CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES’
ASSOCIATION
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE STANDARD SERIES FOR
PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP: PART 2.4
GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
FOR CHLORINE
AUGUST 2011
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
2.1
2.2
3.
3.1
3.2
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
12.
12.1
12.2
13.
Glossary
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF CHLORINE
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
HAZARDS OF CHLORINE
Health Hazards
Environmental Hazards
SAFE STORAGE OF CHLORINE
Chlorine Storage Containers
Safety Rules for Chlorine Cylinders and Containers Storage
Storage Areas and Practices
SAFE HANDLING OF CHLORINE
Chlorine Handling Safety Requirements
Chorine Safety Equipment
Fire Fighting Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protective Breathing Equipment
Chlorine Leak Detection Equipment and Repair Kits
Emergency Equipment
Medical Equipment
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Emergency Action Plans
Procedures in the Case of the Inhalation of Chlorine
Procedures in the Case of Eye or Skin Contact
Chlorine Leaks and Spills
The Buddy System
Emergency Disposal of Chlorine Waste
INCIDENT INVESTIGATION
PERSONNEL TRAINING
CHLORINE SIGNAGE
TRANSPORTATION OF CHLORINE
WORKPLACE SAFETY
Risk Assessment
Monitoring Exposure
Medical Surveillance
EXTENDING SAFETY TO THE CUSTOMER
Customer Sites
Customer Support
REFERENCES
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GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR CHLORINE
GLOSSARY
Eco-toxicological: a combination of the methods of ecology and toxicology
in studying the effects of toxic substances and especially pollutants on the
environment.
Incompatible materials: chemicals that should not be mixed or stored close
together as this could result in an undesirable chemical reaction.
SDS (Safety Data Sheet) also called MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet):
is a written document that outlines the information and procedures for
handling and working with a specific chemical. The document contains
information on the physical and chemical properties, potential hazards,
emergency procedures as well as the manufacturer’s contact details.
Occupational exposure limit – Recommended limit (OEL-RL): The
concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, at
which according to current knowledge, there is no evidence of a risk to health
if employees are exposed by inhalation day after day to that concentration.
Biological monitoring: is the study of the presence and concentration of
chemicals in humans usually by the measurement of blood, urine or breath
(exhaled air). Properly conducted, these data provide a picture of the amount
of a chemical or agent actually absorbed into the body for a specific period of
time.
Medical screening: The administration of a medical test to an individual for
the purpose of detecting organ disfunction, before a disease becomes
manifest leading the individual to seek medical cure.
Medical surveillance: The systematic collection, analysis and evaluation of
health data to identify problems or trends suggesting an adverse health effect
or the need for further investigation or medical attention. It is a planned
programme of periodic examination by an occupational health practitioner or
by an occupational medical practitioner. The surveillance programme may
include:

clinical examinations


medical tests / screening
biological monitoring
3
PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
FOR CHLORINE
1.
INTRODUCTION
The element chlorine (Cl) is one of the 92 natural elements found on our
planet. The diatomic molecule Cl2 is formed when two chlorine atoms
combine chemically at room temperature (standard temperature and
pressure). Chlorine gas consists of Cl2 molecules. The bonding between the
two chlorine atoms in the Cl2 molecule is relatively weak which makes the
molecule highly reactive.
The gas has a greenish-yellow colour and has a characteristic pungent odour
– the smell of bleach. The name chlorine is derived from “chloros”, meaning
green, referring to the colour of the gas. Figure 1 illustrates the typical greenyellow colour of chlorine gas.
FIGURE 1
Chlorine gas has a number of uses. It is used:



