The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN)

American Society for Nutrition Style Guide For use with: Advances in Nutrition (AN) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN) The Journal of Nutrition (JN) 1st Edition Updated June 17, 2015 1 Contents INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________________________ 10 ABBREVIATIONS ___________________________________________________________________________ 11 AUTHOR INITIALS _________________________________________________________________________ 11 ARTICLE TITLE ____________________________________________________________________________ 11 GENES AND PROTEINS ______________________________________________________________________ 11 GENUS/SPECIES___________________________________________________________________________ 12 FOOTNOTE _______________________________________________________________________________ 12 HEADINGS _______________________________________________________________________________ 12 LATIN___________________________________________________________________________________ 12 LOCATIONS ______________________________________________________________________________ 12 Australian states and territories ____________________________________________________________ 12 Canadian provinces ______________________________________________________________________ 12 United Kingdom ________________________________________________________________________ 12 United States __________________________________________________________________________ 13 NONSTANDARD ABBREVIATIONS _____________________________________________________________ 13 Abbreviations footnote ___________________________________________________________________ 13 Abstract _______________________________________________________________________________ 13 Beginning of a sentence___________________________________________________________________ 13 Single-word abbreviations_________________________________________________________________ 13 Studies and trials _______________________________________________________________________ 14 Text __________________________________________________________________________________ 14 PLURALS ________________________________________________________________________________ 14 POSSESSIVES ______________________________________________________________________________ 14 SALUTATIONS ____________________________________________________________________________ 14 SINGULARS ______________________________________________________________________________ 14 STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS _________________________________________________________________ 14 STATISTICAL ABBREVIATIONS ________________________________________________________________ 14 TABLES __________________________________________________________________________________ 15 TRADEMARKS ____________________________________________________________________________ 15 UNITS OF MEASURE ________________________________________________________________________ 15 Area under the curve (AUC) ______________________________________________________________ 15 Body mass index (BMI) __________________________________________________________________ 16 Concentrations _________________________________________________________________________ 16 Units of measure that may be used without definition ___________________________________________ 16 Units of area and volume _______________________________________________________________ 17 Units of concentration__________________________________________________________________ 17 Units of length _______________________________________________________________________ 17 Units of mass ________________________________________________________________________ 17 Units of time _________________________________________________________________________ 17 ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________________________________ 19 ABBREVIATIONS___________________________________________________________________________ 20 CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY __________________________________________________________________ 20 REFERENCE CITATIONS _____________________________________________________________________ 20 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ______________________________________________________________________ 22 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF STUDY GROUP PARTICIPANTS ___________________________________________ 22 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF INDIVIDUALS ________________________________________________________ 22 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS ___________________________________________________________________ 23 AFFILIATIONS _____________________________________________________________________________ 24 ABBREVIATIONS___________________________________________________________________________ 24 FOOTNOTE SYMBOLS _______________________________________________________________________ 24 FORMAT _________________________________________________________________________________ 24 FOREIGN AFFILIATIONS _____________________________________________________________________ 25 SAMPLE AFFILIATIONS______________________________________________________________________ 25 One author, one affiliation ________________________________________________________________ 25 One author, multiple affiliations ____________________________________________________________ 25 Multiple authors, one affiliation ____________________________________________________________ 25 Multiple authors, multiple affiliations _______________________________________________________ 25 APPENDICES ______________________________________________________________________________ 26 ARTICLE SECTIONS ________________________________________________________________________ 27 ARTICLE TITLE ____________________________________________________________________________ 28 CAPITALIZATION __________________________________________________________________________ 28 GENES AND PROTEINS ______________________________________________________________________ 29 SHORT TITLE _____________________________________________________________________________ 29 SPECIES NAMES ___________________________________________________________________________ 29 TENSE___________________________________________________________________________________ 29 ARTICLE TYPES ____________________________________________________________________________ 30 ADVANCES IN NUTRITION ___________________________________________________________________ 30 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION ___________________________________________________ 30 Book Review ___________________________________________________________________________ 31 CD-ROM Review _______________________________________________________________________ 31 Letter to the Editor ______________________________________________________________________ 32 JOURNAL OF NUTRITION ____________________________________________________________________ 32 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS __________________________________________________________________ 34 AUTHOR DISCLOSURES ____________________________________________________________________ 35 AUTHOR LINE _____________________________________________________________________________ 35 AUTHOR DEGREES _________________________________________________________________________ 36 AUTHOR NAMES __________________________________________________________________________ 36 AFFILIATION SYMBOLS _____________________________________________________________________ 36 COURTESY TITLES _________________________________________________________________________ 36 CAPITALIZATION __________________________________________________________________________ 37 ARTICLE TITLE ____________________________________________________________________________ 37 AUTHOR SURNAMES _______________________________________________________________________ 37 BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE _________________________________________________________________ 37 DESIGNATORS ____________________________________________________________________________ 37 GEOGRAPHICAL ENTITIES ___________________________________________________________________ 37 HEADINGS _______________________________________________________________________________ 37 “THE JOURNAL” __________________________________________________________________________ 37 TABLE TITLES _____________________________________________________________________________ 37 ETHICS ___________________________________________________________________________________ 38 3 FIGURES __________________________________________________________________________________ 39 FIGURE CITATIONS_________________________________________________________________________ 39 Citation with a table _____________________________________________________________________ 40 Locants _______________________________________________________________________________ 40 Uncited figures _________________________________________________________________________ 40 FIGURE LEGENDS __________________________________________________________________________ 40 Abbreviations __________________________________________________________________________ 41 Designators and directionals ______________________________________________________________ 41 Locants _______________________________________________________________________________ 41 Magnification __________________________________________________________________________ 42 Permissions ____________________________________________________________________________ 42 Symbols _______________________________________________________________________________ 42 FOOTNOTES _______________________________________________________________________________ 44 ARTICLE TITLE PAGE _______________________________________________________________________ 44 Prior presentation _______________________________________________________________________ 44 Financial support _______________________________________________________________________ 45 Open access _________________________________________________________________________ 45 Author disclosure _______________________________________________________________________ 45 Disclaimer _____________________________________________________________________________ 46 Online supporting material _______________________________________________________________ 46 Present address _________________________________________________________________________ 47 Equal contribution ______________________________________________________________________ 47 Deceased author ________________________________________________________________________ 47 Correspondence _________________________________________________________________________ 47 Abbreviations __________________________________________________________________________ 48 PUBLISHED AHEAD OF PRINT ________________________________________________________________ 48 RECEIVED/REVIEWED/ACCEPTED ____________________________________________________________ 49 TABLES __________________________________________________________________________________ 49 TEXT ____________________________________________________________________________________ 49 HEADINGS ________________________________________________________________________________ 50 ABBREVIATIONS___________________________________________________________________________ 50 ARTICLE SECTIONS ________________________________________________________________________ 50 CAPITALIZATION __________________________________________________________________________ 50 CHAPTER SECTION HEADINGS _______________________________________________________________ 50 RUNNING HEADS __________________________________________________________________________ 50 Right running head ______________________________________________________________________ 50 Left running head _______________________________________________________________________ 51 TEXT HEADINGS___________________________________________________________________________ 51 Level 1 heading _________________________________________________________________________ 51 Level 2 heading _________________________________________________________________________ 52 Level 3 heading _________________________________________________________________________ 52 Level 4 heading _________________________________________________________________________ 52 HYPHENATION ____________________________________________________________________________ 53 COMPOUNDS _____________________________________________________________________________ 53 Hyphenated compounds __________________________________________________________________ 53 Open compounds _______________________________________________________________________ 54 Adverb ending in “-ly” + participle or adjective ______________________________________________ 54 Object and gerund used as noun _________________________________________________________ 54 Proper adjectives derived from geographic entities ___________________________________________ 54 4 well ________________________________________________________________________________ 54 Widely established compounds or disease names ____________________________________________ 54 NUMERICAL RANGES_______________________________________________________________________ 54 PREFIXES ________________________________________________________________________________ 55 SUFFIXES ________________________________________________________________________________ 55 -fold __________________________________________________________________________________ 55 VARIABLES _______________________________________________________________________________ 55 KEYWORDS _______________________________________________________________________________ 56 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION ____________________________________________________________ 57 CITATION ________________________________________________________________________________ 57 TRADEMARKS ____________________________________________________________________________ 57 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS _____________________________________________________________ 58 “E” NOTATION ___________________________________________________________________________ 58 SIGNS AND SYMBOLS _______________________________________________________________________ 58 NOMENCLATURE __________________________________________________________________________ 59 AMINO ACIDS ____________________________________________________________________________ 59 CENTRIFUGATION _________________________________________________________________________ 59 CHEMICAL _______________________________________________________________________________ 59 CURRENCY _______________________________________________________________________________ 60 ENZYMES ________________________________________________________________________________ 60 EQUATIONS ______________________________________________________________________________ 60 FATTY ACIDS _____________________________________________________________________________ 61 cis and trans ___________________________________________________________________________ 61 Common names and systematic names _______________________________________________________ 61 Standard (n) system and omega (ω) system ___________________________________________________ 62 GENES AND PROTEINS ______________________________________________________________________ 62 Supporting material _____________________________________________________________________ 62 GREEK __________________________________________________________________________________ 63 HORMONES ______________________________________________________________________________ 63 LATIN___________________________________________________________________________________ 63 RADIOACTIVITY ___________________________________________________________________________ 63 RATIOS __________________________________________________________________________________ 64 RESTRICTION ENZYMES _____________________________________________________________________ 64 SI PREFIXES ______________________________________________________________________________ 64 STATISTICAL TERMINOLOGY _________________________________________________________________ 64 Abbreviations and terms __________________________________________________________________ 65 Confidence intervals _____________________________________________________________________ 68 Computer programs _____________________________________________________________________ 68 Interaction terms ________________________________________________________________________ 68 Means  SDs, SEs, SEMs_________________________________________________________________ 68 P values _______________________________________________________________________________ 68 Ratios, risks, and coefficients ______________________________________________________________ 69 TAXONOMY ______________________________________________________________________________ 69 TEMPERATURE ____________________________________________________________________________ 69 VITAMINS _______________________________________________________________________________ 69 Preferred terminology ____________________________________________________________________ 69 Units _________________________________________________________________________________ 70 NUMBERS _________________________________________________________________________________ 71 5 BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE _________________________________________________________________ 71 COMMA _________________________________________________________________________________ 71 DATES __________________________________________________________________________________ 71 FRACTIONS ______________________________________________________________________________ 71 MEASUREMENTS __________________________________________________________________________ 71 ORDINAL NUMBERS ________________________________________________________________________ 71 PERCENTAGES ____________________________________________________________________________ 71 PROPORTIONS ____________________________________________________________________________ 72 RANGES _________________________________________________________________________________ 72 SERIES __________________________________________________________________________________ 72 SPELLING OUT NUMBERS ____________________________________________________________________ 72 TIME ____________________________________________________________________________________ 73 ZERO ___________________________________________________________________________________ 73 PRIORITY CLAIMS__________________________________________________________________________ 74 PUNCTUATION ____________________________________________________________________________ 75 APOSTROPHE _____________________________________________________________________________ 75 BRACKETS _______________________________________________________________________________ 75 COLON __________________________________________________________________________________ 75 COMMA _________________________________________________________________________________ 75 EM DASH ________________________________________________________________________________ 76 EN DASH ________________________________________________________________________________ 76 EXCLAMATION POINT ______________________________________________________________________ 76 HYPHEN_________________________________________________________________________________ 76 PARENTHESES ____________________________________________________________________________ 76 Fence order ____________________________________________________________________________ 77 Punctuating data within parentheses ________________________________________________________ 77 PRIME SYMBOL ____________________________________________________________________________ 77 QUOTATION MARKS _______________________________________________________________________ 78 SEMICOLON ______________________________________________________________________________ 78 VIRGULE ________________________________________________________________________________ 78 Proportions ____________________________________________________________________________ 78 REFERENCES ______________________________________________________________________________ 79 CITATIONS _______________________________________________________________________________ 79 Author names __________________________________________________________________________ 79 Citations in the abstract __________________________________________________________________ 79 et al. __________________________________________________________________________________ 79 Figures and tables _______________________________________________________________________ 80 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals _____________________________________________ 80 Multiple references ______________________________________________________________________ 80 “Recent” studies ________________________________________________________________________ 80 JOURNAL ABBREVIATIONS ___________________________________________________________________ 80 PUBLICATION CITIES NOT REQUIRING STATE/COUNTRY NAMES _____________________________________ 80 STYLE ___________________________________________________________________________________ 81 Books _________________________________________________________________________________ 81 Article or chapter in an edited book _______________________________________________________ 81 Author(s) and editor(s) _________________________________________________________________ 81 Book with edition _____________________________________________________________________ 81 Book with volume_____________________________________________________________________ 81 Editor(s), compiler(s) as author __________________________________________________________ 81 Organization(s) as author _______________________________________________________________ 81 6 Conference paper ________________________________________________________________________ 82 Conference proceedings ___________________________________________________________________ 82 Dissertation or thesis ____________________________________________________________________ 