S from fecal material, and place to live
Planula
Seamount
Corallanine algae, snail shells, and urchins
Low tide to 20m deep zone where many coral are living with high oxygen, photosynthesis, and heavy surf
Sediments pile up above sea level and then plants stabilize it.
Crown of thorns, other starfish, Fish like the parrotfish
1200 miles or 2000km
It is on continental shelf from a time when the water was much lower and therefore is not part of the sinking island
Box jellyfish (most dangerous kind) Cnidaria
Most poisonous octopus
Pancake ice
Ice rind
70%
90%
Below the surface
Aleutian islands and bering strait
Calving
2 years (5-15 miles/day)
Anchor ice
Anchor ice traps life as it comes up including sessile sea anemone and anything else that can’t get away as it floats up
Krill
Antarctica
Male and female rotate often in normal penguins and the next is not a long walk from the edge of the water
Antarctica only
Leopard seal
Walrus
Digging
75%
Deep sea
Cold, high pressure, hard to study, no light, abyssal plains/trench/ridgeudisskks
Deep scattering layer
Small fish and crustaceans
Daytime
Marine snow
Attract food, attract mate, just to see where they are going, to frighten predators
Large mouth, big teeth, distensible stomach, luminescent lure, black lined stomach to keep bioluminescent prey from showing