as a powerful oxidant in bleaching and disinfectants
as an essential reagent in the chemical sector
in making plastics, solvents for dry cleaning and metal degreasing,
textiles, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyestuffs and
household cleaning products
Chlorine is used worldwide to purify water supplies and as defence against
waterborne microbiological infection. Chlorine also plays a critical role in the
4
production of thousands of commercial products. Products containing chlorine
include everyday household items such as household bleach and swimming
pool disinfectants, computer hardware, silicon chips and automotive parts.
In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing molecules such as
chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in the destruction of the ozone
layer.
Although chlorine is a toxic gas that irritates the respiratory system, it does
not need to pose a serious risk if people working with the chemical are
properly trained in its handling. This Guideline Document will supply
information for the safe handling, storage and use of this chemical throughout
its life cycle and will assist Responsible Care signatories to adopt chlorine
safety and stewardship initiatives. Such initiatives will ensure continuous
improvement to safety and contribute towards the protection of human health
and the environment during the production, distribution and use of chlorine.
2.
PROPERTIES OF CHLORINE
It is important that the manufacturers and users of chlorine are aware of the
properties and characteristics of this chemical. The physical and chemical
properties of the chemical should be considered during risk assessment to
assist with the identification and implementation of risk mitigation measures.
It is advised that the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) be consulted for the full set of
characteristics of this chemical including chlorine specific ecotoxicity data.
The following characteristics of chlorine gas should be specifically noted:
2.1 Physical Properties:
Under ambient conditions, chlorine is a non-flammable greenish-yellow gas
and is about 2,5 times heavier than air. The gas will settle and accumulate in
low-lying areas unless there is sufficient wind for dispersal.
Chlorine has a vapour pressure of 4 800 mm Hg, freezes at - 102 ̊C and boils
at - 34 ̊C. The gas is slightly soluble in water, soluble in alkalis, alcohols and
chlorides.
Liquid chlorine is amber in colour.
5
2.2 Chemical Properties:
Chlorine gas is a stable but very reactive chemical and will react violently with
many other chemicals creating heat due to the exothermic nature of the
reactions. Care should be taken to avoid contact of the gas with (amongst
others):
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Hydrogen
Acetylene gas
Organic solvents e.g. ether
Ammonia
Metals
Sulphur dioxide
Caution should be given where the gas comes into contact with water
droplets as chlorine could create a highly corrosive and dangerous acid mist.
In its liquid form it is a powerful oxidising agent. Although chlorine is a noncombustible gas, it will support combustion and the products of combustion
are often toxic.
Contact between chlorine and the following substances should also be
avoided at all times:
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Arsenic
Bismuth
Boron
Calcium
Activated carbon
Carbon disulphide
Glycerol
Hydrazine
Iodine
Methane
Potassium
Propylene
Silicon
Chorine is normally stored or transported in steel containers. At high
enough temperatures the chlorine and iron will react vigorously. It is
6
recommended that steel chlorine vessels and piping not be exposed to
temperatures above 120oC. The reaction is very exothermic and selfsustaining and usually can only be brought under control by removing one of
the reagents (water deluge will not stop the fire). Care should be taken
regarding location and routes of piping. Other heat sources such as veld
fires should be taken account of.
3. HAZARDS OF CHLORINE
Safety in the production, handling and storage of chlorine gas is of
paramount importance. Despite its hazards, chlorine gas does not have to
be a serious risk to those that handle the chemical or to the environment if
appropriate safety practices are effectively implemented.
3.1 Health Hazards:
It is important to note that exposure to chlorine gas can occur through
inhalation, ingestion and eye or skin contact.
Chlorine gas is toxic and an irritant to the skin, eyes, nose and mucous
membranes. Inhalation of the gas or exposure to the chemical should be
prevented at all times. The following hazards to human health should be
noted:


Liquid chlorine in contact with any part of the body will result in a freeze
burn (blistering of the skin) of varying severity depending on the length of
exposure.
Inhaling the gas at almost any noticeable concentration effects both the
upper and lower respiratory tract. Acute exposure to low levels of
chlorine could result in:
-
burning of the eyes, nose and throat and excessive salivary and
sputum formation
sneezing, coughing, tears and a running nose
redness in the face
dizziness
Higher chlorine concentrations could cause:
-
breathing difficulties
7
-
violent coughing
nausea
vomiting
choking
laryngeal oedema and acute tracheobronchitis.
These symptoms result from chlorine combining with moisture in the eyes,
nose, throat, and lungs forming a weak acid.
The effects of chlorine gas on human health depend on both the
concentration and the length and frequency of the exposure. Exposure to a
sufficiently high concentration of chlorine gas can result in difficulty in
breathing and, if prolonged, death through suffocation. Chlorine gas’ strong
pungent odour may result in detection at levels as low as 1,0 ppm and most
people will detect it by the time the concentration reaches 3,5 ppm. Even
concentrations below the threshold of smell can result in minor eye and
throat irritation if the exposure is long enough.
At high concentration the following effects could be observed:


Tightness in the throat and chest
Pulmonary oedema (build-up of fluid in the lungs).
Note that 1 000 ppm is rapidly fatal. To receive a lethal exposure, a person
would have to remain near a leak or source, within a chlorine cloud, and with
no respiratory protection.
As chlorine gas is particularly irritating to persons afflicted with asthma and
certain types of chronic bronchitis, such persons should avoid exposure to
chlorine at all times.
3.2 Environmental Hazards:
Chlorine gas production facilities should be designed and operated so that
the gas is prevented from being released to the environment. If accidental
release should occur, the environmental effects, as well as all relevant
reporting requirements, must be considered.
Chlorine gas dissolves only slightly when mixed with water. It can also
escape from water and enter air under certain conditions. Most direct
releases of chlorine gas to the environment are to air and to surface water.
8
Once in air or in water, chlorine gas reacts with other chemicals. It combines
with inorganic materials in water to form chloride salts, and with organic
materials in water to form chlorinated organic chemicals. Because of its
reactivity chlorine gas is not likely to move through the ground and enter the
groundwater. Plants and animals will not store or bio-accumulate chlorine in
the gas form. However, laboratory studies show that repeat exposure to
chlorine gas in air can affect the immune system, the blood, the heart, and
the respiratory system of animals and that it is especially harmful to
organisms living in water and soil.
When chlorine gas enters the air, wind disperses and dilutes the gas. Due to
its reactivity, it does not remain as molecular chlorine, but breaks up into
atomic chlorine. Some chlorine gas molecules react with water vapour,
oxygen, or other substances in the five to seven kilometers near-earth
atmosphere (troposphere). The products of these reactions have little, if any,
environmental effect.
Most of the remaining chlorine gas molecules are believed to react with
hydrogen in the atmosphere to form hydrogen chloride gas which is either
washed out by rainfall or combines with fine solid particles (e.g. dust or
smoke particles) that fall to earth due to gravity. The hydrogen chloride gas
makes a minor contribution to acid rain.
4. SAFE STORAGE OF CHLORINE
Chlorine can be stored in different containers. The choice of the container
used depends on the purpose that the gas will be used for. Chlorine is used
in liquid form and as a compressed gas
Liquid chlorine may be stored in a low-pressure vessel at low temperature or
in a pressure storage vessel at ambient temperature.
Pure dry (<20 ppm H2O) chlorine, both as a gas and as a liquid under
pressure, reacts with only a few metals at ambient temperature. For this
reason, chlorine may be safely stored in metal containers, usually steel.
Moist chlorine corrodes most metals rapidly and therefore it is of utmost
importance that all containers, pipes and equipment used to transport
chlorine gas away from cylinders should be dry and clean.
9
4.1 Chlorine Storage Containers:
Chlorine is supplied in any of the following containers:
 Steel tank trucks and semi tankers
 Steel cylinders containing 1 ton
 Standard steel cylinders containing approximately 45 kg to 70 kg at
about 5 atmosphere pressure
 Smaller cylinders of steel or stainless steel, containing 5 kg to 9 kg of
chlorine (not common in South Africa).
4.2 Safety Rules for Chlorine Cylinders and Containers Storage:
Box 1 supplies basic rules applicable to cylinders and containers that must be
adhered to:
BOX 1 – RULES FOR CHLORINE CYLINDERS AND CONTAINERS
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
Never expose cylinders to heat.
Never tamper with a *fusible plug
Always keep the valve protection cap in place, except when the cylinder is being used
Never lift a cylinder by its valve protection cap
Never drop or knock over a cylinder
Cylinders must be kept upright at all times when moved or stored
Use a specially designed and manufactured
STORAGE clamp and lifting mechanism to lift cylinders
Use a properly balanced hand trolley to move cylinders at floor level and ensure that the
cylinders are attached to the trolley by a clamp or chain
Hoist cylinders in a specially designed cage
Secure chlorine containers with chains, chocks or appropriate equipment
Note: *Fusible plugs are thermally operated non-reclosing pressure relief
devices to function by the yielding or melting of the fusible alloys sintered in
the plug body.
4.3 Storage Areas and Practices:
All installations in which chlorine containers are stored should be specifically
designed or adapted for this purpose. It is important that storage areas are
well ventilated and that the air vents are at floor level. The special
requirements applicable to chlorine container storage areas are indicated in
Box 2:
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BOX 2 – STORAGE AREA REQUIREMENTS
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Clearly identify chlorine storage areas and storage containers
Storage areas must be under cover and weather protected – dry and wellventilated area
Protect the containers from extreme temperature changes
Store containers off the ground on rails or pallets to prevent corrosion
Keep chlorine containers apart from other compressed gas containers or
hydrocarbons
Keep storage areas clean and practice good housekeeping principles
Store empty containers separately from full containers
Store full and empty containers in single rows with at least one meter gangways
between rows of cylinders for access (full 50-70 kg cylinders are normally stored
upright, 1 ton containers are stored horizontally)
Check if the valves of all empty containers are properly closed and if protective
devices are in place prior to storage
Store containers away from heavily travelled areas and emergency exits
Visually inspect storage areas on a routine basis, at least weekly
Storage sites for chlorine should be secure against unauthorised access
Display appropriate warning signs and placarding prominently in the area where
the gas is stored
Storage areas should not be in close proximity to emergency exits
Figure 2.1 illustrates the correct storage of a chlorine cylinder and Figure 2.2
illustrates the correct movement of a chlorine cylinder:
FIGURE 2.1
FIGURE 2.2
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It is recommended that quantities of hazardous chemicals (including
chlorine) stored on site be kept to a minimum and that the storage capacity
is in line with the usage requirements and the shelf life of the chemical.
Containers used for the storage of chlorine should be treated as full unless
the container has been rendered free from the hazardous content.
Care should be taken to ensure that all containers stored are labelled
according to South African legal requirements to allow unmistakable
identification of the container’s content. All labels should comply with the
relevant regulations.
5. SAFE HANDLING OF CHLORINE
The safe handling of chlorine includes a proper facilities design, an
operation and maintenance programme, the appropriate safety equipment,
and an emergency action plan.
Chlorine equipment and handling systems should always be designed by
engineers familiar with the properties of chlorine. Periodic inspection of such
equipment should also be conducted by knowledgeable persons in order to
ensure that the equipment is kept in a suitable operating condition. Statutory
inspections will be required for certain applications.
All chlorine installations should be subject to periodic preventative
maintenance and safety inspections and special attention should be paid to
the appropriateness of emergency plans and equipment as discussed in
Sections 5.2.5 and 6.
5.1 Chlorine Handling Safety Requirements:
To ensure that no serious risk is posed to people and the environment the
following guidelines must be adhered to during the handling of chlorine:

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

Proper instruction, training and supervision should be provided to the
workers charged with the responsibility of the chlorine equipment
Provide appropriate personal safety equipment to workers handling
chlorine or its associated equipment
Install safety showers and eye wash stations near the chlorine equipment
If a leak occurs, allow two people to make the repairs – Buddy System
12