82 Electronic material ______________________________________________________________________ 82 CD-ROM____________________________________________________________________________ 82 Database on the Internet, closed __________________________________________________________ 82 Database on the Internet, open ___________________________________________________________ 82 Database on the Internet, partial __________________________________________________________ 82 Journal article on the Internet ____________________________________________________________ 82 Monograph on the Internet ______________________________________________________________ 82 Online computer program (e.g., open-source statistical packages) ________________________________ 83 Website _____________________________________________________________________________ 83 Website, part/portion of ________________________________________________________________ 83 Government and agency documents _________________________________________________________ 83 Ethics ______________________________________________________________________________ 83 Statistics ____________________________________________________________________________ 83 Allowances and guidelines ______________________________________________________________ 83 Food composition _____________________________________________________________________ 83 Journal articles _________________________________________________________________________ 84 Abstract ____________________________________________________________________________ 84 Article containing retraction _____________________________________________________________ 84 Article not in English __________________________________________________________________ 84 Article published electronically ahead of the print version______________________________________ 84 Article republished with corrections _______________________________________________________ 84 Article retracted ______________________________________________________________________ 84 Article with discussion _________________________________________________________________ 85 Article with published erratum __________________________________________________________ 85 In press (not published ahead of print) _____________________________________________________ 85 Issue with supplement _________________________________________________________________ 85 No author given ______________________________________________________________________ 85 No volume or issue ____________________________________________________________________ 85 Online article ________________________________________________________________________ 85 Organization as additional author ________________________________________________________ 85 Organization as only author _____________________________________________________________ 85 Roman numeral pagination _____________________________________________________________ 85 Type of article indicated as needed ________________________________________________________ 85 Volume with part _____________________________________________________________________ 86 Volume with supplement _______________________________________________________________ 86 Legal material __________________________________________________________________________ 86 Code of federal regulations______________________________________________________________ 86 Hearing _____________________________________________________________________________ 86 Public law ___________________________________________________________________________ 86 Unenacted bill________________________________________________________________________ 86 Magazine article ________________________________________________________________________ 86 Map __________________________________________________________________________________ 86 Newspaper article _______________________________________________________________________ 86 Patent ________________________________________________________________________________ 86 Scientific and technical reports _____________________________________________________________ 86 Issued by funding/sponsoring agency _____________________________________________________ 86 Issued by performing agency ____________________________________________________________ 87 WHO technical report series _____________________________________________________________ 87 Software packages _______________________________________________________________________ 87 7 Unpublished material ____________________________________________________________________ 87 Personal communications _______________________________________________________________ 87 Unpublished data _____________________________________________________________________ 87 SPELLING _________________________________________________________________________________ 88 AMERICAN VERSUS BRITISH _________________________________________________________________ 88 -IC VERSUS -ICAL __________________________________________________________________________ 88 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL _________________________________________________________________ 89 CITATIONS _______________________________________________________________________________ 89 TABLES ___________________________________________________________________________________ 90 TABLE CITATIONS _________________________________________________________________________ 90 Citation with a figure ____________________________________________________________________ 90 Uncited tables __________________________________________________________________________ 91 TABLE NUMBER AND TITLE __________________________________________________________________ 91 TABLE HEADINGS _________________________________________________________________________ 92 Column headings _______________________________________________________________________ 92 Row headings __________________________________________________________________________ 92 TABLE BODY______________________________________________________________________________ 93 Reference citations ______________________________________________________________________ 93 TABLE FOOTNOTES ________________________________________________________________________ 93 Table title footnote _______________________________________________________________________ 93 Table heading and table body footnotes _______________________________________________________ 95 Statistical footnotes ______________________________________________________________________ 96 ABBREVIATIONS___________________________________________________________________________ 96 N AND N VALUES __________________________________________________________________________ 96 P VALUES ________________________________________________________________________________ 97 UNITS ___________________________________________________________________________________ 97 Column headings _______________________________________________________________________ 97 Row headings __________________________________________________________________________ 98 TERMINOLOGY ____________________________________________________________________________ 99 USAGE ___________________________________________________________________________________ 109 ANIMAL STUDIES _________________________________________________________________________ 112 DIETS __________________________________________________________________________________ 113 EPONYMS _______________________________________________________________________________ 113 HUMAN STUDIES _________________________________________________________________________ 113 ITALICS_________________________________________________________________________________ 113 PASSIVE VOICE ___________________________________________________________________________ 114 POSSESSIVE FORM ________________________________________________________________________ 114 RACE/ETHNICITY ________________________________________________________________________ 114 SLANG/JARGON _________________________________________________________________________ 114 TENSE__________________________________________________________________________________ 114 APPENDIX 1: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ______________________________________________________ 115 APPENDIX 2: SAMPLE TABLES ______________________________________________________________ 125 COLUMN HEADINGS ______________________________________________________________________ 125 Units ________________________________________________________________________________ 125 Example 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 125 Example 2 __________________________________________________________________________ 125 8 Example 3 __________________________________________________________________________ 127 Example 4 __________________________________________________________________________ 127 Example 5 __________________________________________________________________________ 128 Units vs. statistical designators ___________________________________________________________ 129 Example 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 129 Example 2 __________________________________________________________________________ 129 ROW HEADINGS __________________________________________________________________________ 130 Units ________________________________________________________________________________ 130 Example 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 130 Example 2 __________________________________________________________________________ 130 Units vs. statistical designators ___________________________________________________________ 131 Example 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 131 Value consistency ______________________________________________________________________ 131 Example 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 131 9 Introduction This guide is designed for use with the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) titles Advances in Nutrition (AN), The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN), and The Journal of Nutrition (JN). In general, the ASN titles follow Council of Science Editors (CSE) style. Consult Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th Edition) for any style topics not covered in these guidelines. In addition to Scientific Style and Format, refer to the following references for other style points: Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition) Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th Edition) Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (28th Edition) Using this guide All entries in the Table of Contents are hyperlinked for quick access, as are any cross-references in text. Simply click on the hyperlink to be taken directly to the section that is being cross-referenced: Standard abbreviations do not require expansion and should not be defined at first mention. See Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a list of standard abbreviations. Text box NOTES highlight important aspects or interpretations of various style points. ♫ NOTE Always check to make sure that all parts of a figure labeled with locants are explained in the legend. 10 Abbreviations Author initials Do not use a period to offset author initials; close up multiple middle initials (e.g., Donald CR Benoit). Article title Nonstandard abbreviations may not be used in the article title without expansion; spell them out. Gene and protein abbreviations may be used in the article title without definition provided they are defined in the abstract (see also Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations). AJCN Standard abbreviations may be used in the article title without expansion. AN JN Only select standard abbreviations may be used in the article title without expansion; see Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a detailed list of standard abbreviations that may be used in the article title. Genes and proteins All gene and protein abbreviations must be defined at first use both in the abstract and in the text (but see exceptions for select proteins in Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations). Gene and protein abbreviations may be used in the article title without definition provided they are defined in the abstract (see also Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations). Once a gene or protein name has been defined, it is not necessary to redefine the abbreviation of an associated gene or protein. The only exception to this rule is when the gene and protein abbreviations are different. For example, in the following passage, it is not necessary to redefine CD36, because the gene abbreviation is identical to the protein abbreviation; however, SCARB1 (the gene form of the protein SRBI) must be defined, because the gene abbreviation differs from the protein abbreviation: Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and cluster determinant 36 (CD36) are involved in cellular uptake of some provitamin A carotenoids…. The involvement of scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) and CD36 genetic variants on plasma levels of provitamin A carotenoids was assessed... Gene abbreviations should be defined in the abbreviations footnote only if their corresponding protein is not defined in the text and the abbreviations footnote. Protein abbreviations should be defined in the abbreviations footnote except for select proteins that do not require expansion (see Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations). 11 Genus/species See Nomenclature/Taxonomy. Footnote See Footnotes/Article title page/Abbreviations. Headings Standard and nonstandard abbreviations are allowed in headings, but nonstandard abbreviations should not be defined in a heading and should only appear in a heading if defined previously in the text. The appearance of a nonstandard abbreviation in a heading counts toward the minimum usage requirement of 3 times in the text (see Abbreviations/Nonstandard abbreviations/Text). Latin See Nomenclature/Latin. Locations In the affiliations and correspondence footnote, include postal abbreviations for US states; allow but do not require Australian states and territories and Canadian provinces (spell out both). Spell out Australian states and territories, Canadian provinces, and US states in text. Australian states and territories NSW NT QLD SA New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia VIC TAS WA Victoria Tasmania Western Australia NS ON PE QC SK YT Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Territory Canadian provinces AB BC LB MB NB NF NT Alberta British Columbia Labrador Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Northwest Territories United Kingdom Do not abbreviate “United Kingdom” as “UK” unless it is part of the name of an organization or institution that uses the abbreviation. 12 United States Abbreviate “United States” as “US” when used as a modifier (e.g., US Department of Agriculture; US Food and Drug Administration; a U.S.–based study; but physicians in the United States). AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI IL IN Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Indiana IA ID KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE Iowa Idaho Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska NV NH NJ MT NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey Montana New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Nonstandard abbreviations Nonstandard abbreviations must be defined in parentheses after the first occurrence of the term in text (exception: see Abbreviations/Nonstandard Abbreviations/Studies and trials); thereafter, use only the abbreviation. See Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a list of nonstandard abbreviations. Nonstandard abbreviations should be introduced only if they are used at least 3 times in the text or at least twice in the abstract. All nonstandard abbreviations used in the text must be defined in the abbreviations footnote. Abbreviations footnote See Footnotes/Article title page/Abbreviations. Abstract Abbreviations used in the abstract must appear at least twice in the abstract to be abbreviated. Otherwise, spell out the term. Beginning of a sentence A nonstandard abbreviation may begin a sentence without expansion or definition only if it has been defined previously in the article text (see Abbreviations/Nonstandard abbreviations/Text). Single-word abbreviations In general, do not allow single-word nonstandard abbreviations (e.g., do not abbreviate “lipogenesis” as LG); however, single-word abbreviations are allowed for diets (e.g., “M diet” for “MYB10 diet”) or study groups (e.g., “C group” for “control group”). 13 Studies and trials Abbreviations of large studies and clinical trials should be expanded in parentheses after the first use of the abbreviation. For example: Wang et al. (6) showed in the large prospective EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study that… Exception: NHANES is considered a standard abbreviation and should not be expanded. Text A nonstandard abbreviation may be used in the text only if it appears 3 or more times within the text (including the definition). Plurals The use of the plural form for abbreviations (e.g., “SNPs”) is required. Verb use for abbreviations should agree with the context of the discussion in which the abbreviation appears. If the expanded form of a term is plural at first mention, the parenthetical abbreviation must also be plural [e.g., “Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been observed in…”]. Possessives If the expanded form of a term is possessive at first mention, the parenthetical abbreviation must also be possessive [e.g., “The American Medical Association’s (AMA’s) Council on Ethics enacted a policy… ”]. Salutations Do not allow salutations or academic degrees in acknowledgments. Singulars Use the articles a and an to indicate the singular form of an abbreviation. The article used should correspond with the sounding of the first letter of the abbreviation (e.g., an HIV test; a UV ray). Standard abbreviations Standard abbreviations do not need to be defined at first mention in the text and should be used in favor of the expanded term whenever possible See Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a list of standard abbreviations that do not require expansion/definition, including any exceptions. See also Abbreviations/Genes and proteins for exceptions regarding gene and protein symbols. Statistical abbreviations See Nomenclature/Statistical terminology/Abbreviations and terms. 14 Tables See Tables/Abbreviations. Trademarks See Manufacturer Information/Trademarks. Units of measure The use of SI (International System) units of measure is preferred (but not mandatory), and the use of metric units and the Celsius scale (C) for temperatures is required. When English units are used (e.g., cups, inches, pounds, and tablespoons), allow them to stand but list the SI unit in parentheses. Units should be used consistently throughout an article. Always leave a space between numbers and units of measure (e.g., 20 mg not 20mg). The following units of measure should be changed as indicated below: In lists, units of measure should appear only after the final value listed (e.g., 2, 3, and 5 g Zn/L; 20 or 30 g/kg diet) unless the unit is one that is closed up to the number (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). Verbs following units of measure should be singular (e.g., “5 mL of solution was…” or “47 mg of iron was added…”) Where a modifier appears between a number and unit of measure, the unit should be spelled out (e.g., “2 additional weeks” but “2 wk” and “3 successive days” but “3 d”). Units of measure should always be abbreviated when used with numerical values, but should be spelled out if a numerical value is not being described except when used with the word “expressed”; for example: 4 g/mL 11 cm expressed as kg/m2 but but but “All doses were micrograms per milliliter.” “Tumor sizes were measured in centimeters.” “When expressed per kilogram body weight…” Unit abbreviations are considered standard abbreviations and thus should not be defined at first mention in the text. ♫ NOTE Units take a singular verb because they refer to an indivisible quantity (e.g., “3 mL of supernatant was added to each petri dish”). ♫ NOTE Do not abbreviate units when used as designators (e.g., “study day 7” not “study d 7”). Area under the curve (AUC) Acceptable formats for area under the curve (AUC) units include: 15 nmol/L . h nmol/L × h nmol . L−1 . h nmol × L−1 × h nmol . h/L nmol × h/L Any of the above formats is acceptable, but be consistent within a given article. Body mass index (BMI) The BMI unit of measurement should be established at first mention in the text; do not repeat the unit of measurement for subsequent BMI values. For example: In RCTs, LCSs significantly reduced body mass index [BMI (in kg/m 2): −0.24; 95% CI: −0.41, −0.07]. Among prospective cohort studies, LCS intake was significantly associated with slightly higher BMI (0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.06). Concentrations For concentrations, use a single virgule (e.g., g/L) rather than a center dot/negative exponent (g · L –1) (but note that there are exceptions for area under the curve). Do not use a double virgule, however; use center dot/negative exponent notation instead (e.g., 8 mg · kg–1 · min–1 not 8 mg/kg/min). Do not use the word “of” with concentrations (e.g., 10 mg squalene/L not 10 mg of squalene/L). If the substance corresponds to the first unit of the concentration, list the substance before the virgule (e.g., 20 mg Fe/d not 20 mg Fe/d). Feeding studies For feeding studies, “g per person per day” is permissible; it is not necessary to convert to center dot and negative exponent notation. Per capita Do not allow the use of capita in units [e.g., kcal/(capita· d)]; instead, add per capita to the sentence in an appropriate place. For example: Change: In 2012, the average consumption of beverages was ~382 kcal/(capita· d) among adults aged >20 y. to: In 2012, the average per capita consumption of beverages was ~382 kcal/d among adults aged >20 y. Units of measure that may be used without definition g Bq bp C i.d. J acceleration of gravity becquerel base pair degree Celsius internal (inner) diameter joule 16 kat kb kbp kDa mm Hg o.d. U V W katal (mole per second) kilobase kilobase pair kiloDalton millimeters of mercury outer diameter unit volt watt Units of area and volume L μL mL cm2 mm2 vol2 liter microliter milliliter square centimeter square millimeter volume Units of concentration mmol/L or mM mol/L or μM mol/L or M millimolar (millimoles/liter) micromolar (micromoles/liter) molar (moles/liter) Units of length cm m m nm mm centimeter meter micrometer (do not use micron or um) nanometer (do not use angstrom; query author to convert) millimeter Units of mass Da g kDa kg μg μmol mg mmol mol mOsmol wt dalton gram kilodalton kilogram microgram (do not use mcg) micromole milligram millimole mole milliosmole weight Units of time d h min mo s wk day hour minute month second week 17 y year 18 Abstract The abstract must be 300 words or less. In AN articles, the abstract is a single unstructured paragraph. In AJCN and JN research articles, the abstract is structured and includes the following headings: AJCN ABSTRACT Background: One or 2 sentences that explain the context of the study. Objective: The precise objective, the specific hypothesis to be tested, or both are stated. Use the plural form of the heading (i.e., Objectives) if more than one objective is stated. Use complete sentences. Design: The study design, including the use of cells, animal models, or human participants, is described. The control group, specific methods and procedures, and interventions, if used, are described. Use complete sentences. Results: The most important findings, including results of statistical analyses, are reported. Conclusions: One or 2 sentences that summarize the primary outcomes of the study, including their clinical application, if relevant (avoid generalizations). The tense used regarding specific results should be consistent. Overall ramifications should be given in present tense.Use the singular form of the heading (i.e., Conclusion) if only one conclusion is stated. JN Abstract Background: One or 2 sentences that explain the context of the study. Objective: The precise objective, the specific hypothesis to be tested, or both are stated. Use the plural form of the heading (i.e., Objectives) if more than one objective is stated. Use complete sentences. Methods: The study design, including the use of cells, animal models, or human participants, is described. The control group, specific methods and procedures, and interventions, if used, are described. Use complete sentences. Results: The most important findings, including results of statistical analyses, are reported. Conclusions: One or 2 sentences that summarize the primary outcomes of the study, including their clinical application, if relevant (avoid generalizations). The tense used regarding specific results should be consistent. Overall ramifications should be given in present tense. Use the singular form of the heading (i.e., Conclusion) if only one conclusion is stated. For reviews, special articles, and reports, the abstract is a single, unstructured paragraph that states the purpose of the article and emphasizes the major concepts and conclusions. 19 Supplement articles typically will have an unstructured abstract; however, supplement articles that present original research should have a structured abstract. The following article types do not publish an abstract: AJCN Book Reviews Editorials Letters Symposium introductions AN Letters Nutrient Information Reports from the Agencies Symposium introductions JN Announcements Biographical articles Book Reviews Commentaries History of Nutrition Issues and Opinions Letters Symposium introductions The abstract should end with a slug line with the requisite journal abbreviation: Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:105–12. Adv Nutr 2014;5:225–36. J Nutr 2014;144:98–103. For articles without abstracts, add the slug line to the copyright line. Abbreviations The abbreviations footnote citation/footnote symbol should not appear in the abstract. Spell out any abbreviations that appear only once in the abstract. Clinical trial registry Any article that discusses a trial that has been registered with a clinical trial registry should include a clinical trial registry statement at the end of the abstract. Observe the following format: This trial was registered at [registry name] as [registration number]. Examples: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00109551. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639. ♫ NOTE Always use lowercase letters in clinicaltrials.gov (not ClinicalTrials.gov). ♫ NOTE In addition to the end of the abstract, provide the trial registration number in parentheses at the first mention of the trial acronym in text. Reference citations Reference citations are not allowed in the abstract, including any citations of unpublished material; remove them and query the author for confirmation. 20 If the reference citations in the text have been numbered in order after the citations used in the abstract (e.g., if the text starts with reference 3 because the abstract had cited references 1 and 2), renumber the references in text accordingly. If the reference citations are deemed necessary, they should be written out in the abstract in parentheses but without the article title. For example: …as reported previously (Smith et al. Br J Nutr 2012;142:20–8). …as reported by Smith et al. (Br J Nutr 2012;142:20–8). 21 Acknowledgments The Acknowledgments section appears at the end of the article text, immediately before the References. AJCN The Acknowledgments section is not preceded by a heading. AN JN The Acknowledgments section is preceded by the heading Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of study group participants If a separate list of study group participants is provided, place it in a separate paragraph before the Acknowledgments paragraph. For example: The members of the International Nutrition Study Group are: … We thank David Littleton for… Acknowledgments of individuals In general, edit the acknowledgments to individuals lightly, correcting for ASN style as necessary. In addition, observe the following style points:     change “acknowledge” to “thank” wherever possible delete phrases such as “would like to” and “wish to” use first person instead of third person (e.g., “We thank” not “The authors thank”) Follow author use of full first names or initials (e.g., “We thank John Lee” or “We thank J. Lee”) It is not acceptable to acknowledge the following:    administrative assistance secretarial assistance unknown reviewers or other groups of unnamed individuals (e.g., “research staff” or “study participants”); if listed, query the author to provide names or delete the text in question ♫ NOTE It is acceptable to acknowledge named individuals for providing editorial assistance and/or language assistance. ♫ NOTE Funding statements or acknowledgment of financial support should be moved to the financial support footnote on the title page. 22 Author contributions Every article must include an author contributions statement. The author initials should match the names used in the author line, and the order of initials should match the order of authors in the author line. AJCN The author contributions are set as a separate paragraph directly below the acknowledgments of individuals at the end of the article text. This paragraph should conclude with an author disclosures statement; query if missing. The authors’ responsibilities were as follows—AX, RFG, and PG-Y: designed research; RFG and QC: conducted research; PT: analyzed data; AX and QC: wrote the paper. None of the authors reported a conflict of interest related to the study. ♫ NOTE Editorials and Letters do not require author contributions but do require an author disclosures statement. AN JN The author contributions are run into the same paragraph as the acknowledgments of individuals. This paragraph concludes with an approval statement; query if missing (“All authors must read and approve the final manuscript and include a statement to this effect in the list of authors’ contributions. Please confirm that this is the case.”). We thank John Smith for developing the study cohort database. AX, RFG, and PG-Y designed research; RFG and QC conducted research; PT analyzed data; AX and QC wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ♫ NOTE For single-authored research papers and reviews, the approval statement should read: “The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript.” ♫ NOTE Author contributions are not required in Advances in Nutrition articles. Only the approval statement is needed. 23 Affiliations The affiliations should appear immediately below the author line in the copyedited file. NEVER change the order of the authors to match the affiliations. The affiliations should always be ordered based on the order of the author line, not vice versa. Note, however, that in the case of combined affiliations, sequential ordering of combined affiliations in the affiliations footnote will sometimes result in footnote symbols appearing out of order in the author line (see also Affiliations/Sample affiliations). Example: Erin L. Glynn,6 Christopher S. Fry,6 Micah J. Drummond,4,6,8 Kyle L. Timmerman,5 Shaheen Dhanani,5 Elena Volpi,5,7 and Blake B. Rasmussen4,6,8* Departments of 4Physical Therapy and 5Internal Medicine, Divisions of 6Rehabilitation Science and 7Geriatrics, and 8Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX Abbreviations Abbreviations should not be used in the affiliations, with the exception of “US Department of Agriculture.” Footnote symbols Use numerals for affiliation footnote symbols (numerals should be used for all footnote symbols, except for the corresponding author footnote, for which an asterisk is used). Affiliation symbols are superscript and appear in front of their respective affiliations, closed up to the first letter of each affiliation. ♫ NOTE The asterisk (*) is an inherently superscript character and thus should not be superscripted manually. Format Different departments within a single institution should be given separate affiliation footnote numbers, but combine the information for multiple divisions, departments, sections, etc. at a shared institution. Do not combine multiple institutions within the same location or multiple cities within the same state/country. Separate multiple affiliations with semicolons, except between multiple departments/divisions at the same institution, which should be separated by a comma. Add “and” before the last affiliation listed; do not add a period at the end of the footnote. List only division and/or department (or the like) information, institution, city, and 2-letter state abbreviation. Delete street addresses and/or post office box numbers from affiliations. Do not query the 24 author for postal codes when they are missing, and delete them if they are present. When the city for an affiliation is the District of Columbia, set “DC” without periods. Foreign affiliations Include city and country information for foreign affiliations. Delete “USA” when it is listed for a domestic affiliation. Change foreign spelling to English (e.g., Wien to Vienna, Munchen to Munich). If it is too difficult to translate a foreign affiliation (e.g., if the entire affiliation is in a foreign language), query the author to make the translation. Allow but do not require Australian states/territories and Canadian provinces (spell out both; see Abbreviations/Locations). ♫ NOTE Foreign spellings are allowed in the correspondence footnote. ♫ NOTE Use “Netherlands” (not “the Netherlands” or “The Netherlands”). Sample affiliations One author, one affiliation Samih H Nasr Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN One author, multiple affiliations Ruth Rahamimov Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikvah, Israel; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Multiple authors, one affiliation Jean-Philippe Rioux, Diane Watson, and Christopher T Chan Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Multiple authors, multiple affiliations Stefan Hoby,4,5 Christian Wenker,5 Nadia Robert,4 Thomas Jermann,5 Sonja Hartnack,6 Helmut Segner,4 Claude Aebischer,8 and Annette Liesegang7 4Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; 5Zoo Basel, Basel, Switzerland; 6Section of Epidemiology and 7Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and 8DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland 25 Appendices If present, appendices appear after the References section and should be preceded by a level 1 heading (e.g., APPENDIX A). Appendixes are lettered (A, B, C, etc.), even if there is only one appendix in the article. If an article contains an appendix, it must be cited in text. The first citation of an appendix in the text should be bold (e.g., Appendix A). Tables, figures, and equations that appear within an appendix are numbered with the appendix letter: Figure A1 Table A1 Equation A1 Note, however, that if an appendix consists entirely of a table, the heading APPENDIX A replaces the table number. References that appear in an appendix are numbered in the usual manner, but do not number them contiguously with the text references; they must start with reference 1. 26 Article Sections Article sections should appear in the following order: AJCN Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion AN Abstract Introduction Author-prescribed sections JN Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Subsection headings are not mandatory, especially when the Methods section is short. When a manuscript includes a long Methods section, however, subsection headings should be added for clarity. Common subheadings for the Methods section include Animals; Diets; Animals and diets; Animals and treatments; Measurement of XXX; Enzyme assay; Statistics; and Statistical analyses. Manuscripts should not include Summary or Conclusions sections; if either one is provided, run the text into the end of Discussion section, delete the Summary or Conclusions heading, and add “In summary, …” or “In conclusion, …” to the beginning of the text in question. ♫ NOTE   Summary or Conclusions are acceptable under the following circumstances: as a subsection of the Discussion in original research papers, but only if there is at least one other subsection included in the Discussion; or in Review papers (including supplements). Capitalize article sections when cited in the text (e.g., “…as described in Subjects and Methods.”). 27 Article Title Changes should not be made to the article title unless they are absolutely necessary (e.g., to correct grammatical errors). Always query the author for approval of any changes to the article title. When possible, titles without “Effect of...” are preferred: “Excess Vitamin A Decreases the Specific Activity of Galactosyltransferase in Golgi Apparatus of Rat Liver,” not “Effects of Excess Vitamin A on the Specific Activity...” Capitalization AJCN AJCN article titles are set in sentence case. Capitalize only:      the first letter of the first word proper nouns abbreviations genus names scientific terms that must be capitalized Article subtitles that follow a colon should begin with a lowercase letter (e.g., “Ischemic heart disease: a prospective study”). Article subtitles that follow a period should begin with an uppercase letter (e.g., “Ischemic heart disease. Part 2”). AN JN Capitalize all words in the title except articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, or, but), and prepositions of any length (about, against, along, at, before, beneath, between, by, during, for, from, in, inside, into, of, on, onto, outside, over, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, upon, via, with, within, without). Capitalize the second element of a hyphenated word found in Webster’s (e.g., Long-Term, Follow-Up, Three-Dimensional). Capitalize both parts of past participles (e.g., Drug-Induced Coma). Capitalize Latin terms (e.g., Results of an In Vitro Study) Capitalize all verbs, including 2- and 3-letter verbs (e.g., Be, Is, Are); however, the “to” in infinitives should be lowercase (e.g., to Run). ♫ NOTE If the title or subtitle begins with an abbreviation or scientific term that must begin with a lowercase letter, retain the lowercase letter (e.g., “mRNA does not...”). 28 Genes and proteins Gene and protein abbreviations may be used in the article title without definition provided they are defined in the abstract. Short title See Headings/Running heads/Right running head. Species names Species names should be spelled out in article titles. Tense Use the present tense for most titles. The only time that past tense should be used is to refer to events that occurred in the past. Examples: Present tense: A Six-Month Intervention Has [not Had] Long-Term Effects on Growth of Vietnamese Infants Apolipoprotein E Genotype Has a Modest Impact on the Postprandial Plasma Response to Meals of Varying Fat Composition in Healthy Men: a Randomized Controlled Trial DHA-Enriched High–Oleic Acid Canola Oil Improves Lipid Profile and Lowers Predicted Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Canola Oil Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Past tense: The 2008 Food Price Crisis Negatively Affected Household Food Security ♫ NOTE The above examples reflect the capitalization rules for Advances in Nutrition and The Journal of Nutrition. 29 Article Types Advances in Nutrition Below is a summary of the article types found in Advances in Nutrition. ASN EB Symposium Publication Manuscript Consensus Conference Editorial Erratum Expression of Concern From the American Society for Nutrition: Consensus/Position Statement Invitation for Nominations Letter to the Editor Nutrient Information Perspective Report from the Agencies Retraction Review Sponsored Supplement Publication Manuscript With Appreciation American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Below is a summary of the article types found in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Book Review CD-ROM Review Commentary Editorial Erratum Expression of Concern From the American Society for Nutrition: Calendar of Events Consensus/Position Statement Intersociety Communication Invitation for Nominations Report of a Meeting Special Task Force Report In Memoriam Letter to the Editor Narrative Review Opinion Original Research Communication Perspective Retraction Review Article Special Article Supplement & Symposia Article With Appreciation 30 Book Review The format of a Book Review is as follows: Book Title, [edited] by John R James and Beth E Smith, 1994, 200 pages, hardcover, $25. Publisher name, city, and state or country if needed. This is an essential book for any nutritionist because... Conflict of interest statement. Reviewer’s name Address City, State Zip Country [foreign countries only] E-mail: reviewer@uc.edu [do not query if missing] ♫ NOTE All Book Reviews must include a statement including potential conflicts of interest or a statement indicating that none of the authors had a conflict of interest. ♫ NOTE References are allowed but are not mandatory. If included, place them at the end of the text, before the reviewer’s name and affiliation. CD-ROM Review The format of a CD-ROM Review is as follows: CD-ROM Title, A Topics in International Health CD-ROM, edited by the Wellcome Trust, 1999, $120.00. System requirements: WINDOWS 95, 98, or NT with 16 MB available RAM, 486 DX2 or better processor, and monitor capable of displaying 16-bit color; MAC versions of this CD-ROM are not available. CAB International, New York, NY. This CD-ROM is a useful tool for... Conflict of interest statement. Reviewer’s name Address City, State Zip Country [foreign countries only] E-mail: reviewer@uc.edu [do not query if missing] 31 Letter to the Editor The format of a Letter to the Editor is as follows: Letter title Dear Editor: We read with great interest the article by Lee et al. in which they describe... Conflict of interest statement. Jean Huang Horng-Yih Ou Raymond Klinger Ken C Chiu ♫ NOTE If the Letter has a Reply, the title should be: One author: Two authors: Three or more authors: Reply to B Smith Reply to B Smith and T Jones Reply to B Smith et al. From the Department of Clinical Diabetes, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (JH; KCC, e-mail: kchiu@coh.org); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H-YO); and the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (RK). REFERENCES ♫ NOTE All Letters must include a statement including potential conflicts of interest or a statement indicating that none of the authors had a conflict of interest. ♫ NOTE For Letters for which no reply letter has been submitted, the following statement should be added before the references: “Note: The authors of the original article chose not to submit a reply.” Journal of Nutrition Below is a summary of the article types found in The Journal of Nutrition. Announcement ASN EB Symposium Publication Biochemical, Molecular, and Genetic Mechanisms Biographical Article Book Review Commentary Community and International Nutrition Critical Review Editorial Erratum 32 Expression of Concern From the American Society for Nutrition: Calendar of Events Consensus/Position Statement Invitation for Nominations Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics History of Nutrition Ingestive Behavior and Neurosciences Issues and Opinions Letter to the Editor* Methodology and Mathematical Modeling Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient–Nutrient Interactions (including Nutritional Toxicities) Nutrient Requirements and Optimal Nutrition Nutrition and Disease Nutritional Epidemiology Nutritional Immunology Nutritional Toxicology Recent Advances in Nutritional Sciences (RANS) Retraction Sponsored Supplement Publication With Appreciation 33 Author Contributions See Acknowledgments/Author contributions. 34 Author Disclosures AJCN See Acknowledgments/Author contributions. AN JN See Footnotes/Article title page/Author disclosure. 