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
Keep all self-contained breathing apparatus that will be used for
emergencies outside the chlorine storage area
Workers handling and operating chlorine containers should receive
special training in standard safety procedures for handling compressed
corrosive gases
All pipes and containment used for chlorine services should regularly be
inspected and tested.
The small amounts of impurities formed in industrial chlorine can deposit
in flow meters and control valves – maintenance is therefore required on
a regular basis
5.2 Chlorine Safety Equipment:
In order to protect workers against chlorine exposure and to protect the
environment from pollution and contamination, suitable safety equipment
should be available on all sites that manufacture, store or use chlorine.
Safety equipment should include:

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
Fire fighting equipment
Personal protective equipment
Chlorine leak detection equipment and repair kits
Emergency equipment – e.g. eye wash facilities
5.2.1 Fire Fighting Equipment:
The “agent of choice” for fighting fires involving oxidisers is water. Manual
fire fighting equipment in the form of portable water fire extinguishers or
water hose reel stations should be provided at chlorine sites.
It is important to note that the following portable fire extinguishers should
not be used for chlorine related fires:



Dry chemical extinguishers (Class A:B:C) – the reaction between
chlorine and the ammonium salts in the fire extinguish agent may
produce an explosive compound
Halon extinguishers
Carbon dioxide extinguishers
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5.2.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
PPE is not usually required if there is a closed chlorine handling system. If
engineering controls and work practices are not effective in controlling
exposure to chlorine, then wear suitable personal protective equipment
including approved respiratory protection. Appropriate personal protective
equipment must be available for use in the case of emergencies such as spills
or fire.
Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment
that should be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in
preventing skin contact with chlorine. The selection of the appropriate PPE
should be based on the extent of the worker’s potential exposure to chlorine
as determined via a risk assessment. PPE could include:
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Gloves
Overalls
Aprons
Sleeves
Encapsulating suits
Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields
Safety boots
The resistance of the materials to permeation by both chlorine liquid and
chlorine gas should be considered when selecting the PPE. To evaluate the
use of the PPE materials with chlorine, the best available performance data
and manufacturer’s recommendations should be considered.
Chemical resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to
determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact.
It is important that employers provide lockers or other closed areas to store
work and personal clothing separately. Protective clothing should be kept free
of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to
preserve its effectiveness.
Note: Some operations may require the use of a chemical protective full-body
encapsulating suit and respiratory protection as discussed in Section 5.2.3.
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5.2.3 Protective Breathing Equipment:
As the consequences of the inhalation of chlorine are immediate and could be
extremely serious, particular attention should be given to protective breathing
apparatus for personnel. Suitable respiratory protective equipment should be
available for handling emergencies and should be located outside the
probable location of any likely chlorine leak as well as carried on all vehicles,
transporting the material.
If respiratory protection is required, institute a complete respiratory protection
program including:
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selection
fit testing
training
maintenance and
inspection.
Gas masks should be located at readily accessible points away from the area
likely to be contaminated. Prevailing wind direction should be accounted for
when locating PPE so that is usually upwind of the likely leak area.
All persons should be periodically instructed in the use and care of gas masks.
It should be emphasised to all concerned that a faulty gas mask is worse than
no mask.
Depending on the risk, protective breathing equipment should be used:
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before appropriate engineering controls have been instituted
during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that
involves unknown exposures
during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels
during emergencies
It is recommended that the following respiratory protection guidelines that
consider chlorine concentrations in air be considered for selecting protective
breathing equipment:
Chlorine concentration lower than 10 ppm (parts per million):
-
use a chemical cartridge respirator with appropriate cartridge that
can protect against chlorine
15
Chlorine concentration higher than 10 ppm (parts per million):
For chlorine concentrations higher than 10 ppm, the following options should
be considered:
-
supplied air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode
powered air-purifying respirator with cartridge(s) to protect
against chlorine
full-face piece chemical cartridge respirator with cartridge(s) to
protect against chlorine
gas mask with canister to protect against chlorine
full-face piece self-contained breathing apparatus
full-face piece supplied air respirator.
Emergency situations
concentrations:
or
planned
entry
in
unknown
chlorine
For unknown chlorine concentrations the following options should be
considered:
-
Positive pressure, full-face piece self-contained breathing
apparatus
positive pressure, full-face piece supplied air respirator with an
auxiliary positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.
Escape situations:
For escape situations, a gas mask with canister to protect against chlorine, or
an escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus is recommended.
Note: The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration of
chlorine is 10 ppm.
Box 3 contains an important warning relating to the storage of respiratory
equipment:
BOX 3: STORAGE WARNING
WARNING:
DO NOT LOCK CABINETS OR CLOSETS IN WHICH
RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT IS STORED, AS THE EQUIPMENT
MUST BE READILY AVAILABLE.
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5.2.4 Chlorine Leak Detection Equipment and Repair Kits:
It is recommended that chlorine leak detection and monitoring systems (with
sound and visual warnings) be installed to warn personnel about a possible
chlorine leakage in production, storage or loading/unloading areas in order to
enable them to take appropriate action. Alarms should be loud enough for all
personnel working in noisy areas to hear.
A monitoring system can also be used for the automatic closing of valves to
isolate chlorine-containing equipment in the case of a release or leak. This
unit should be calibrated and tested at regular intervals and documented.
Most leaks will occur in piping, valves, connections, and the pressurized
portions of chlorine equipment. These leaks will usually be eliminated by
tightening packing, replacing gaskets, or repairing the equipment. Replace
flexible connections annually or sooner if there is evidence of deterioration.
Box 4 contains a warning regarding the handling of chlorine leaks:
BOX 4: CHLORINE LEAK WARNING
WARNING:
WARNING: NEVER UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCE
SPRAY WATER ON A CHLORINE LEAK. THIS WILL
ONLY MAKE THE CONSEQUENCES WORSE.
Chlorine leaks are best located using a plastic squeeze bottle containing
aqueous ammonia (commercial 26° Baume aqueous ammonia as household
ammonia is not strong enough). If such a wash bottle is used, the dip tube
should be cut off so that squeezing the bottle directs vapour, not liquid out of
the nozzle. A white cloud of ammonium chloride will be formed at the site of
any leak. Liquid ammonia solution should not sprayed on the leak area as it
may increase corrosion and worsen the leak
It is recommended that tank and line repair kits be available throughout the
worksite.
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5.2.5 Emergency Equipment:
To cater for emergencies that result from chlorine releases due to equipment
failure or leaks, the following emergency equipment should be available at all
facilities that handle or store chlorine:
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Coloured vests
Flash lights
Life lines
Safety helmets
It may be useful to have the relevant Chlorine Institute kit A or B on site
or at the Hazmat/fire fighting station (the relevant training for appropriate
use of the kits would have to be done).
5.2.6 Medical Equipment:
The medical equipment recommended below is intended to provide a medical
back up for persons who will be involved in the work for stopping leaks or
transferring the chlorine during emergency situations:
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6.
Blankets
First Aid kit
Eye wash bottles
Oral resuscitation equipment (for use by a competent person)
Spray with corticosteroid (treatment for the control of inflammatory
responses - to be use by a competent person), and
Oxygen bottles
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Through its odour and irritant effects chlorine can easily be detected. It is
treated as a chemical with good warning properties when emergencies
arise.
The measures in the event of chorine emergencies or accidents should be
carefully prepared and should be regularly tested and updated. All workers
should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use
of emergency equipment and the various methods of protecting themselves
during rescue operations.
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It is important that a list of all relevant emergency contact phone numbers be
available at a number of locations in the plant or office. The list should
include the
 Local fire department
 Police department
 Local Department of Health
Local police and fire departments should be informed of the possible
hazards associated with chlorine stored or handled on a facility so that they
can be prepared in the case of an emergency.
6.1 Emergency Action Plans:
It is important to ensure that fire fighting, first aid and Haz Mat personnel are
trained in chlorine emergency procedures. A written emergency control plan
should be developed and unscheduled drills of emergency situations where
the plan is executed should be conducted at least annually. The plan should
include:
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Escape/evacuation plans from areas where chlorine leaks could occur
Allocation of responsibilities during emergency incidents
An alarm plan for events without off-site consequences
An alert plan for incidents with potential off-site consequences outside of
the plants limits. This plan has to be developed in co-operation with the
local authorities, fire and other emergency services
6.2 Procedures in the Case of the Inhalation of Chlorine:
The accidental inhalation of chlorine should be prevented at all times. If the
gas is inhaled, the victim should immediately be removed to fresh air and
should be given immediate medical attention.
The inhalation of chlorine in the workplace can be prevented by:
 Wearing the appropriate PPE
 Ensuring that hazard and warning information is posted in the work
area.
Should there be a release of chlorine gas, inhalation can be prevented by
immediately leaving the area where the gas was released. If outdoors,
employees should move upwind from the smell and the highest ground
19
should be found as the gas is heavier than air and will sink to lower levels. If
indoors, the building should be evacuated immediately. Care should be
taken during evacuation in multiple story buildings as chlorine gas could
accumulate in lower levels.
6.3 Procedures in the Case of Eye or Skin Contact:
Eye and skin contact with chlorine should be prevented at all times. If liquid
chlorine or high concentrations of chlorine gas get on the skin, the
contaminated skin must immediately be flushed with water. If liquid chlorine
or high concentrations of chlorine gas penetrate through clothing, the
clothing must be removed and the skin must immediately be flushed with
water and thereafter washed with soap and water. No attempt should be
made to neutralise the chlorine with other chemicals, nor should any
ointments be applied for 24 hours.
In the case of eye contact, it is recommended that the eyelids be parted and
that the eye be washed with copious amounts of water for 15 minutes.
Immediate medical attention should be sought.
NOTE: The SDS for chlorine gas should be available at the clinic/hospital to
aid with appropriate treatment of patients.
Box 5 supplies information on what to do in case of a chlorine emergency:
BOX 5: IN CASE OF AN ACCIDENT
USE SAFETY EQUIPMENT TO PROTECT THE RESCUER AND MOVE THE VICTIM TO
A SAFE AREA.
IF REATHING HAS STOPPED, START ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IMMEDIATELY.
IF HEART HAS STOPPED, START CPR (CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION)
IMMEDIATELY.
IN ALL CASES, OBTAIN MEDICAL ATTENTION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
20
6.4 Chlorine Leaks and Spills:
When a chlorine leak occurs, authorised, trained personnel equipped with
respiratory and appropriate other PPE should investigate and take the
necessary action. Persons not wearing protective equipment and fullyencapsulating, vapour-protective clothing should be restricted from the
contaminated areas until clean-up has been completed.
Other personnel should be kept away and the hazardous areas should be
isolated. People potentially affected by a chlorine release should be
evacuated or sheltered in places as circumstances warrant and should be
moved to a point upwind of the release. Higher elevations are preferred due
to chlorine being heavier than air.
When sheltering inside a building is preferred, close all windows, doors and
openings and turn off any air conditioners or air intake systems. People
should move to the side of the building furthest from the release.
If a fire is present or imminent, chlorine containers and equipment should be
moved to a safe location if possible. Non-leaking containers or equipment
that cannot be moved should be kept cool by the application of water. This
should continue until well after the fire has been extinguished and the
containers are cooled.
Water should not be used directly on a chlorine leak as chlorine and water
reacts and forms strong acids that could have negative environmental
effects. Where vapours are reduced with a water spray, all run-off water
contaminated with chlorine should be handled as potential hazardous waste.
If a leak occurs in equipment of piping, the supply should be discontinued
and the material under pressure at the leak should be disposed of.
Box 6 supplies information on common causes of chlorine piping leaks.
BOX 6: COMMON CAUSES OF CHLORINE PIPING LEAKS