35 Author Line Author degrees Author degrees (e.g., M.D., Ph.D.) should not be listed in the author group; delete them if provided by the author. Author names Include each author’s full first name and surname directly below the article title; query if not provided (i.e., if only the first initial is provided), except in cases where the middle name is spelled out (e.g., F Scott Fitzgerald). Middle initials may be included if provided by the author. In the case of 2 authors, separate the author names with the word “and” with no punctuation in between. In the case of 3 or more authors, include the word “and” before the final author name and use serial commas to separate all author names. Do not offset pedigrees with a comma (e.g., James Malloy Jr. and Arthur Watson III). NEVER change the order of the authors to match the affiliations. The affiliations should always be ordered based on the order of the author line, not vice versa. Note, however, that in the case of combined affiliations, sequential ordering of combined affiliations in the affiliations footnote will sometimes result in footnote symbols appearing out of order in the author line (see Affiliations/Sample affiliations). If author names differ between the article coversheet and the manuscript (e.g., spelling, presence/absence of initials, etc.), follow the manuscript and query the author to verify. ♫ NOTE If for any of the authors it is unclear what constitutes that author’s surname, query the author to circle the surname as it should be indexed in PubMed. Affiliation symbols Affiliation symbols should be placed after the author name, outside the comma, and should be set superscript (except for the asterisk). The asterisk (for the corresponding author footnote) should appear after numerical footnote symbols (for affiliations and other title page footnotes), but without a comma before it. Separate multiple symbols with a superscript comma (e.g., Anne Blanchard,4,5* Michael Frank,6,7). See also Affiliations/Sample affiliations. Courtesy titles Courtesy titles (e.g., Mr., Ms., Mrs.) should not be listed in the author group; delete them if provided by the author. 36 Capitalization Article title See Article Title/Capitalization. Author surnames Retain lowercase surnames even when beginning a sentence (e.g., von, van, de). Beginning of a sentence When a sentence begins with a Greek symbol or other non-Roman character, capitalize the first letter after the character in question (e.g., β-Carotene, [3H]Thymidine). When beginning a sentence with an abbreviation that begins with a lowercase letter, retain the lower case letter (e.g., cDNA, mRNA). When a sentence begins with a multiword term that starts with a lowercase letter, capitalize the first letter in the second part of the term (e.g., “n–3 Fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation improves…”). Designators Do not capitalize the following designators unless part of a proper noun: class day group level patient phase stage type Always use roman numerals with designators. Examples: group A streptococcus phase III clinical trial stage IV renal cancer type 2 diabetes Geographical entities Capitalize “Western” when used within a specific cultural or geographical context (e.g., Western dietary pattern, Western Europe [but westernized]). Headings See Headings/Capitalization. “The Journal” Capitalize “Journal” when referring directly to an ASN journal (e.g., “In this issue of the Journal…”). Table titles See Tables/Headings/Column headings. 37 Ethics Original research studies performed with human subjects, even when only questionnaires and food recalls are used, must state whether the procedures followed were in accord with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (for example, an author may include a statement similar to the following: “The study protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Board of the Hospital for Sick Children”) or in accord with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 1983. Studies performed with animal subjects must have a statement indicating whether the procedures followed were in accord with an institution’s or the National Research Council’s guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. 38 Figures For figures that contain graphs, both the x and y axes must be labeled. If a figure has 2 y axes (one on the left, one on the right), the left axis reads from bottom to top, and the right axis reads from top to bottom. If there are any misspellings in a figure, including any non-US English spellings, query the author to provide a new figure with correct spelling. Figure citations Every figure should be cited in the article text in numerical order. Always spell out “Figure” when a main text or supplemental figure is cited, either parenthetically or as part of a sentence. Examples: (Figure 1) (Supplemental Figures 4–6) (Figures 5 and 7) (Supplemental Figures 1, 7, and 8) Figure 1 shows… Supplemental Figures 4–6 show… Figures 5 and 7 show… Supplemental Figures 1, 7, and 8 show… ♫ NOTE It is acceptable to use the word “show” when referring to the contents of a figure (e.g., “Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of…” The first citation of each main text or supplemental figure in a manuscript should be boldface [e.g., (Figure 1A) and (Supplemental Figures 1 and 2)]. Note, however, that locants included in the first citations of a figure should not be boldface. If possible, the first citation of each figure in a manuscript should be parenthetical (to avoid the awkward use of boldface in running text [e.g., “Figure 1 shows that…”]). Omit the word “see” from figure citations unless it is grammatically necessary to include it: Participants who were missing potential predictor variables were dropped from the stepwise analysis (see Figure 2 for noted missing data). ♫ NOTE It is acceptable to cite all figures at once (e.g., Figures 1–5) if the Results section is short. ♫ NOTE When the figures in an article are mentioned in a general sense and without specific figure numbers, the word “figure” should be spelled out and lower case (e.g., “The figures in this article show…”). ♫ NOTE Do not allow figure citations in headings. 39 Citation with a table If a figure is cited in conjunction with a table, either in parentheses or in running text, list the items in numerical order, not alphabetical order: Our results were not conclusive in identifying which method is most beneficial for this patient cohort (Table 3, Figure 5). Table 2 and Supplemental Figure 3 summarize the univariate analyses of postoperative variables. Locants All figure locants are uppercase and are set in roman type; letter locants are closed up to the number: (Figure 3A) (Figure 2, upper panel) (Figures 5, 6) (Figures 4A and 7B) Figure 3A shows… Figure 2, upper panel shows… Figures 5 and 6 Figures 4A and 7B show… ♫ NOTE Locants may appear as lower case characters if they appear in a figure that cannot be altered (e.g., if they are embedded within a photomicrographic image). When more than one locant within the same figure is being cited, use the singular “Figure”: (Figure 2A, B) (Figure 5D–F) (Figures 1–4) Figure 2A, B shows… Figure 5D–F shows… Figures 1–4 show… If the citation of a figure lists all of the locants included in that figure, cite only the figure number (e.g., if Figure 6 contains only locants A–C, change any citations for Figure 6A–C to Figure 6). Uncited figures If a figure is not cited in text, attempt to add an appropriate citation and query the author to either confirm the citation or request that it be positioned elsewhere as appropriate. If it is too difficult to determine an appropriate location, simply add a citation to the citation of the preceding figure in text and inform the author that it has been placed there temporarily for typesetting purposes. Figure legends Figure legends are set in a single paragraph and should concisely describe the content of the figure. The figure number is boldface and all caps. For example: FIGURE 2 Percentage of patients who developed acute kidney injury by total medication exposure. The x axis indicates the number of medication exposures. The y axis indicates the percentage of patients with acute kidney injury. All items included in a figure should be identified in the legend. If a figure includes multiple panels, a general figure description should be included in the legend, in addition to text describing the contents of individual panels. Query the author for any missing information. 40 The data presented should be adequately described (e.g., “Values are means ± SEMs, n = 8.”) The results of statistical analyses should be explained as concisely as possible. For example: Change: An asterisk means the control group was significantly different from the group fed OA (P < 0.05). to: *Different from OA, P < 0.05. When SD bars are included in a figure, “ SD” [or “ SEM,” “ SE,” “(95% CI)”] should be included after “mean.” Query the author if it is unclear which statistic should be used. When authors use letters or symbols to distinguish several means, these letters/symbols should be explained (e.g., “Means without a common letter differ, P < 0.05.”). ♫ NOTE Delete text that refers to the Methods section (e.g., “See Methods for the statistical analysis.”). Abbreviations Nonstandard abbreviations used in figures should be defined alphabetically at the end of the figure legend; for example: FIGURE 1 Model of sodium chloride cotransporter regulation. The process shown is mediated by adaptin 3. The sodium chloride cotransporter is trafficked as a monomer from the cytosol to the apical plasma membrane to become an inactive dimer. DCT, distal convoluted tubule; EnaC, epithelial sodium channel; SGK1, serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1. If an abbreviation used in the figure art differs from the abbreviation used in text for the same term, define the figure art abbreviation in the legend. For example, if TOBEC is used in the text to represent the term “total-body electrical conductivity,” but the artwork in a figure uses TBEC to mean the same term, then TBEC must be defined in the legend of that figure. Designators and directionals Designative words (e.g., “arrow,” “panel,” “bar”) and directionals (e.g., “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right”) should be set in roman type, whether they appear parenthetically or in the main legend text. Examples: FIGURE 1 Th2 cells were fixed for immunocytochemical analysis of cyt c (green) and nuclei (blue). Arrows indicate chromatin condensation and nuclear shrinkage; arrowheads indicate DNA degradation. FIGURE 2 Serum creatinine was lower in the FasL-blocking Ab-treated group (upper panel) than in the isotype control Ab group (lower panel). Locants In figure legends, locants should always appear in parentheses as uppercase letters in roman type. 41 When locants appear in the first sentence of the figure legend, they should always follow the text with which they are associated; do not begin a legend with locant A. Correct: FIGURE 2 Fat mass (A) and total BMC (B) in adult, female rats after 12 wk of endurance training and consumption of control or calcium-, energy-, or food-restricted diets. Incorrect: FIGURE 2 (A) Fat mass and (B) total BMC in adult, female rats after 12 wk of endurance training and consumption of control or calcium-, energy-, or food-restricted diets. When locants appear in subsequent sentences of the legend, they may either precede or follow the text with which they are associated. If the locants are integral to the structure of the sentence, omit the parentheses and precede the locant with the word “panel”: FIGURE 3 Expression levels of IL-2 increased concomitantly, as shown in panel A. ♫ NOTE Always check to make sure that all parts of a figure labeled with locants are explained in the legend. Magnification Magnifications should be listed at the end of the figure legend or at the end of the applicable locant description, whichever is more appropriate: FIGURE 1 Colitis scores (A) and representative images (B) for CON and GOS-treated mice preinfection (0 d) and at 28 d postinfection with Helicobacter hepaticus. Representative images are at 200 magnification. Permissions If a figure is being reprinted or modified from another source with permission, a permission line should appear at the very end of the legend (after any abbreviation definitions). Observe the following format: Reproduced from reference 22 with permission. Adapted from reference 34 with permission. Figure legends in Supplement and Symposium articles should always contain one of the following statements: 1) “Reproduced from reference X with permission,” 2) “Adapted from reference Y with permission,” or 3) “Original to this manuscript.” If statement 3 is used in the accepted manuscript, it should be deleted during copyediting. Symbols When copyediting the figure legend, check that all symbols mentioned in the legend are represented in the figure. Likewise, check the figure for symbols that are not mentioned in the legend and query the author to reconcile. 42 For P values, symbols should appear before the significance statement if 2 symbols are present. Also if 2 symbols are present, information (eg, statistical test) that corresponds to all of the P values should be placed before the colon (not after the final P value) per the following example: FIGURE 1 Mean ± SEM myofibrillar FSR in response to a 48-g whey-protein bolus (n = 8). **,***Significant increase from postabsorptive values (repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test): **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001. FSR, fractional synthetic rate. ♫ NOTE If a symbol key is already provided within the figure image, do not define the symbols in the figure legend. 43 Footnotes Article title page The sequence of title page footnotes should follow the order shown below: Prior presentation* Financial support* Author disclosure† Disclaimer* Supporting material* Present address* Equal contribution* Deceased author* Correspondence Abbreviations* *If applicable. †AN and JN only (in AJCN, this information appears in the Acknowledgments). Superscript numerals should be used for all footnote symbols, with the exception of the correspondence footnote, for which an asterisk is used. The numerals for the financial support, author disclosure, disclaimer, and supplemental material footnotes should appear at the end of the article title. For example: Pregnancy low-carbohydrate dietary pattern and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus 1–5 Peter Christian,6,7,9,10 William Howell,7,10 and Craig P Stewart8,11 Departments of 6Nutrition, 7Global Health and Population, and 8Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 1This article was presented in abstract form at the 46th Society for Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, 18–21 June 2013. 2Supported in part by Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands and the Dutch Heart Foundation, grant 2004T048 to TP and 2001B043 to JKK. 3Author disclosures: P Christian, W Howell, and CP Stewart, no conflicts of interest. 4The USDA had no role in the conduct of this study or in the content of this article. 5Supplemental Tables 1 and 2 are available from the “Online Supporting Material” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at http://nutrition.org. 9Present address: Department of Nutrition, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 10These authors contributed equally to this work. 11CP Stewart is deceased. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: t.plosch@med.umcg.nl. 12Abbreviations used: C, control; LXR, liver X receptor; TOR, target of rapamycin. ♫ NOTE Depending on which footnotes are included in a given article, the number assigned to a given footnote may vary. Prior presentation 44 For statements of prior presentation, follow copy for date (but use the style day, month, year [e.g., 5 March 2010]) and title (and capitalization of title) of meeting and name of sponsor. For example: 1This article was presented in abstract form at the 46th Society for Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, 18–21 June 2013. Financial support Every research article should include a financial support footnote. The footnote should begin with the text “Supported by…” or “Supported in part by…”; if provided, the footnote should conclude with acknowledgment of donated materials (e.g., “Product X was supplied by Company Y”). Examples: 2Supported in part by NIH AT004678. 2Supported by NIH grant P60MD0222 (to LMH and CBS) and a grant from the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation. PAA and BDH are supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEHS) Center for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention P01 ES011269. 2Supported in part by the Irish Department of Agriculture and Food and by the UK Food Standards Agency. If no financial support is reported, include the following footnote: 2The authors reported no funding received for this study. ♫ NOTE The word grant is lowercase unless part of a proper name. ♫ NOTE Abbreviations used in institution or corporation names that appear in the financial support footnote should be expanded, unless they are standard, but “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Ltd.,” etc. should be retained. Open access One of the following 2 statements will be provided in the article metadata if the article meets the criteria for open access or free access. The statement should be added at the end of the financial support footnote. For example: This is an open access article distributed under the CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/3.0/). This is a free access article, distributed under terms (http://www.nutrition.org/publications/ guidelines-and-policies/license/) that permit unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Author disclosure AJCN The author disclosure statement is not a footnote and is instead appended to the author contributions paragraph at the end of the article text (see Acknowledgments/Author contributions). 45 AN JN Every article should include an author disclosure footnote. For all article types except for RANS articles (in which the received/reviewed/accepted line information should be listed as the first footnote, followed by the financial support footnote), the author disclosure footnote appears as the second title page footnote. When none of the authors have conflicts of interests to disclose, the footnote should follow the format below. Note that author names should appear as first and middle (if applicable) initials (closed up and without periods) followed by full surnames. The author names should match the names used in the author line, and the order of names should match the order of authors in the author line: 3Author disclosures: P Christian and CP Stewart, no conflicts of interest. When one or more authors have a conflict of interest to disclose, use the following format: 3Author disclosures: LT Coles, PJ Moughan, and A Awati, no conflicts of interest. A Darragh is an employee of Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd. Disclaimer For disclaimers that correspond to government agencies, follow the wording provided in the manuscript; for example: 4The USDA had no role in the conduct of this study or in the content of this article. ♫ NOTE General disclaimers for private funding organizations (e.g., “The sponsors were not influential in the study design, analysis, interpretation of results, or writing of the manuscript”) should be included in the author disclosure statement (in AJCN) or the author disclosure footnote (in AN/JN). Online supporting material The supporting material footnote should appear in any article that includes supporting material. The footnote should be added by the copyeditor using the following format: 5Supplemental Figures 1 and 2 and Supplemental Table 1 are available from the “Online Supporting Material” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at _________. … where the blank is filled in with the URL for the appropriate journal: AJCN http://ajcn.nutrition.org AN http://advances.nutrition.org 46 JN http://jn.nutrition.org Present address A present address footnote should be included for any article in which one or more of the authors has a current address/affiliation that is different from the one that she or he possessed when the research discussed in the article was conducted. For American addresses/affiliations, the footnote should include institution name, street address, city, 2-letter postal service state abbreviation, and postal code. For foreign addresses/affiliations, it should include institution name, city, and country name. The footnote should follow the format shown below: American addresses: 6Present address: Balchem Corporation, 52 Sunrise Park Road, New Hampton, NY 10958. Foreign addresses: 6Present address: WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ♫ NOTE Do not allow a present address footnote for the corresponding author. Equal contribution Designate equally contributing authors by adding a footnote after each author name in the author line. Author line: Footnote: Qian Zhang,7 Junsi Qiu,7 Haiming Li, Yanwen Lu, and Jing Chen 7These authors contributed equally to this work. Follow authors on the wording of the equal contribution footnote (i.e., “…to this work,” “…to this study,” and “…to the project” are all acceptable). Note that multiple equal contribution footnotes are acceptable. Deceased author If an author died prior to publication of the article, indicate this with a footnote; designate the author using their initials: 8JS is deceased. Correspondence Every article should include a correspondence footnote. Use an asterisk for the correspondence footnote symbol, following and closed up to the numerical affiliation footnote symbol that follows the corresponding author’s name. Observe the following formats: One corresponding author: *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alp.ikizler@vanderbilt.edu. Two corresponding authors: *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alp.ikizler@vanderbilt.edu (A Ikizler), j.smith@northwestern.edu (J Smith). ♫ NOTE It is not acceptable to have 3 or more corresponding authors. Query the author to select 1 or 2 authors for correspondence if 3 or more names are given. 47 Abbreviations An abbreviations footnote should be added to all articles that include 3 or more nonstandard abbreviations in the main text (see also Abbreviations/Nonstandard abbreviations). If an abbreviations footnote is included in an article with fewer than 3 abbreviations, it should be deleted. In text, the abbreviations footnote number should appear with the first abbreviation that is defined in the text and should be positioned outside of the parentheses; for example: Cardiovascular disease (CVD)5 is a leading cause of death and disability globally (1). The human intestinal microbiota has been implicated… Abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order; add any that have been omitted by the author. Abbreviations that begin with letters from the Greek alphabet should be listed after any abbreviations that begin with letters from the roman alphabet. Entries should always be singular (e.g., AA, amino acid) even if the abbreviation itself is plural (e.g., NIH). Include group designations (e.g., diet groups) and ensure that they are used consistently and appropriately. Chemical formulas (e.g., “CH4” for methane), 3-letter codes for amino acids, and abbreviations for chemical elements should not be included in the abbreviations footnote. When the corresponding and identical protein abbreviation for a gene abbreviation is not included in the abbreviation footnote, the gene abbreviation should be included in the abbreviation footnote. If both the protein and gene abbreviations are used in the text but are different (e.g., SR-BI and SCARB1), both should be included in the abbreviation footnote. Format the abbreviations footnote as shown below: 9Abbreviations used: AASS, α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde synthase; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; MOS, mannooligosaccharides; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; δ-ALA, δaminolevulinic acid. The citation of/footnote symbol for the abbreviations footnote should be placed immediately after the first abbreviation used in the main text; it should not appear in the Abstract section. ♫ NOTE Any abbreviations appearing in the abbreviations footnote should be defined parenthetically at first use in the text [e.g., “…whey protein concentrate (WPC)…” “…control (C) group…”]. Published ahead of print A published ahead of print information line appears in every article. This information is added at composition and appears below the received/reviewed/accepted dates line in the printed version of the article: First published online May 23, 2012; doi:10.3945/jn.111.157420. 48 Received/reviewed/accepted A JC N A received/accepted line should be positioned directly after the abbreviations footnote in the edited file (it will appear directly above the published ahead of print line in print) and should appear in the following format: Received October 30, 2014. Accepted for publication March 20, 2015. The received/accepted line should not appear in supplement articles. AN AN does not publish a received/reviewed/accepted line. JN A received/reviewed/accepted line should be positioned directly after the abbreviations footnote in the edited file (it will appear directly above the published ahead of print line in print) and should appear in the following format: Manuscript received October 30, 2014. Initial review completed December 6, 2014. Revision accepted March 20, 2015. ♫ NOTE In RANS articles, the received/reviewed/accepted line appears as the first title page footnote (rather than being listed without a footnote number beneath the copyright line at the very bottom of the article title page, as in other article types). ♫ NOTE For received/reviewed/accepted dates in which the day is a single digit, do not include a “placer zero” (e.g., April 8, 2013 not April 08, 2013). Tables See Tables/Footnotes. Text Avoid the use of footnotes to article text unless they are lengthy and consist of multiple sentences. Short, single-sentence footnotes should be incorporated into the article text parenthetically. 49 Headings Abbreviations See Abbreviations/Headings. Article sections See Article Sections for information regarding the required headings for ASN articles. Capitalization Follow the same guidelines as for capitalization in the article title. Chapter section headings Every article (including book reviews) should have a chapter subject heading, which appears at the top of the manuscript document, above the short title and article title. The CSH should follow the same rules for capitalization as the article title. Do not alter the wording of the CSH, and always query your DJS representative before making any necessary changes to it. Unless otherwise indicated, the CSH for symposia and supplements should always be “Symposium: [symposium title]” and “Supplement: [supplement title],” respectively. Running heads Right running head The right running head is a shortened version of the article title (i.e., the short title); it should appear directly above the left running head in the edited Word file. AJCN The right running head should be set in all uppercase letters. Retain lowercase letters for element names (e.g., Cu, Zn), fatty acids (e.g., n–3), and any other scientific terms that must include lowercase letters. Nonstandard abbreviations are allowed as long as they have been defined in the abstract and text. The short title should be no more than 50 characters, including spaces. Examples: DRIs FOR ENERGY IN PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN EFFECTS OF n–3 FATTY ACIDS ON WEIGHT LOSS AN JN The right running head should be set in sentence case. Nonstandard abbreviations are allowed as long as they have been defined in the abstract and text. The short title should be no more than 50 characters, including spaces. Examples: L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid in bread Protein, GI, and CVD markers in children 50 Left running head The left running head comprises the names of the authors; it appears directly beneath the right running head in the edited Word file. AJCN The left running head should be set in all uppercase letters. Format the left running head as shown in the examples below: One author: Two authors: Three or more authors: ARIMOND ARIMOND AND RUEL ARIMOND ET AL. Follow copy regarding the use of small caps (e.g., MCGREGOR, DELANEY). AN JN The left running head should be set in title case. Format the left running head as shown in the examples below: One author: Two authors: Three or more authors: Arimond Arimond and Ruel Arimond et al. For supplement and symposium articles, the left running head should be “Supplement” or “Symposium,” respectively. ♫ NOTE Follow copy for accented characters (e.g., Knut Nygård, Hélène Lapierre, Luis Muñoz), but do not include patronymics (Jr., Sr., III). Text headings In order to have lower-level headings under a given heading level, there must be 2 such lower-level headings. If there is only one lower-level heading, delete it and query the author (“The subheading XXX was deleted because it was the only subheading in this section; if you wish to retain this subheading, please indicate where an additional subheading should be added to this section.”) Level 1 heading AJCN All upper case, boldface; do not run in with following text: EXAMPLE OF A LEVEL 1 HEADING This is the text below a level 1 heading. 51 AN JN Title case, boldface; do not run in with following text: Example of a Level 1 Heading This is the text below a level 1 heading. Level 2 heading Sentence case, boldface; do not run in with following text: Example of a level 2 heading This is the text following a level 2 heading. ♫ NOTE For AN and JN, when a level 1 heading/section (e.g., “Methods”) includes level 2 headings but no level 3 headings, the level 2 headings should be formatted as if they were level 3 headings. Level 3 heading AJCN Sentence case, italic; do not run in with following text: Example of a level 3 heading This is the text below a level 3 heading. AN JN Sentence case, italic, boldface, and followed by a period and a space; run in with following text: Example of a level 3 heading. This is the text following a level 3 heading. Level 4 heading AJCN Sentence case, italic, and followed by a period and a space; run in with following text: Example of a level 4 heading. This is the text following a level 4 heading. 52 Hyphenation In general, follow guidelines for hyphenation as outlined in Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th Edition). Compounds Hyphenated compounds Some compound words are hyphenated when used as nouns; consult Webster’s: cost-effectiveness follow-up self-reliance y-coordinate Hyphenate compound terms serving as a single adjective before the noun. These terms are usually left open when they follow the noun: 2-h intervals 5-mm break 7-d experimental period acid-fast bacilli acid-soluble protein blue-green color double-blind trial high-fat diet ice-cold solution iron-rich sample long-term survival low-protein diet male-to-female ratio rate-limiting enzyme serum-free medium tube-fed mice ♫ NOTE Consider the context of a compound carefully before deciding whether to hyphenate it. For example, a “high-fiber diet” is a diet that is high in fiber, whereas “high fiber intake” refers to a fiber intake that is high. Use a hyphen in a range in which the numbers act as modifiers: 4- to 6-week study 5-wk-old rat 10-d-old mice 3- to 5-cm incision 12- and 13-d-old rabbits 12- to 13-d-old rabbits (not 12-13-d-old) If multiple hyphenated compounds are listed in a series, the compounds that precede the conjunction may be left open-ended: low- and high-dose prescriptions Use an en dash between a prefix and a second element that is more than one word: non–English-speaking people Use a hyphen in noun-noun constructs: renin-angiotensin system physician-patient relationship 53 Use a hyphen for fractions: one-third of the patients in the study (note: avoid use of a third) Do not hyphenate compound modifiers that include plasma, blood, serum, or dietary: blood serum concentration dietary fiber intake Exception: blood-brain barrier Open compounds Do not hyphenate the following: Adverb ending in “-ly” + participle or adjective widely known fact Object and gerund used as noun decision making (but decision-making process) problem solving (but problem-solving techniques) Proper adjectives derived from geographic entities African American Central American Far Eastern Latin American Pacific Rim Southeast Asian well Hyphenate adjectival terms beginning with well: well-known method (but a method that is well known) Widely established compounds or disease names amino acid concentrations bone marrow biopsy foreign body infiltrate health care system sickle cell anemia small cell carcinoma soft tissue mass urinary tract infection Numerical ranges Do not use a hyphen for numerical ranges; use an en dash instead (e.g., 3–10 mL of saline). ♫ NOTE Do not use an en dash for confidence interval ranges; use a comma instead. 54 Prefixes The following prefixes are not followed by a hyphen in most cases: anteantiautobicocrossdis- extrainterintraintromacromicromid- monomultinonparapostprepro- resemisubsupertranstriun- Retain the hyphen in the following instances: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. With abbreviations (e.g., anti-IFN) With proper nouns (e.g., non-Hodgkin’s) With numerals (e.g., pre-1914) With double-vowel or triple-consonant combinations (e.g., pre-existing, re-entry, antiinflammatory, cross-sectional); note that double-consonant combinations do not take a hyphen (e.g., nonnephrotic) With antibodies (e.g., anti-mouse, anti-rabbit) If the resultant term is a different word or would lead to mispronunciation [e.g., re-create, un-ionized, co-eluted, co-ingestion, etc. (but close up “coworkers”)] post-ischemic Suffixes -fold Hyphenate the suffix “-fold” with numerals (e.g., 3-fold, 15-fold, 1000-fold), but allow severalfold, manyfold (not manifold), zerofold, and similar construction. Decimals require numerals even for numbers <10 (e.g., 5.2-fold). Variables Do not hyphenate “P value” or “F value.” 55 Keywords The author is allowed 5–10 keywords. If there are fewer than 5 keywords, query the author to provide additional ones; if there are more than 10 keywords, query the author to reduce the number of keywords. Keywords appear directly below the abstract and are preceded by the heading Keywords, followed by a colon; an em space separates the heading from the keywords, and the keywords are separated by commas with no ending punctuation. Use capital letters only for proper nouns, abbreviations, and scientific terms that require the use of an uppercase character. For example: Keywords: folate, cobalamin, S-adenisylmethionine, AS3MT 56 Manufacturer Information Citation If the manufacturer name for any specialized product, device, or equipment listed in a manuscript is not provided, query the author for the missing information. When citing manufacturer information, include the product name and company (parenthetically if possible). Location is not required. If provided in parentheses, manufacturer information should be presented in the following format: … (Product name; Manufacturer name). If the product name is integral to the sentence structure, do not repeat it parenthetically: … Product name (Manufacturer name). Examples: Flat-bottom plates (Costar; Corning) were used in all experiments. Data were analyzed using FloJo software (Tree Star). We examined the effects of feeding mice Cheetos (Frito-Lay). ♫ NOTE A manufacturer’s name must also be given in figure legends or table footnotes, even if already provided in text. ♫ NOTE Eponymous products that are not trademarked do not require a manufacturer name (e.g., Douglas bags). Trademarks Follow the recommendations of the International Trademark Association (INTA) for trademarks:     Trademarks are proper adjectives and should be followed by generic terms (e.g., Kodak camera) Trademarks should not be pluralized (pluralize the common nouns they describe instead) Trademarks should not be used in the possessive form unless the trademark itself is possessive Trademarks are never verbs (e.g., “Copy the report on a Xerox copier” not “Xerox the report”) Delete trademark symbols (note that the British use “R” to indicate trademark). Often an author uses a trademark when a descriptive or generic term should be used. Query the author for a generic term if needed. Substitute: polytetrafluoroethylene feed pellets evacuated tube clear plastic colloidal suspension of silica ♫ NOTE for: Teflon Chow (or cite Purina) Vacutainer Plexiglas Percoll Olestra and orlistat are not trade names. 57 Mathematical Expressions “E” notation If the author has used “E” notation, convert this to scientific notation. For example: 1.23E07 1.23e07 1.23E+7 should be: 1.23 × 107 1.23E-07 1.23e-07 1.23E-7 should be: 1.23 × 10−7 Signs and symbols The mathematical signs <, >, , and  should include spaces on both sides when appearing with a variable (e.g., P < 0.05), but close up the space in one-sided expressions (e.g., <4.4 mmol/L; constituted >100%). Other mathematical signs and symbols (+, , =, ) are spaced on both sides when they are preceded by a variable, a noun, or a number and are followed by a number or variable (e.g., 1  104; 4.86  0.81%; P = 0.05; mean  SD). Close up plus and minus signs to positive and negative numbers (e.g., 3, +4; x = 3). Close up the percentage sign to the number (e.g., 75%). Repeat the sign when multiple values are being expressed in a series or in a mathematical expression (e.g., 4.0%  7.2%), but do not repeat the sign in numerical ranges (e.g., 5–10%). Close up the temperature degree sign () to the number and the abbreviation “C” (e.g., 45C). Always replace the words “less than” and “greater than” with their corresponding mathematical symbols (< and >) when used with numerical values. Do not use “” for the word “times” in running text (e.g., “3 times greater” not “3 greater”). Change instances of “approximately” to the corresponding symbol (~) only when used with numbers, but when used, close up the symbol to the number (e.g., “~30 mL”). ♫ NOTE Always insert the symbol from the DJS copyedit menu rather than using a tilde symbol from the keyboard. Do not use the “” symbol. 58 Nomenclature Amino acids alanine (Ala) arginine (Arg) asparagine (Asn) aspartic acid (Asp) cysteine (Cys) glutamic Acid (Glu) glutamine (Gln) glycine (Gly) histidine (His) isoleucine (Ile) leucine (Leu) lysine (Lys) methionine (Met) phenylalanine (Phe) proline (Pro) serine (Ser) threonine (Thr) tryptophan (Trp) tyrosine (Tyr) valine (Val) Follow the author on the formatting of amino acids; hyphenation (e.g., Ala-Leu) and superscript (Arg506) are both acceptable, but the first letter of any amino acid should always be capped. ♫ NOTE Amino acid abbreviations are considered standard and need not be defined in the text. Centrifugation Use “ g” not “rpm” for centrifugation statements (e.g., “10,000 × g; 5 min; 37°C”), and query the author for g-force, time, and/or temperature information if not provided. Chemical Most chemical compound prefixes are italicized; for example: cis-, trans-, o-, m-, p-, n-, sec-, tert-, sym-, N-, S-, O-, d-, dl-, meso-, endo-, exoThe abbreviations “D” (for “dextro”) and “L” (for “levo”) should always be set in small caps (e.g., Nmethyl-D-aspartate and 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine). The number always precedes the charge (e.g., Ca2+). Follow the author’s choice of element nomenclature when counting atoms (e.g., C 18 column, C-18 column, or C18 column) except for superscript notation, which is not allowed (e.g., C18 column). Spell out the number if the name of the element is spelled out (e.g., a six-carbon ring). Use numbers when discussing positions in chemical structures: the 1-position of the ring carbon in the 6-position or C-6 Abbreviate element names when used with a unit (e.g., 7 mg Fe, 7 mg elemental Fe, 6% Ca content). ♫ NOTE Spell out oxygen and carbon dioxide except when used with units or equations. 59 Currency Use the dollar sign (“$”) by itself when referring to US dollars; if used in conjunction with other dollar currencies, however, specify “US$” to denote US currency (e.g., “equivalent to 9.21 US$ in 2004”). Enzymes Use enzyme names as provided by the author; there is no need to add the Enzyme Nomenclature number (but if provided by the author, it can be retained). Use an en dash for the long dash in some enzyme names in Enzyme Nomenclature. Some common enzymes: Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) cytochrome-c oxidase (1.9.3.1) dopamine--monooxygenase (alternate name: dopamine--hydroxylase) ferroxidase (alternate name: ceruloplasmin) sterol O-acyltransferase (not acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase or ACAT) superoxide dismutase (1.15.1.1) Equations Equations should be displayed on a line by themselves. No punctuation should follow an equation, even if it is introduced at the end of a sentence. It is acceptable to define terms in equations after the equation; abbreviations used in an equation do not have to be used in the text. The order of fences in equations is as follows: { [ ( { [ ( … ) ] } ) ] } Single-letter symbols standing for a quantity or variable should be in italic. Multiletter symbols should be in roman so as not to be confused with 2 or more single-letter symbols that are being multiplied. All other characters in equations should also be set in roman. Number all equations with italic numbers in parentheses, flush right of the equation; for equations that appear in appendices precede the number with the letter of the appendix in which the equation appears: a=b+c a=b+c (1) (A1) Cite equations in text as follows: Equation 1 shows… As shown by Equations 2–6, … ♫ NOTE … is clear (Equation 1). Display equations are set in MathType. If the copyeditor does not have MathType, the DJS representative should be notified so that any necessary equation formatting measures can be taken. 60 Fatty acids cis and trans In general, there is no need to use the abbreviations “c” and “t” to denote cis and trans after first usage. The author can continue to use the “cis” and “trans” terminology throughout. For example: Studies show that human milk contains a high amount of cis-9,trans-11 CLA (cis-9,trans-11-18:2) and that women consuming cis-9,trans-11 CLA supplements produce milk with more cis-9,trans11 CLA. If the author has used c9,t11-CLA, change to cis-9,trans-11 CLA (cis-9,trans-11-18:2) and use cis-9,trans-11 CLA thereafter. Note the use of the common name (CLA) after the first mention with the systematic name in parentheses. If the author does not specify isomers or refers to a group of isomers, then use “CLA” alone. If, however, an article includes many references to systematic names including cis and trans designators, it may be more economical to use the “c” and “t” designators. If used, the abbreviations “c” and “t” do not need to be defined in tables and figures. ♫ NOTE cis and trans should be italicized; “c” and “t” should not. Common names and systematic names Use common names and systematic names together at first mention; then use the common name thereafter. For example: Palmitic acid (16:0) is the most common fatty acid in animals and plants. Evidence suggests that consumption of palmitic acid increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Linoleic acid (18:2n–6) is an unsaturated ω-6 fatty acid. Medical research has shown that a diet deficient in linoleic acid causes poor wound healing in rats. Systematic names may be used in tables and figures without definition. Do not include systematic names in the abbreviations footnote. Examples: 18:2n–6 18:2ω-6 trans 18:1n–7 9-trans 18:1 9t-18:1 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (not C-20) 18–20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid 18:0 (not C18:0); once introduced in an article, use it consistently cis and trans monounsaturated fatty acids 61 Standard (n) system and omega (ω) system Listings should follow the format carbon atoms:bonds(position) [e.g., “20:4n–6”]. Note that an en dash should be used with “n” but that a hyphen should be used with “ω” and all elements of the expression should be closed up. Use of the omega (ω) system is allowed (e.g., ω-3). It is acceptable to spell out “omega” in the text if the author has done so, but only at first mention; thereafter, use the Greek letter. Always use the Greek letter in the article title. Regardless of which system is used in the text, include the alternative form in parentheses in the abstract. For example, if “n–3” is used throughout the paper, add “(ω-3)” after “n–3” in the abstract. Similarly, if “ω-3” is used, add “(n–3)” after “ω-3” in the abstract. Beginning a sentence with a fatty acid expression (e.g., “n–3 Fatty acids…”) is acceptable. There is no need to rephrase the sentence (e.g., “Various n–3 fatty acids…”). Note that when a sentence begins with a multi-word term that starts with a lowercase letter, you should retain the lowercase letter in the first part of the term but capitalize the first letter in the second part of the term (e.g., “n–3 Fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation improves…”). In text, observe the following usage: n–3 fatty acids ω-3 PUFA ratio of n–3 to n–6 fatty acids Genes and proteins All gene abbreviations listed in text, figures, and tables should be italicized. The use of prefixes to designate species is not allowed. For articles that include genetic terminology, the following standard author query should be added to the manuscript: Per journal style, gene symbols or abbreviations should be italicized, whereas protein abbreviations should appear in roman type. All gene and protein abbreviations should be defined at first use in the abstract, text, figures, and tables, and the abbreviations footnote on the title page should include definitions for them as well. Please check and amend as applicable. For rodent genes, the first letter of the gene abbreviation should be uppercase and the other letters lowercase (e.g., Pparg not PPARG). For human genes, all letters should be uppercase (e.g., PPARG). The same gene abbreviation and formatting conventions should be used for messenger RNA (mRNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA). The protein designation for a given gene is the same as the gene abbreviation, but all letters in it should be uppercase (even for rodent proteins) and roman rather than italic (e.g., PPARG). See Abbreviations/Genes and proteins for additional information. Supporting material For genes listed in online supporting material (OSM, supplemental tables, or supplemental figures), the citation may be provided in a table footnote or in the figure legend [e.g. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene) or Unigene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/unigene). 62 Greek Always use Greek letters themselves (e.g., β-VLDL, NF-κB) rather than the spelled out English words for them. Greek characters should appear in roman type (not italic type). Hyphenate single Greek letters to their terms (e.g., IFN-γ). If a hyphenated compound that begins with a Greek character appears at the beginning of a sentence, capitalize the first non-Greek character (e.g., 2Agonist). Hormones Look up any hormone that ends in hormone or factor to confirm and change the name; for example: Change: adrenocorticotropic hormone somatotropin release-inhibiting factor to: corticotropin somatostatin Latin All Latin terms should be roman, including: a priori ad hoc ad infinitum ad libitum bona fide de facto de novo e.g. en bloc et al. ex vitro ex vivo i.e. in situ in utero in vacuo in vitro in vivo post hoc via Use correct Latin plurals, e.g., aquaria, sera, inocula, spectra, etc. The word media should be treated as a plural noun. Latin abbreviations should also be roman. Do not italicize expanded Latin terms (e.g., lamina propria). Use periods with the abbreviations e.g., et al., etc., and i.e., and offset with a comma. Do not use Latin abbreviations that are used in prescription writing; spell out instead: po: by mouth q: every qd: every day (or daily) bid: twice a day qid: 4 times a day tid: 3 times a day Radioactivity Examples of acceptable presentation: [99Tc]albumin [13C]glucose [32P]AMP 13CO 2 ♫ NOTE 13C 40K 2H O 2 99mTc Avoid use of the term spiking, which is jargon for the addition of a radioactive element to a nonradioactive sample to compare with a radioactive sample; query the author if unclear how it should be changed. 63 Ratios Examples of acceptable presentation: millimolar ratio of phytate to zinc millimolar ratios of (phytate  calcium) to zinc ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P:S) petroleum ether:diethyl ether:acetic acid (80:20:1, by vol) The ratio of females to males was 3:1. The chemicals were mixed in a 2:3 ratio. Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes should be set closed up, with the first 3 letters in italic type. Examples: AceI ApaI ApaLI BamH BamHI BanI DdeI EcoR EcoRI HaeI HaeII HinPI PvuI Sal3AI SphI TaqI XhoI XhoII SI prefixes Use the following SI prefixes: Factor 1012 109 106 103 10−2 10−3 10−6 10−9 10−12 10−15 10−18 Prefix tera giga mega kilo centi milli micro nano pico femto atto Symbol T G M k c m μ n p f a Statistical terminology For data presented in the main article text, provide the data immediately after the relevant group is mentioned rather than parenthetically at the end of the sentence [e.g., “X was greater in the C group (mean  SE) than in the T group (mean  SE) (P < 0.001).”] For reporting means and ranges in parentheses, use the following style: (range: 7.5–9.7) (mean: 57 y) 64 When statistical designators are given, ensure that any corresponding value sets match the designators. For example, if the author states only that the “mean ± SD = 5.1,” query for the missing SD value. Abbreviations and terms The following statistical abbreviations are common and may be used without definition: ANCOVA ANOVA CI CV df F HR IQR ln n (not n, N, N, or #) NS OR P, P-trend, P-interaction, etc. r r2 R R2 RR SD SE SEE SEM analysis of covariance analysis of variance (use “factor,” not “way” [e.g., 2-factor ANOVA]) confidence interval coefficient of variation degrees of freedom variance ratio hazard ratio interquartile range natural log number of observations not significant odds ratio probability (level of significance) coefficient of correlation, sample coefficient of determination, sample coefficient of multiple correlation coefficient of multiple determination relative risk standard deviation standard error standard error of the estimate standard error of the mean Other commonly used statistical terms include: arcsin½ transformation (arcsine of the square root) Bonferroni test Bonferroni’s corrected P value broken-line regression analysis chi-square tests, χ2 analysis Cochran test common-intercept multiple linear regression Duncan’s multiple range test (MRT) Dunn t test Dunnett’s t test Fisher’s exact test Fisher’s protected least significant difference (PLSD) multiple comparison test Fisher’s Z transformation Gehan’s Wilcoxon test General Linear Model procedure (SAS 1985) 65 Hartley’s test Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA Latin square least-squares method Levenberg-Marquard method linear contrast test Mann-Whitney U test McNemar’s test for changes in prevalence mean square error (MSE) method of least squares\ Michaelis-Menten equation P value, F test paired 2-tailed t tests pairwise multiple-comparison procedure Pearson’s product-moment correlation, Pearson correlation coefficients post hoc t test repeated-measures ANOVA Scheffé test or Scheffé procedure (either is acceptable) Shapiro-Wilk test Spearman rank correlation coefficient split-plot ANOVA SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistical analysis root mean square error (RMSE) Student’s one-sample test Student’s t test (paired, unpaired) Student’s two-sample test Student-Newman-Keuls test Tukey’s ω procedure Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (HSD) Tukey’s procedure Tukey’s studentized range test Tukey-Kramer test of significance Waller-Duncan Bayes least significant difference (BLSD) test Wilcoxon 2-sample test Wilcoxon’s nonparametric test Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank and Rank Sum tests Wilks’ Lambda z score Consult the CSE Manual for other statistical abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature not listed here. 66 67 Confidence intervals Confidence intervals and related statistics should be listed using the following format: (95% CI: xxx, yyy) (OR: x; 95% CI: xxx, yyy) (HR: x; 95% CI: xxx, yyy) (: x; 95% CI: xxx, yyy) ♫ NOTE Follow the author on the confidence level (95% vs. 99%, 98%, 90%), but query for the level if not provided. Computer programs A reference or computer program must be cited for statistics other than t test or chi-square test. If a computer program is cited, the version number and manufacturer’s name are required. Follow author for program formatting (caps, etc.). Interaction terms For interaction terms, it is permissible to use hyphens or a multiplication sign (e.g., treatment  group interaction or treatment-by-group interaction). Means  SDs, SEs, SEMs Use the format “mean  SD” rather than “mean (±SD)” (the same rule applies to SE and SEM). Values given as “” must include whether they are  SD or SE; query if missing. The statistical designator “mean ± SD” can either be plural or singular as long as parallel usage is used: acceptable: mean ± SD or means ± SDs not acceptable: mean ± SDs nor means ± SD If the Methods section states that the format of the data throughout the Results section is expressed as the mean ± SD (or SE, or SEM), do not repeat “mean ± SD” (or “SE,” or “SEM”) throughout the Results when the data are given. For example: Statistical Analysis …Values are expressed as means ± SDs. Results …Individual scores (4.3 ± 1.4 points) were calculated from 4.4 dietary reports over 13y, on average. The mean age of participants was 74.3 ± 2.3 years, and the mean TICS score was 33.8 ± 2.7 points. ♫ NOTE This rule applies only to the statistic mean ± SD (or SE, or SEM); do not apply it to other statistical information (e.g., 95% CI, HR, RR). P values The term “P value” should not be hyphenated, but hyphenate the terms “P-trend,” “P-interaction,” etc. 68 Use parentheses around P values discussed in the text, but format them with commas when they appear in figure or table legends (e.g., “Different from OA, P < 0.05.”). For statements of nonsignificance, JN preference is to include the P value, unless P > 0.1, in which case the preference is to delete the sentence. Query the author if a statement is made without a P value. If the P value supplied by the author is between 0.05 and 0.10, add the P value in parentheses where appropriate. If the P value supplied by the author is >0.10, then the sentence should be deleted. ♫ NOTE A statement “Significantly different from . . .” ordinarily should have a corresponding P value; query if not provided. However, if significance has been defined in the Methods section (e.g., P < 0.05), then it is not necessary for the author to include the specific P values. Ratios, risks, and coefficients Use colons rather than virgules to express the composition of buffers or solutions, [e.g., 1-butanol:acetic acid (75:25, vol:vol)], and “by vol” if more than 2 substances are being listed [(75:20:5, by vol)]. Note as well that “vol:vol” and “vol:wt” should be used rather than “v:v” and “v:wt,” respectively. Taxonomy Genus and species names are always italicized (e.g., Escherichia coli; Limulus amebocyte assay). Spell out each genus the first time it is used with each species in the text; thereafter, abbreviate the genus name to one letter with a period (e.g., Escherichia coli becomes E. coli). Exception: Spell out the genus name in table titles. Temperature Use Celsius designations for temperature, closing up the degree symbol and the abbreviation to the numeral (e.g., 37C). Query the author to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius if necessary. Vitamins Specific vitamin names should be preceded by vitamin when discussed in the text (e.g., “vitamin B-6 toxicity” not “B-6 toxicity”). Use hyphens rather than subscripted numbers when listing vitamin names for all vitamins except vitamin D (e.g., B-12 not B12 but D3 not D-3). Preferred terminology In tables, lists, or discussions of diet ingredients or vitamin mixes, the following terminology should be used. It is preferable that the forms of vitamins A, D, and E be specified; if they have not been, however, do not query the author for them. When a number is not provided for vitamin K, leave as is. Vitamin B-1 Vitamin B-2 Vitamin B-3 Vitamin B-5 Vitamin B-6 Vitamin K-1 Vitamin K-3 thiamin (not thiamine) riboflavin niacin pantothenic acid pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, pyridoxal-P (PLP), pyridoxamine-P (PMP), pyridoxine-P (PNP) [NOTE: follow author usage] phylloquinone menadione 69 Vitamin D2 ergocalciferol Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol When discussing vitamin D3, it is preferable to define/expand the term as “cholecalciferol,” “1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol,” or “25-hydroxycholecalciferol” at first usage, but abbreviations [e.g., “l,25(OH)2-D3” or “25(OH)-D3”] may be used for subsequent instances. Query the author if the definition/expansion is not provided at first usage. Note that vitamins D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8 are similarly obscure and should thus be defined chemically as well. Units Acceptable vitamin A units include μg, IU, and retinol equivalent (RE). Follow author usage of vitamin D units. Acceptable vitamin E units include g (preferred) and α-tocopherol equivalents (α-TE). 70 Numbers Beginning of a sentence Sentences should not begin with a numeral; restructure as necessary to avoid this. For example: NaCl (100 mg) was…” or “A total of 100 mg of…” not “100 mg of NaCl was...” Comma Use a comma in numbers of 5 decimal places: 10,000 250,000 (but 2 million, 3.5 million) A comma should never be used in the place of a decimal point. Dates In text, use the following format for dates: day, month, year (e.g., 23 April 2013). In the received/reviewed/accepted line, use the following format: month, day, year (e.g., April 23, 2013). Fractions Change fractions used in text to an expression of percentage or to words (e.g., one-third [always hyphenate] or 33% not 1/3). Measurements Use numerals with all units of measure (e.g., 27 mg) and time (e.g., 2 minutes, 50 years). Ordinal numbers Avoid the use of ordinal numbers, (e.g., week 2 not 2nd week). If unavoidable, spell out ordinal numbers <10 but use the numeric form for numbers 10 (e.g., the first day, the 11th hour). Percentages Always use numerals when discussing specific percentages. Close up the percent symbol (%) to the numeral and repeat it in a series, in mathematical expressions, and in ranges separated by words: 22%, 59%, and 684% 7.0% ± 4.2% between 5% and 10% Do not repeat the symbol when an en dash is used to express a range (e.g., 5–10%). The word “percentage” should be used when it appears alone in a sentence without a numerical value (e.g., “The percentage of zinc in...”). 71 Proportions Use “of” to express numerical proportions, not the virgule (/): 3 of 9 patients not 3/9 patients 15 of 25 patients not 15/25 patients Ranges An en dash should generally be used for all numerical ranges in text and in tables (e.g., 6–12 days; 3–10 mL). An en dash should also be used for reference citations (see References/Citations) and for page ranges in the reference list (see Reference Style). Do not repeat symbols that are closed up to the numeral (e.g., 20–50%). Do not use an en dash in the following instances:    in “from” or “between” construction (e.g., “from 4 to 6 L/d”; “between 3 and 6 wk”) when one of the values is a negative number (e.g., 0.7 to +1.4) when one of the values requires a mathematical symbol (e.g., 1 to <5) Series Run numbered lists into the text with which they appear wherever possible. For lists preceded by a colon, the sentence before the colon must be complete. Follow example below: ”The results of Expt. 1 were as follows: 1) xxx, 2) yyy, and 3) zzz.” not “The results of Expt. 1 were: 1) xxx, 2) yyy, and 3) zzz.” In text, use italic Arabic numerals set off by parentheses to denote a numerical series: This is an example of an in-text numbered series: 1) the first item, 2) the second item, and 3) the third item. ♫ NOTE The italic formatting is necessary to differentiate the series numbers from reference citations (see References/Citations). If necessary, use semicolons between individual list items/numbers for clarity. Spelling out numbers All numerical values should be Arabic numerals; do not spell out numbers less than 10. Exceptions:  Spell out zero and one when not used as an assigned value or in connection with units of measure: one patient one of the most important factors a value approaching zero 72  Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence (but see Numbers/Beginning of a sentence): Forty-seven patients were hospitalized and 8 of 12 patients were released. Twenty-five grams of fat was consumed.  When 2 numbers are adjacent to one another, retain the numeral that occurs with the unit of measure and spell out the other number: eight 50-g aliquots three 5-d treatment periods Time Use military time (e.g., “0800” not “8:00 am”). Do not include the unit “h” for hours unless the statement would be ambiguous without it. Zero Insert a zero before all decimal values <1.00. 73 Priority Claims Priority claims are acceptable as long as they are qualified with the phrase “to our knowledge” or a reasonable and appropriate alternative. For example: We observed for the first time, to our knowledge, that Zn deficiency substantially increased leptin production and the infiltration of activated macrophages. Do not append “to our knowledge” to priority statements that (a) would be generally accepted as a fact or (b) attribute priority for something other than the findings of the original research. For example: Barack Obama is the first African American to become President of the United States. Funk (1) was the first researcher to identify and name these micronutrients. 74 Punctuation Refer to the Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition) for any punctuation rules not presented here. Apostrophe Use an apostrophe to form plurals of single letters but not of numbers and abbreviations: p’s and q’s but DNAs, 1970s Brackets See Parentheses. Colon Use a colon rather than a virgule in all ratios, [e.g., “methanol:water (50:50, vol:vol)”], as well as in expressions of the composition of buffers or solutions [e.g., “1-butanol:acetic acid (75:25, vol:vol)”]. Do not use a colon to introduce a list that is a complement or object of an element in the introductory statement (e.g., “The metals excluded were mercury, manganese, and magnesium.”). Comma Use commas in the following instances: 1. in a series unless one of the items in the series (other than the final item) contains commas, in which case a semicolon should be used: at days 2, 4, and 6 2. 3. but at days 2, 4, and 6; weeks 3, 5, and 7; and months 8, 9, and 10 after all introductory adverbs when the clauses of a compound sentence are joined by a conjunction, use a comma before the conjunction unless the clauses are short and closely related: He bolted the door, but the intruder had entered through the window. but Charles played the guitar and Betty sang. 4. “respectively” should be preceded by a comma and followed by a comma, period, or other punctuation, as appropriate: When a 10%, 20%, or 40% casein diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4% methionine, respectively, was fed to rats... 5. between units of the same dimension (e.g., 2 years, 4 months) 75 6. 7. after a state abbreviation that follows a city (e.g., “Patients from Tacoma, WA, were examined.”) between modifiers if the placement of the modifiers can be swapped: We studied the effect of perioperative, arginine-supplemented nutritional support. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial. but randomized controlled trial; healthy elderly women Avoid the use of commas in the following instances: 1. 2. 3. after short introductory phrases that include dates at the beginning of sentences (e.g., “In 1965 McAdams discovered...”) around “in part” (e.g., “results were due in part to...”) in compound predicate, unless the parts are very long (“In fact, glucose administration raised brain phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations and exacerbated the increase of these amino acids induced by aspartame in the rat brain.”) Em dash In general, follow CSE Manual guidelines for em dash usage. Use an em-dash in tables in which a hyphen is used to indicate no value obtained. En dash Use an en dash (–) to show relational distinction in a hyphenated or compound modifier, 1 element of which consists of 2 words or a hyphenated word, or when the word being modified is a compound: HF diet–fed rats ascorbic acid–induced effects AIN-76–based diet amino acid–deficient diet vitamin A–adequate diet β-carotene–deficient Use an en dash for all numerical ranges in the text and in tables, including reference citations (see References/Citations) and page ranges in the reference list (see Reference Style). Do not use an en-dash when the range cited is expressed as “between”/”and” or “from”/”to.” Exclamation point Delete exclamation points used in Original Research Communications. Hyphen See Hyphenation. Parentheses Place brackets around elements that are already in parentheses: …greater deiodinase activity than controls [26 vs. 44.0 ng T3/(mg protein·20 mm)]. 76 Fence order For multiple parenthetical sets, alternate between parentheses and brackets, with parentheses as the innermost set; for example: [([( … )])]. For mathematical equations and formulae, include curly brackets in the alternation; for example: [{({[( … )]})]}. ♫ NOTE When brackets or parentheses are integral to a scientific term, adjust the order of sets accordingly, as in isotope nomenclature (i.e, where brackets are the innermost set): Internal standards ([13C2]-glycine, [2H4]-cystathionine, [2H2]-guanidinoacetic acid) were purchased from Cambridge Isotopes. Punctuating data within parentheses Below are several examples of preferred means of punctuating data within parentheses. (r = 0.10, P < 0.05) (r = 0.28 and 0.29, respectively, P < 0.05) (r = 0.010, P < 0.05; Figure 1) (r = 0.010, P < 0.05; n = 5) (2 test: 4.28, P = 0.05) (P-trend = 0.05) (214%; P < 0.01) (control group, 5 ± 1 min; experimental group, 6 ± 2 min; P < 0.05) (control group: 5 ± 1 min, n = 5; experimental group: 6 ± 2 min, n = 6; P < 0.05) (BMI; in kg/m2) [BMI (in kg/m2): 22.6] (DHA, 22:6n3) (mean ± SEM: 5 ± 2 min) (range: 1–10 s) (90:10:1, by vol) (OR: 0.39) (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.50) ORs (95% CIs) were 0.39 (0.20, 0.50) and 0.41 (0.35, 0.52) (n = 1 at 2 mo, n = 3 at 3 mo) (15 women and 13 men) or (15 women, 13 men) (4 mmol/L, or 155 mg/dL) (catalog no. 5671; Isotec Inc) In figure legends: (□, experimental group; ■, control group) (□, experimental group: r = 0.12, P < 0.05; ■, control group: r = 0.05, P < 0.05) Prime symbol Ensure that the prime symbol is used in constructions such as “T4-5′-deiodinase activities”; do not use a single “dumb” quote. 77 Quotation marks Quotation marks should be used only in the following situations: (1) to offset a quote; (2) to define a word or term that is being used ironically or out of its normal context; (3) to offset slang; or (4) to offset coined words and phrases. Quotation marks should never be used for emphasis. Periods and commas should be placed inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons, outside. Semicolon Use a semicolon to separate elements of a complex series, usually when one or more of the series items (except the final one) include commas. For example: The dietary diversity index accounted for animal-based foods, including organ meats, fresh fish, and eggs; cereals and tubers; vitamin A–rich foods, including mangoes, tomatoes, and red palm oil; and fruits and vegetables. Use a semicolon to separate coordinate clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb (e.g., “I arrived late; however, I saw the entire movie”). Use a semicolon to separate a series of abbreviation definitions in figure legends and table footnotes. Virgule Use a virgule as a substitute for “per” in tables and parenthetical expressions in conjunction with units of time and measure: 5 mg/kg 30 to 50 mg/kg intravenously Do not use a double virgule for drug dosages; instead, substitute the second virgule with “per”: Iron supplementation of 2 mg/kg per day is provided to infants in the postnatal period. Note that the virgule is used with units of measure only when at least one unit contains a numeral. Proportions Do not use a virgule to express proportions (see Numbers/Proportions). 