Re-use of gaskets. This should never be done. Always have an
adequate supply on hand and always use new gaskets of the correct
material and size as identified on the equipment parts drawing.

Improperly made-up threaded pipe joints.
21
Chlorine container leaks:
In the case of a container leak (other than a valve leak), the following steps
should be considered:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Notify safety personnel.
Remove all sources of heat or ignition.
Keep all combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from the leak.
Ventilate potential explosive atmospheres.
Evacuate the spill area for at least 20 meters.
Find and stop the leak if this can be done without risk – if not, move the
leaking container to an isolated area until the gas has dispersed.
7. If possible, turn the container so that the gas instead of the liquid
escapes (the volume of gas that will escape is 1/15 the volume that
escapes from a liquid leak).
8. If available, apply an appropriate emergency kit device.
9. If possible, reduce the pressure in the container by removing the gas to
a suitable disposal system (e.g. absorb in an alkaline solution). The
tank and other equipment provided for an absorption system must be
fabricated of materials suitable for the chemicals involved. Provision
must be made for dissolving the chlorine in the alkaline solution in such
a way that the solution cannot be sucked back into the container.
NOTE: use water spray to reduce vapours but do not put water directly
on the leak or spill area.
6.5 The Buddy System:
It is recommended that a second person be available in the plant when
handling chlorine. If one person becomes incapacitated, the other can call
for help should an emergency arise.
6.6 Emergency Disposal of Chlorine Waste:
Provision should be made for the emergency disposal of chlorine from
leaking containers in storage areas. The gas may be absorbed in solutions
of caustic soda or soda ash.
22
7.
INCIDENT INVESTIGATION
All chlorine related incidents and near misses that resulted or could have
resulted in an uncontrolled chlorine release should be thoroughly
investigated. Investigations should be initiated as promptly as possible. An
investigation team should be established and a report should be prepared.
The report should include as a minimum:




A description of the incident
The root cause of the incident
Factors contributing to the incident
The preventative and corrective actions to be taken and relevant
follow-ups to the changes should be done. (A documented change
management process should be followed)
The report should be reviewed by the management responsible for the safety
standards in the facility.
8.
PERSONNEL TRAINING
The safe handling of hazardous chemicals like chlorine depends upon the
effectiveness of employee education, proper safety instructions, good
supervision and the effective use of safety equipment. Training of new
employees should take place to ensure the required knowledge, skills and
abilities are obtained before the employee is involved in the operating
process. Refresher training of current employees should take place
periodically (e.g. every two/three years) in order to maintain a high degree of
safety in chlorine handling procedures. Employees should also be informed
of the hazards that result from the improper handling of chlorine. They
should be cautioned to prevent leaks and thoroughly instructed regarding
the proper action to take in case leaks do occur. Each employee should
know what to do in case of an emergency and should be fully informed as to
the appropriate first aid measures.
Box 7 indicates what the employee training should encompass.
23
BOX 7: EMPLOYEE TRAINING COMPONENTS














The potential risk to health caused by exposure
The necessity of personal air sampling and medical surveillance
Safe work procedures regarding the use, handling, storage and labelling of chlorine
Safe handling of chlorine containers
Location of emergency and fire fighting equipment
Procedures to be followed in case of a spill, leak or accident
Alarms (emergency/evacuation)
Emergency shut-down equipment
Location, proper use and care of PPE (including respiratory first aid equipment)
Operating procedures
Changes in process technology or facilities
Safety showers, eye baths and the closest source of emergency water
Avoiding the inhalation of chlorine vapours and direct contact with the liquid
Reporting of incidents involving leaks and equipment failures to management and the
authorities
The importance of good housekeeping and personal hygiene
Local legal requirements pertaining to hazardous substances
How to access the SDS
Main findings of risk assessments
Possible incompatibility of chlorine and other chemicals that may be present on site






Any training should be documented and training records should be kept
indefinitely.
Drivers that transport bulk or packaged chlorine must be specifically
selected, trained and authorised to drive vehicles transporting chlorine.
They must be trained in the:




9.
appropriate driving standards for dangerous goods
properties of chlorine
emergency procedures should an incident occur on the road
national road safety requirements.
CHLORINE SIGNAGE
All access doors to chlorine gas storage areas should be properly labelled
with appropriate warning signs. It is also recommended that emergency
24
posters be displayed to inform employees of the handling and working
precautions necessary to be effective and safe.
Figures 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 illustrate chlorine warning signs that can be used in
on-site storage and handling areas:
FIGURE 2.1
FIGURE 2.2
FIGURE 2.3
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10.
TRANSPORTATION OF CHLORINE
The road, rail and marine transport of chlorine is permitted for the bulk and
packed product. Road transport is used exclusively in South Africa and chlorine
in both bulk and packed form is carried.
Road tankers carry relatively small amounts of chlorine, typically between 10 to
17 ton per load. Packed chlorine is transported in 70kg vertical cylinders as well
as the 900 to 1 000kg horizontal tanks. These cylinders and tanks may be
transported on the same vehicle provided the mass is within the legal carrying
capacity of the vehicle and that the containers are adequately secured to the
vehicle to prevent shifting in transit and in the event of an accident. It is not
recommended that a vehicle of less than 3 500kg, gross vehicle mass (GVM)
draw any trailer or semi-trailer while transporting chlorine.
For road transport, appropriate route risk assessment should be conducted
and the route taken by vehicles specified. Routes should be selected
considering:




Density of the population along the route
Road conditions
The availability of emergency services along the route
Security of the cargo
The speed in South Africa of heavy goods vehicles, exceeding 9 000kg GVM
is limited to 80 kilometres per hour. For smaller vehicles the applicable
national speed limit will apply. It is important that drivers remain with their
vehicles at all times as is required by dangerous goods legislation therefore
ensuring that the product is continually supervised throughout the journey.
Road transportation of chlorine is regulated by the National Road Traffic Act
93 of 1996, specifically Chapter VIII – Transportation of Dangerous Goods
and substances by road together with applicable national SANS Standards.
Such standards include:


SANS 10231 – Transport of Dangerous Goods. Operational
requirements for road vehicles.
SANS 10232 – Transport of Dangerous Goods. Emergency Information
Systems. Part 1: Emergency information systems for road transport.
26

SANS 1518 – Transport of Dangerous Goods. Design, construction,
testing, approval and maintenance of road vehicles and portable tanks.
If a chlorine leak develops in transit through a populated area, it is
recommended that the vehicle keep on moving until an area is reached where
it will not pose a risk to the local residents. Appropriate emergency measures
should then be taken as quickly as possible. Contact the specialist telephone
number on the dangerous goods placards displayed on transport vehicles and
refer to the 1st Responders Emergency Response Guide as held by the
Emergency Services personnel.
If a motor vehicle transporting chlorine containers is damaged, any leaking
containers should, if possible, be positioned so that only gas escapes, and if
necessary, moved to an isolated area before attempts are made to stop the
leaks. If there is any possibility of fire, the containers should be removed from
the vehicle.
Suitable respiratory protective equipment should be available for handling
emergencies and should be carried on all transport vehicles.
11.
WORKPLACE SAFETY
11.1 Risk Assessment:
A risk assessment must be conducted to determine the potential exposure of
employees to chlorine gas. The risk assessment will assist in determining the
control measures (monitoring and health surveillance) that need to be
implemented.
The following aspects must be considered when doing the risk assessment for
chlorine:

how exposure could happen

what is the chance of the exposure occurring

who would be exposed

the degree of exposure

frequency of exposure (daily, all day or infrequently)
27

the extent of the exposure that includes employees directly exposed
and employees indirectly exposed

precautions or controls required that includes prioritisation of the
hierarchy of controls, justification for each level of control and
specifications for the correct PPE

air monitoring requirements that includes occupational exposure limits
and measurements that need to be undertaken

health surveillance requirements for chlorine

storage requirements for the chemical as specified by the SDS

physical handling of the containers

emergency leak and disposal requirements including controls that are
suitable for the management of leaks/releases and controls required
for the prevention of environmental contamination

PPE to be worn during leaks/releases
Additional Risk assessments will be required should:

new scientific information be obtained on the properties and hazards of
chlorine

the results of monitoring or health surveillance show that it is necessary
to do so

information received (via audits / inspections) indicates defects in the
control measures.
11.2 Monitoring Exposure:
Where an employee could inhale chlorine, an air monitoring measurement
programme of the airborne concentrations of chlorine, which the employee
may be exposed to, must be developed by the Departmental Manager in
conjunction with the local safety personnel. The measurements must be
conducted:

after the Health and Safety Committee has been informed of the
measurement

by an Approved Inspection Authority (AIA) or
28

by a person whose ability to do the measurements has been verified by
an AIA
Chlorine is a hazardous chemical with a Time Weighted Average
Occupational Exposure Limit - Recommended Limit that may not be exceeded
(in South Africa = 0.5 parts per million or 0.5 mg/m3). Measurements have to
be repeated every 24 months.
11.3 Medical Surveillance:
If the risk assessment indicates that health surveillance is required, the
Occupational Health Medical Practitioner on site (where these services are
available on site) together with the site management must set up a
surveillance programme. The purpose of the programme must be to check for
any changes in the health of those shown at risk in the risk assessment.
Medical surveillance could include biological monitoring to measure the extent
of the absorption of chlorine by the employee or medical screening to detect
any adverse effects resulting from the exposure to chlorine.
12.
EXTENDING SAFETY TO THE CUSTOMER
The chemical industry under Responsible Care is committed to promoting
safety at all stages of chlorine’s life cycle, from production to end-use and
disposal. This includes helping to educate customers and end-users on safe
handling practices and so preventing chlorine related incidents.
12.1 Customer Sites
Customers using chlorine must continually strive to reduce chlorine incidents
in their operations with the ultimate goal of eliminating all such incidents. Only
through continuous improvement in chlorine safety performance and prudent
attention to security can the industry and all participating in it hope to achieve
long-term success.
It is therefore important that prior to the installation of bulk chlorine storage
and handling facilities on customer sites, the capability of the customer to
handle such facilities first be evaluated and assessed. If deficiencies are
found, the customer should be advised on how to correct the deficiencies so
that safety, health and environmental protection can be enhanced. The
evaluation should assess the following:
29










Personal safety of employees and training
Emergency response
Security of facilities
Bulk containers securement
Bulk containers unloading system procedures
Process piping (liquid and gaseous services)
Process equipment – vapourisation system, storage system, process
area considerations and scrubber equipment
Packaging/processing
Warehousing/storage areas
Delivery vehicle access
Useful Checklists that can be used for customer sites are available from The
Chlorine Institute’s website:
http://www.chlorineinstitute.org/files/PDFs/ChlorineCustomersGenericChecklis
t-Edition2-Final.pdf
http://www.chlorineinstitute.org/files/PDFs/ChlorineCylinderandTonContainerC
hecklistFinal_Interactive_Form%2020090514.pdf
Responsible Care signatories that supply chlorine are encouraged to use
these checklists, or a company specific custom made checklist to conduct an
assessment on new customers and those existing customers who may benefit
from the assessment. Each company should determine the frequency that it
is best to survey its customers using the checklist.
If a customer demonstrates compliance with the checklist and has an incident,
the supplier of chlorine should decide if a revalidation of the customer’s
systems and processes are required. The circumstances of the incident
should be considered during this decision.
The chlorine supplier must decide if they want to physically visit the
customer’s site or if the checklist should be completed by either
representative(s) of the chlorine customer facility or by representative(s) of the
chlorine supplier or jointly. Both the customer and the supplier should agree in
advance who will complete the checklist, how this task will be accomplished,
and how the results will be used. The completed checklist should be kept
confidential between the parties unless it is mutually agreed to release it to
30
other parties. The chlorine supplier should have a record retention policy for
this checklist and should advise the customer what that their policy is.
12 .2 Customer Support
The customer should be supported in all possible applications of chlorine. It is
recommended that the following be considered:



Correct product use;
Provision of chlorine’s SDS;
Specify that appropriate precautions and procedures are in place;

Provide detailed codes of practise regarding the handling and
transportation requirements in specific packaging and under specific
mode
Where the customer is to purchase reasonable quantities of chlorine
over time, the supplier shall provide training to the customer’s
employees
Customers should be reminded at annual intervals of the dangers of
the chemical or product, e.g. by letter or circular
In any case if the supplier is not satisfied that appropriate
arrangements are in place, withhold supply and advise the customer
in writing with the reasons for withholding supply
Suppliers may consider alternative hazard communication activities
such as laminated information cards for individuals or information
sheets or posters available in the areas of use, exposure, and
substitute formulations




13. REFERENCES
a) Euro Chlor (2002) Guidelines for the Safe Handling and Use of Chlorine,
Euro Chlor Publication, Brussels, Gest 92/169, 2nd Edition, September
2002,
b) Euro-Chlor (2001) Safe Transport of Chlorine, Stephen Heyworth, Euro
Chlor Fifth Technical Seminar, TSEM 01/275, A Sustainable Future for
Chlorine: Improving Health, Safety and Environmental Performance, 8-9
February 2001
c) Euro-Chlor (2004) Chlorine Emergency Equipment, GEST 92/176, EuroChlor, 2nd Edition , June 2004
d) SABS 0265 for explanation of the above safety phrase for chlorine
31
e) NCP Chlorchem: Training Manual - The Use and Handling of Chlorine
f) NCP Chlorchem: Threshold Checklist for Prospective Transporters of
Packed Chlorine.
14. OTHER RESOURCES:
A Safety Data Sheet for chlorine is available from the following source:

Sigma Aldrich: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html (product
number: 22752)
32