78 References Entries in the References section are listed numerically based on the order in which they are cited in text. Numbers should be followed by a period with no parentheses or brackets. Citations All entries listed in the References section must be cited in the text in numerical order. Query author to cite any missing citations or references not cited in text. Citations should appear as Arabic numerals within online parentheses and should be positioned inside commas, colons, semicolons, and periods and outside quotation marks. This finding is consistent with some previous studies (15, 16), but not others (17–19). HEGC is the gold standard for assessing insulin (45); however, its use is limited. When an author’s name appears in the text, place the reference directly after the citation [e.g., Quigley et al. (25)]. Author names When authors are mentioned in text as part of a reference citation, use only the author surnames. For citations of a 2-author reference, list both surnames: Xu and Wang (39) excluded patients with a negative d-dimer test result. For citations of references with more than 2 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”: The formula obtained by Ito et al. (2) was associated with an mPAP of 35.8  20.2 mm Hg. ♫ NOTE Always check author names against the reference list to confirm accuracy of the citation, including proper use of “et al.” Citations in the abstract See Abstract/Reference citations. et al. When a reference with 3 or more authors is cited by author name in the text, include only the first author name followed by et al.: Drake et al. (43) found that a patient’s initial experience was predictive of compliance. Rewrite citations to avoid the possessive form in text: The study by Nguyen et al. (17) not 79 Nguyen et al.’s (17) study Follow the author on alternatives to et al. when the author cited is any author other than the first author, or if one author is associated with several references in a citation: Jenkins and colleagues (17) showed that this indicator is a good predictor of ED visits. These findings are consistent with those of Nelson and coworkers (5). Figures and tables If a reference is cited for the first time in a figure or table, it must be numbered based on the in-text citation of that figure or table. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals If the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is cited as part of an ethic statement without a reference, reword the sentence so that the reference is not needed (e.g., “according to the National Research Council guidelines”). Multiple references Multiple references within one citation should appear in numerical order. Separate reference numbers with a comma and a space between the numbers: These techniques have been described previously (14, 15). Overall morbidity and mortality have improved in adults and children (2, 7, 9). Use an en dash in citations consisting of 3 or more consecutive numbers: Our findings are consistent with other studies of similar cohorts (22–24). This is a safe alternative for health care facilities with limited resources (32, 33, 35–39). “Recent” studies Previously published studies should be referred to as “recent” only if published within 3 years of the publication date of the article in which they are being cited. Journal abbreviations Use PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/journals) as a primary resource for journal title abbreviations. Publication cities not requiring state/country names The following cities should not be followed by their respective states or countries when appearing in a reference as the publisher location: Amsterdam Berlin Boston Chicago London Madrid New York Paris Philadelphia St. Louis Tokyo Toronto Any city not listed above should be followed by the 2-letter United States postal code (see Abbreviations/Locations/United States) or country name in parentheses. 80 Style References are numbered, with periods (no parentheses or brackets): 1. Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Can we improve the quality of life for dialysis patients? Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54:993–5. For all reference types, list all author/editor names, unless there are more than 10 authors, in which case the first 10 authors should be listed, followed by “et al.” Style pedigrees in references as follows: “Smith J Jr.” and “Smith J III”. Do not change the wording or spelling of any article or publication title in the reference list (i.e., retain British spellings, do not change numbers to words, and do not change “alpha” to “”). Check possible errors through MEDLINE (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/) and/or query the author for clarification. Use an en dash in all page ranges, and include periods at the ends of references. Books Davidson, R. Probiotic therapy. Boston: Windsor Press; 2009. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kim GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. Article or chapter in an edited book Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113. ♫ NOTE Delete chapter numbers in edited book references if provided. Author(s) and editor(s) Breedlove GK, Schorfheide AM. Adolescent pregnancy. 2nd ed. Wieczorek RR, editor. White Plains (NY): March of Dimes Education Services; 2001. Book with edition Bianco LE, Unger EL, Beard J. Iron deficiency and overload: from basic biology to clinical medicine. 3rd ed. New York: Humana Press; 2010. Book with volume Bebia Z, Buch SC, Wilson JW. Bioequivalence revisited. Vol. 7, 2nd ed. London: Vanguard Press; 2008. Editor(s), compiler(s) as author Gilstrap LC III, Cunningham FG, VanDorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. Organization(s) as author Royal Adelaide Hospital; University of Adelaide, Department of Clinical Nursing. Compendium of nursing research and practice development, 1999-2000. Adelaide (Australia): Adelaide University; 2001. 81 ♫ NOTE Do not include the state or country name for well-known publishing cities in book references (see References/Publication cities not requiring state/country names). Conference paper Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91. Conference proceedings Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, United Kingdom. New York: Springer; 2002. Dissertation or thesis Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002. Electronic material CD-ROM Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. Database on the Internet, closed Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). c1999 [updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2002 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_title.html. Database on the Internet, open Who’s Certified Database [Internet]. Evanston (IL): The American Board of Medical Specialists. c2000 [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp. Database on the Internet, partial MeSH Browser Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002 [updated 2005 Jun 15; cited 2003 Jun 10]. Meta-analysis; unique ID: D015201. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html Files updated weekly. Journal article on the Internet Abood S. 2002. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6). Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm. Monograph on the Internet Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [monograph on the Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/. 82 Online computer program (e.g., open-source statistical packages) Wong J. imputation: imputation. R package version 2.0.1 [Internet]. c2013 [cited 2015 Jan 9]. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=imputation. Website Cancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/. Website, part/portion of American Medical Association [Internet]. Chicago: The Association; c1995-2002 [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Office of Group Practice Liaison. Available from: http://www.amaassn.org/ama/pub/category/1736.html. ♫ NOTE It is acceptable for website URLs to be cited in text without appearing in the References section. Government and agency documents Ethics National Research Council. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1985. (NIH publication 2 85-23.) Statistics SAS Institute Inc. SAS user’s guide: basics, version 5 edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1985. Allowances and guidelines National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1989. FAO/WHO/UNU. Energy and protein requirements. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985;724:1–206. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. The Surgeon General’s report on nutrition and health. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1988. US Department of Agriculture. The food guide pyramid. Hyattsville, MD: Human Nutrition Information Service; 1992. (Publication HG252.) Public Health Service. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 1990. [US DHHS publication (PHS) 9050212.] National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1994. [Series 1,1. DHHS publication (PHS) 94 1308.] Food composition Consumer and Food Economic Institute. Composition of foods: raw, processed, prepared. Agriculture handbook no. 8. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1976. 83 Paul AA, Southgate DAT. McCance and Widdowsons’ the composition of foods. 4th ed. London, United Kingdom: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1978. Favier J, Ireland-Ripert J, Toque C, Feinberg M. CIQUAL. Répertoire général des aliments. Table de composition. [General repertoire of foods. Food composition table.] 2nd ed. Paris, France: Lavoisier; 1995 (in French). Implied nutrient content claims and related label statements, 21 CFR Sect 101.65 (2002). Journal articles Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002;347:284-7. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002 Jul 25;347:284-7. Cited in PubMed; PMID 12140307. Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, Verr KL, Mitchell DL, Hastings BB, Smith WD, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res 2002;935:40-6. ♫ NOTE For ASN article titles, use Greek characters, not words (e.g., β not beta). Abstract Jeffreys AB. Effect of dietary fiber on glucose responses. Proc Nutr Soc 1974;33:11 (abstr) . Article containing retraction Feifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:169. Retraction of: Feifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:909-11. Article not in English Jelliffe B. Desnutricion energetico-proteinica. [Protein-energy malnutrition.] Arch Invest Med 1975;6:83– 96 (in Spanish). ♫ NOTE If only the English title is given, do not query for the foreign language title; simply place the English title in brackets. Article published electronically ahead of the print version Yu WM, Hawley TS, Hawley RG, Qu CK. Immortalization of yolk sac-derived precursor cells. Blood 2014 Nov 15 (Epub ahead of print; DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-390849). Article republished with corrections Mansharamani M, Chilton BS. The reproductive importance of P-type ATPases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;188(1-2):22-5. Corrected and republished from: Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;183(1-2):123-6. Article retracted 84 Feifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:909-11. Retraction in: Feifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:169. Article with discussion Millward DJ, Fereday A, Gibson NR, Pacy PJ. Post-prandial protein metabolism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;10:533–49; discussion 52–4. Article with published erratum Malinowski JM, Bolesta S. Rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review. Clin Ther 2000;22:1151-68; discussion 1149-50. Erratum in: Clin Ther 2001;23:309. In press (not published ahead of print) Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature of balancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. In press. ♫ NOTE For articles that are in press, first check PubMed to determine whether there is an update, applying journal article style or e-pub ahead of print style as appropriate. If there is no update, simply style the reference as shown above. Issue with supplement Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology 2002;58(12 Suppl 7):S6-12. No author given 21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ 2002;325(7357):184. No volume or issue Outreach: bringing HIV-positive individuals into care. HRSA Careaction 2002 Jun:1-6. Online article See References/Style/Electronic material/Journal article on the Internet. Organization as additional author Vallancien G, Emberton M, Harving N, van Moorselaar RJ; Alf-One Study Group. Sexual dysfunction in 1,274 European men suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 2003;169:2257-61. ♫ NOTE This example does not conform to NISO standards. Organization as only author Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension 2002;40:679-86. Roman numeral pagination Chadwick R, Schuklenk U. The politics of ethical consensus finding. Bioethics 2002;16:iii-v. Type of article indicated as needed Tor M, Turker H. International approaches to the prescription of long-term oxygen therapy [letter]. Eur Respir J 2002;20:242. Lofwall MR, Strain EC, Brooner RK, Kindbom KA, Bigelow GE. Characteristics of older methadone maintenance (MM) patients [abstract]. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;66 Suppl 1:S105. 85 Volume with part Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5. Volume with supplement Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9. Legal material Code of federal regulations Cardiopulmonary Bypass Intracardiac Suction Control, 21 C.F.R. Sect. 870.4430 (2002). Hearing Arsenic in Drinking Water: An Update on the Science, Benefits and Cost: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Environment, Technology and Standards of the House Comm. on Science, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (Oct. 4, 2001). Public law Veterans Hearing Loss Compensation Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-9, 115 Stat. 11 (May 24, 2001). Unenacted bill Healthy Children Learn Act, S. 1012, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001). Magazine article Roueche B. Annals of medicine: the Santa Claus culture. The New Yorker 1971 Sept 4:66–81. Map Pratt B, Flick P, Vynne C, cartographers. Biodiversity hotspots [map]. Washington (DC): Conservation International; 2000. Newspaper article Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4). Patent Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1. Scientific and technical reports Issued by funding/sponsoring agency Yen GG (Oklahoma State University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stillwater, OK). Health monitoring on vibration signatures. Final report. Arlington (VA): Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), Air Force Research Laboratory; 2002 Feb. Report No.: AFRLSRBLTR020123. Contract No.: F496209810049. 86 Issued by performing agency Russell ML, Goth-Goldstein R, Apte MG, Fisk WJ. Method for measuring the size distribution of airborne Rhinovirus. Berkeley (CA): Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division; 2002 Jan. Report No.: LBNL49574. Contract No.: DEAC0376SF00098. Sponsored by the Department of Energy. WHO technical report series Control of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia. Report of a Joint WHO/UNICEF/USAID/Helen Keller International IVACG Meeting. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1982;672:1–70. Software packages Computer programs/packages can be cited in the text in Methods under Statistics. See example below: “Differences between groups were determined using StatView 152+ (Brainpower).” Unpublished material Only articles that have been accepted for publication may appear in the reference list. If an article is “submitted,” “under review,” “in preparation,” etc., it must be removed from the reference list and cited in text as unpublished data. The first initial and last name of all researchers must be included. Query the author if not provided. Personal communications Personal communications cannot be included in the References section and should instead be cited parenthetically in the text. Include the first initial(s), surname(s), and primary institution(s) of all individual(s) who provided the communication [e.g., “(J Smith, P Brown, Duke University, personal communication, 2013)”]. ♫ NOTE Personal communications should be used only for individuals who are not authors of the current article. If the name(s) given for a personal communication are those of the authors, change the citation to unpublished data and query the author for approval. Unpublished data Unpublished material cannot appear in the References section. The material should be cited parenthetically in the text, and all authors should be listed (e.g., “(A Author, B Smith, C Bell, unpublished results, 2013)”]. “Manuscript submitted” should not be used; change to “unpublished results” and query the author to provide or confirm the first initials and surnames of all researchers. ♫ NOTE Unpublished data should be used only for authors of the current article. If the name(s) given are not those of the authors, change the citation to a personal communication (with the requisite inclusion of all individuals in the Acknowledgments) and query the author for approval. ♫ NOTE Articles accepted for publication but not published when final revisions are completed on the current article should be cited as “in press.” 87 Spelling Consult Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th Edition) for preferred spelling. American versus British Use American spellings, not British ones, in the text, figure legends, and tables. However, leave British spellings in reference titles, as they in all likelihood were used in the original publication. British spellings should also be retained in institution names. -ic versus -ical Shorten –ical suffixes to –ic provided that the resultant term (a) is a viable word and (b) does not have a different meaning. For example: Change: anatomical to anatomic physiological to physiologic plasmatic to plasma radiological to radiologic Do NOT change: clinical to clinic helical to helic medical to medic Exceptions: Always use biological and psychological; do not change to biologic nor psychologic. Change historical to historic (or vice versa) only if the author has used these terms inappropriately. For example: Historical data confirmed our results. The discovery of radiation was a historic event. 88 Supplemental Material Supplemental material is not copyedited, but if an article has supplemental material, it must include the proper footnote and citations. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Citations Use the following formats when citing the various forms of supplemental material: Supplemental Figure 2 Supplemental Table 5 The first citation of each supplemental figure or table should be boldface [e.g., (Supplemental Figure 1) and (Supplemental Tables 1 and 2)]. Note, however, that locants included in the first citations of a supplemental figure should not be boldface [e.g., (Supplemental Figure 1A)]. 89 Tables The treatment of table format, including table headings and treatment of units, should be consistent for all tables in a given article. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table citations Every table should be cited in the article text in numerical order. The first citation of each table in the article text should be boldface: Table 1 or (Table 1) Tables 1–3 or (Tables l–3) Tables 3 and 4 or (Tables 3, 4) (Table 1, Figure 3) The word “Table” should be spelled out in all citations in the text, whether or not the table is being cited parenthetically: (Table 1) (Tables 4–6) (Tables 5 and 7) (Tables 1, 7, and 8) (Table 1, Figure 3) Table 1 shows… Tables 4–6 show… Tables 5 and 7 show… Tables 1, 7, and 8 show… Table 1 and Figure 3 show… Attempt to cite specific tables in the text parenthetically rather than using phrases such as “Table Y shows…” For tables appearing in supplemental material, simply preface the citation with the word “Supplemental” (e.g., Supplemental Table 1). Omit the word “see” from table citations unless it is grammatically necessary to include it: Participants who were missing potential predictor variables were dropped from the stepwise analysis (see Table 2 for noted missing data). ♫ NOTE When the tables in an article are mentioned in a general sense and without specific figure numbers, the word “table” should be spelled out and lower case (e.g., “The tables in this article show…”). ♫ NOTE Do not allow table citations in headings. Citation with a figure If a table is cited in conjunction with a figure, either in parentheses or in running text, list the items in numerical order, not alphabetical order: Our results were not conclusive in identifying which method is most beneficial for this patient cohort (Table 3, Figure 5). 90 Uncited tables If a table is not cited in text, attempt to add an appropriate citation and query the author to either confirm the citation or request that it be positioned elsewhere as appropriate. If it is too difficult to determine an appropriate location, simply add a citation to the citation of the preceding table in text and inform the author that it has been placed there temporarily for typesetting purposes. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table number and title Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. The word “TABLE” (all uppercase) and the table number should be boldface. Do not place a period after the table number. The table title should be sentence case, lightface, with no period at the end. The table title should concisely describe its subject matter and should not be more than one sentence; convert additional sentences into a table title footnote (see Tables/Table footnotes/Table title footnote). AJCN The table title appears below the table number on its own line: TABLE 1 Physical and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission AN JN The table title appears directly after the table number on the same line: TABLE 1 Physical and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission Note that an em space is used to separate the table number from the table title. Include the study population or study component in a table title when it is directly relevant to the data in the table. Examples: Characteristics and prevalence of undernutrition among adolescents in Tanzania Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets ♫ NOTE If the author supplies tables that are numbered using alphabetical designators (e.g., TABLE 1A and 1B), consolidate or split the tables (whichever is more appropriate) to remove the alphabetical designators, then renumber as necessary. 91 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table headings Column headings Each table column should have a heading; headings should be sentence case. Exception: It is not necessary for the stub column to have a heading, and in some cases it is preferable to not have one (e.g., if the stub column headings are made up of unrelated items). Column headings appear above the line separating the headings from the body of the table. Do not repeat the same unit of measure under multiple column headings. Each column heading should be centered except for the stub column, which should be flush left. Column headings should be made singular wherever possible (e.g., “Ingredient” not “Ingredients”). It is acceptable to use statistical descriptors such as “Mean  SD” and “Range” as column headings (rather than a footnote) when several such descriptors are used in a table. For example: TABLE 1 Patient characteristics by HFE genotype Wild type/wild type (n = 15) Characteristic Age, y Mean ± SD Median Range 60 ± 6 50 48–69 If column headings include values that overlap or contain gaps, consult the text for clarification or query the author to clarify (e.g., if one heading is “≤130 pmol/L” and another heading is “130–178 pmol/L”). See Tables/Units/Column headings for information about the treatment of units in column headings. Row headings Row headings appear in the far left column of a table and should be sentence case. Subheadings are sentence case as well, and should be placed under primary headings, with an em space indent. Avoid repetition in row headings to save space: Change: Monthly food expenditure, CFA francs/mo to: Food expenditure, CFA francs/mo Delete the word “concentration” from a row heading if the unit given is a concentration: Change: Plasma folate concentration, nmol/L to: Plasma folate, nmol/L Totals are usually indented below flush left row heads, with no extra space above Total. When all of the column totals are 100%, delete the entire row. If row headings include values that overlap or contain gaps, consult the article text for clarification or query the author to clarify. For example: Vitamin D status, n (%) <30 nmol/L 30 to <50 nmol/L 50–75 nmol/L ≥75 nmol/L 92 See Tables/Units/Row headings for information about the treatment of units in column headings. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table body Do not use bolding, underlining, italics, etc. to indicate the hierarchy of subheadings or entries in a table; always use indents. Use an em dash in tables in which a hyphen is used to indicate no value obtained. No explanation for the em dashes is required. Reference citations Reference citations are allowed within the table body. However, take care to distinguish between reference citations and numerical values that appear in parentheses, reformatting the table as necessary to avoid confusion. If a table includes a column that is specifically dedicated to reference citations, follow the citation style for author names that are mentioned in text as part of the citation; for example: TABLE 1 Epidemiologic studies on consumption of fermented soy foods in association with prostate cancer risk in men Reference Design Description of study Kurahashi et al. (13) Cohort study 307 incident cases/43,509 cohort size, Japanese, Japan Allen and Smith (12) Cohort study 196 incident cases/18,115 cohort size, Japanese, Japan Severson (10) Cohort study 174 incident cases/7999 cohort size, Japanese American, United States _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table footnotes Table title footnote The table title footnote carries the footnote symbol “1” and is always the first footnote below the table. Its purpose is to account for any information that pertains to the table as a whole. The symbol/numeral for the table title footnote appears at the end of the table title, closed up to the final character of the title: TABLE 1 Reduction of cholesterol absorption by dietary plant sterols and stanols in mice is independent of the Abcg5/8 transporter1 The data presented in a table should be adequately described in the table title footnote. If all of the values in the table are expressed in the same format, it is sufficient to state this in the table title footnote. 93 Example: TABLE 1 Comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic variables in plasma for CaHMB and FAHMB after oral administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats1 Dose CaHMB FAHMB CaHMB FAHMB (30 mg/kg) (24.2 mg/kg) (100 mg/kg) (80.8 mg/kg) kel, 1/h 0.5 ± 0.02 0.6 ± 0.05 0.6 ± 0.03 0.5 ± 0.02 t1/2, h 1.3 ± 0.05 1.3 ± 0.12 1.3 ± 0.09 1.4 ± 0.06 Tmax, h 0.8 ± 0.12 0.9 ± 0.10 0.8 ± 0.12 1±0 Cmax, mg/mL 19.9 ± 2.03 13.7 ± 1.54 56.2 ± 3.39 35.9 ± 3.79 1Values are means ± SEMs, n = 5. If the values are expressed in different formats, adjust the table title footnote accordingly; for example: TABLE 1 Participant characteristics and descriptive statistics for the young adult sample1 Characteristics Value n 978 Age, y 19.6 ± 1.6 Gender, % men 36.5 BMI, kg/m2 23.8 ± 4.1 Serum selenium, μg/L 82 ± 18 Current smoker, % 7.1 1Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. It is also acceptable to use either table heading or table body footnotes as befits the situation when the values are expressed in different formats. ♫ NOTE Always check to make sure that any descriptions of the data in the table title footnote match the representation of the data in the table. ♫ NOTE There should only be one table title footnote; if there are 2 or more footnotes, consolidate them into a single footnote. Abbreviations used in tables (including the table title) should be listed and defined alphabetically at the end of the table title footnote. Example: 1Amino acid composition of the diets was the same with the exception of proline and serine. LP, low-proline; PS, proline-supplemented; TPN, total parenteral nutrition. If a table includes abbreviations but has no other information that should appear in a table title footnote, then the abbreviations should be the only content of the table title footnote. Example: 1LP, low-proline; PS, proline-supplemented; TPN, total parenteral nutrition. 94 If a table contains only one abbreviated term in the body of the table, then the numbered footnote should appear after that term instead of after the title. Abbreviations may be used in table titles, but they must be defined in the table title footnote. ♫ NOTE When an abbreviation appears only in a table footnote and is used only once in that footnote (e.g., LSM for least square mean), it should be expanded rather than included in an abbreviations list at the end of the footnote. Table heading and table body footnotes For information that is applicable only to a single column or row or to a specific item within the table body, a footnote symbol should be placed after the column/row heading or table body item. Superscript Arabic numerals should be used for all table footnotes; they are ordered based on a top-tobottom, left-to-right fashion throughout the table body. If the values in a table are expressed in different formats, place the footnote symbol on the first value or on the appropriate column or row head (depending on the context) for each format given. For example, if only one row of data has values that are means  SDs, it is clearer to add the footnote to the row head rather than to the first such value in that row. Examples: TABLE 1 Subject characteristics Women (n = 29) Age,1 y 33.2 ± 10.4 Weight,2 kg 93.9 ± 25.5 2 2 BMI, kg/m 35.8 ± 9.4 1Values are means  SDs. 2Values are means  SEs. Baseline characteristics All subjects (n = 216) Sex, M:F 86:130 Age, y 70.7 ± 5.41 Dietary calcium, mg/d 874 (678, 1174)2 Serum calcium, mmol/L 9.2 ± 0.4 1Mean ± SD (all such values). 2Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values). Men (n = 40) 32.9 ± 8.7 96.8 ± 21.6 31.8 ± 6.5 TABLE 1 ♫ NOTE Cork (n = 97) 38:59 71.6 ± 6.0 890 (681, 1162) 9.0 ± 0.4 Coleraine (n = 119) 48:71 70.0 ± 4.7 867 (677, 1183) 9.3 ± 0.4 When a footnote symbol corresponds to a unit of measure, the symbol should follow the text or variable to which the unit applies, not the unit itself (e.g., BMI,4 kg/m2). 95 Statistical footnotes For statistical footnotes (primarily P values), it is permissible to use symbols (*, **, †, etc.) or superscript lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.), but neither is required; follow author usage, provided that the footnote scheme is clear. TABLE 1 UMFA and its relation to demographic characteristics in US adults aged 60 y without () and with (+) UMFA1 Characteristic Age, y Male, % Non-Hispanic white, % Folic acid supplement users, % All subjects (n = 1121) 70 ± 0.5 42 ± 2 82 ± 1 47 ± 2 UMFA (n = 756) 71 ± 0.3 44 ± 2 80 ± 1 40 ± 2 UMFA+ (n = 365) 70 ± 0.5 38 ± 2* 86 ± 1 61 ± 3** 1All values are means or percentages ± SEs. *, **Different from UMFA: *P < 0.01, **P < 0.05. UMFA, unmetabolized serum folic acid. When authors use letters or symbols to distinguish several values, the letters/symbols should be explained; for example: TABLE 1 Subject characteristics1 Age, y Weight, kg BMI, kg/m2 20–29 y of age (n = 69) 33.0 ± 9.4a 90.6 ± 23.2a 33.4 ± 8.0 30–39 y of age (n = 29) 38.2 ± 10.4b 83.9 ± 25.5b 25.8 ± 9.4 40–49 y of age (n = 40) 32.9 ± 8.7a 96.8 ± 21.6c 30.8 ± 6.5 1All values are means  SDs. Values in a row without a common letter are significantly different, P < 0.05. If both letters and numbers are used as symbols after the same value, position the letter first and separate the symbols with a comma; for example: Subject characteristics1 TABLE 1 Age, y Weight, kg BMI, kg/m2 20–29 y of age (n = 69) 33.0 ± 9.4a,2 90.6 ± 23.2a 33.4 ± 8.0 30–39 y of age (n = 29) 38.2 ± 10.4b 83.9 ± 25.5b 25.8 ± 9.4 40–49 y of age (n = 40) 32.9 ± 8.7a 96.8 ± 21.6c 30.8 ± 6.5 values are means  SDs. Values in a row without a common letter are significantly different, P < 0.05 (ANOVA). 2Data missing for one subject. 1All _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Abbreviations See Tables/Table footnotes/Table title footnote. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ N and n values If N and/or n values apply to a particular column or row, they should appear in the corresponding column or row heading (see Example 1 in Appendix 2: Sample Tables/Row headings/Value consistency). They may also follow the values themselves in brackets (not in parentheses, since the n values could be 96 mistaken for reference numbers). Otherwise, they may be appended to the table title or included in table footnotes as appropriate. When “M” and “F” are used, insert a space between the number and the letter (e.g., n = 70 M, 40 F) unless space is an issue. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ P values See Tables/Table footnotes/Table heading and table body footnotes. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Units Avoid providing units in the table title; they may appear in a footnote if they are extremely complex and do not fit easily into the body of the table. Query the author regarding any missing units of measure in tables. See Appendix 2: Sample Tables for examples of correctly (and incorrectly) formatted units in tables. Column headings When a unit of measure applies to an entire column, the unit should appear at the end of the column heading, offset by a comma, regardless of whether the values in the column are expressed in that unit. Examples: Trial 1 2 3 Diet MTD1 MTD2 MTD3 RBC count, ×1012/L WBC count, ×109/L Platelet count, ×109/L Energy, MJ/d 12.1 ± 1.5 13.4 ± 1.6 13.1 ± 1.4 Protein, g/d 89 ± 11 105 ± 12 115 ± 13 Baseline platelet aggregation, AUC ohms −0.15 0.31 0.45 Sugar, g/d 132 ± 15 195 ± 22 215 ± 26 Testosterone, nmol/L 0.59 −0.12 −0.30 Vitamin C, mg/d 143 ± 49 238 ± 33 215 ± 27 Estradiol, pmol/L −0.32 0.18 0.19 If several contiguous columns have the same unit of measure, place the unit after the applicable straddle column heading. Example: Study Smith et al. (18) Li et al. (34) Jones et al. (46) n 59 60 17 Age 46.3 ± 12.6 41.5 ± 10.0 49.3 ± 9.7 Sex, n (M/F) 23/36 12/48 1/16 ♫ NOTE Measured 25(OH)D, nmol/L Seasonal Basal difference 57.7 NA 46.8 7.90 65.0 NA Statistical abbreviations are not units and thus should not appear as italic headers in the table body; place them within column headings or in the table footnote as appropriate. 97 Row headings When a unit of measure applies to an entire row, the unit should appear at the end of the row heading, offset by a comma, regardless of whether the values in that row are expressed in that unit. Examples: TABLE 1 DNA concentrations of… Diet DNA concentration Bacteria, mg/g Anaerobic fungi, μg/g Methanogens, 107 copies/g TABLE 1 High-Protein Fiber-Rich Starch-Rich 2.93 2.95 0.71 0.47 1.70 1.40 Low-Protein Fiber-Rich Starch-Rich 2.59 2.53 0.54 0.44 1.58 0.66 Correlation between … RBC count, ×1012/L WBC count, ×109/L Platelet count, ×109/L Baseline platelet aggregation, AUC ohms −0.15 0.31 0.45 Testosterone, nmol/L 0.59 −0.12 −0.30 Estradiol, pmol/L −0.32 0.18 0.19 If a unit applies to all subheadings below a primary heading, list the unit only in the primary heading. Example: Dietary intake Total carbohydrate, g/d Fiber Free sugars Total fat, g/d Saturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Value 314 30 134 71 23 26 14 If the unit in a primary heading does not apply to all subheadings, list the unit for each subheading. Example: Raw patty weight, g Cooked patty weight, g Dry matter (as fed), % E2Eq, supplement (as fed), ng/kg NAT 114 64.0 44.6 7.74 ± 4.03 98 Treatments IMP 114 70.0 39.2 26.2 ± 30.4 TOFU 198 144 17.8 4430 ± 443 Terminology 5-methyl-THF acid-catalyzed reaction acid-soluble carnitine acute load test acute phase protein acyl-CoA adrenaline Adequate Intake aflotoxin-N7 air-displacement plethysmography air-dry albumin-globulin ratio amino-terminal (adj.) amino terminus (n.) angiotensin-converting enzyme apolipoprotein A-I atom % attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder -adrenergic receptor -blocker  cell -carotene supplementation trial -carotene–supplementation group -glucan -glucan–rich barley B cell balance-beam scale baseline best-fit line between-subject variation bile-salt-activated lipase binge-eating disorder birth weight birth-weight-for-gestational age blood-brain barrier body-composition-adjusted body-composition data bottle-feed branched-chain amino acid breakpoint breastfed breast milk breath-hydrogen test breath-hydrogen concentration brush border (membrane) do not use; use epinephrine note capitalization abbreviate as at.% only if the author has done so not beta receptor or beta-adrenoreceptor also binge-eating status also breastfeed, breastfeeding but breast-milk calcium 99 C-peptide (n. and adj.) C-reactive protein C3 plant calcitropic calcium balance study carboxyl-terminal (adj.) carboxyl terminus (n.) cause-and-effect relation CD4+, CD8+ cesarean delivery child-onset morbidity child-years chylomicron-cholesterol concentrations chylomicron-triacylglycerol (n. and adj.) colony-forming unit concentration-versus-time curve crossover cross section (n.) cross-sectional (adj.) cross-reaction crosstalk cost-benefit analysis cost-effective cow milk cow-milk formula coronary artery disease* cornstarch crossover cross-react coworker cutoff cyanocobalamine cytochrome c cytochrome P450 [number] desaturase not cesarean section or caesarean delivery also cross-react, cross-reactivity not “cow’s milk” or “cows’ milk” or ischemic heart disease; preferred to “coronary heart disease” preferred to “cutoff point”; avoid “cut point” change to “cyanocobalamin” (American spelling) Do not superscript number (e.g., “6 desaturase” not “6 desaturase”) D-dimer dairy dark-adaptation threshold data bank database data set day-to-day delayed-hypersensitivity skin test delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test diet-induced thermogenesis Dietary Reference Intake diode-array detector DL or dl OK to use as a noun (e.g., “dairy intake”) note capitalization use DL for carbohydrates and amino acids, and dl for 100 lipids (e.g., dl-α-tocopheryl acetate) DNA-binding protein dose-response test double-blind study downregulate dry-ashed dry-heated sample dual-isotope-tracer technique dual-photon absorptiometry duplicate-portion technique E%, En%, e%, en% EDTA-coated tubes epinephrine e-mail endpoint end product end-stage liver disease enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay essential fatty acid metabolism even-chain (fatty acids) false positive false-positive result far-reaching fast-protein liquid chromatography fat-free fat mimic fat tolerance test fecal-fat data fiber-blend diet fieldworker finger-prick capillary blood finger stick first class (n.) first-class (adj.) firsthand first-order (adj.) fish-oil supplementation flame ionization detector flow meter follicle-stimulating hormone food-assessment instrument food-composition table food consumption frequency food-fortification programs food-frequency questionnaire food preparation method change to “percentage of energy” (also: change “7 En%” to “7% of energy”); OK to use abbreviation in figures and tables or “tubes containing EDTA” (not “EDTA tubes”) not adrenaline also fecal-fat excretion, fecal-fat coefficient 101 food-use report follow-up (n. and adj.) follow up (v.) footrace force-feed forced expiratory flow volume formula-fed infants free-living (n and adj) freeze-clamped freeze-dried full-fledged functional food fused silica column gas-liquid chromatography gastric-emptying time gel-permeation chromatography general-acid-catalyzed reaction germ-free glucose tolerance test glucose-1-phosphate Gram stain gram-negative bacteria gram-positive bacteria grand mal seizure half-life (n.) HbA1c HDL cholesterol HDL-cholesterol concentration HDL-cholesterol-raising health care worker height-for-age heme-iron absorption heparin “heparin-coated tubes,” “heparinized tubes,” and the like are OK hexane–benzene solvent hemoglobin A1c high-fiber diet high fiber intake high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet high-complex-carbohydrate diet high-fructose corn syrup high-molecular-weight compound high-protein meal-replacement shake high–vitamin E diet hormone replacement therapy HPLC–mass spectrometry human milk protein hydrolyzed-lactose milk 102 homocysteine ice-cold in-depth in-house Internet ion kinetic energy spectroscopy intensive-care-unit patients insulin-dependent diabetes insulin suppression test internal-standard method ion-exchange chromatography iron deficiency anemia iron-binding capacity (but total-ironbinding capacity) iron-status indexes ischemic heart disease* not homocyst(e)ine or coronary artery disease; preferred to “coronary heart disease” isotope-infusion study isotope ratio mass spectrometry labor-intensive lactoovovegetarian large-bowel obstruction large-for-gestational-age (adj.) large-intestinal disease large TRL apo B-48 large TRL–apo B-48 concentration latex agglutination test Latin-square design LDL cholesterol LDL-cholesterol concentrations LDL-receptor-related least-significant-difference method least-squares method leukotriene A1 life cycle life span life-support system lifestyle linear regression analysis lipid-lowering effect lipoprotein(a) liquid-scintillation counter log log transformed log-transformed data log-normal log-rank test long-chain triacylglycerols Long-Evans Cinnamon rat long-term (adj.) OK for logarithm but “in the long term” 103 low-energy beam low-fat milk low–glycemic index foods low-lying low-molecular-weight luminal lung function test magnetic sector field mass spectrometer Maillard reaction maizemeal marker-corrected fecal dry weight mass-isotopomer distribution analysis mass spectrometric analysis meal-fat oxidation meal-to-meal interval mealtime medical school student medical-nutrition education meta-analysis metabolic ward study methionine-loading studies methyl-CoA–CPT I Michaelis-Menten kinetics micro-Kjeldahl midarm middle-aged (adj.) middle-class (adj.) midpoint midupper arm midupper arm circumference mild-to-moderate disease mixed-linked -glucans modified relative dose response modified-relative-dose-response test mouth-feel multiple linear regression multiple linear regression analysis multiple range test multiple regression analysis multivariate regression analysis myo-inositol hexaphosphate m/z reword if possible to avoid hyphens mass-to-charge ratio near-term negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry neural tube defect neutron-activation analysis nitrogen balance test non-binge-eater nonbreastfed 104 non-energy-containing drink non-energy-restricted diet nonheme-iron absorption non-insulin-dependent diabetes nonmilk intake nonnormally distributed data nonprotein respiratory quotient non-silicone-coated glass tube nonstarch polysaccharide non–steady state conditions non-stone-forming subjects normal-weight parents nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer Nurses’ Health Study nursing home resident nutraceutical olestra Olean one-factor ANOVA one-time (adj.) onetime (adj.) oral-glucose-tolerance test oral tracer study orlistat oxygen reactive species packed cell volume pack-years pair fed pair-fed animals pair feeding pairwise analysis pairwise comparison part-time patient-years Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient pH-adjusted media physician-nutritionist petri dish phagocytose plasma cholesterol–lowering effect policymaker polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism postcolumn derivatization post hoc (test) post-transcriptional postpartum postprandial prealbumin Procter & Gamble Company change to “1-factor ANOVA” (not 1-way ANOVA) only once former brand name: Xenical, Hoffmann-La Roche do not abbreviate as pack-y do not abbreviate as patient-y noun and adjective preferred to “phagocytize” sometimes post-test preferred to “transthyretin” 105 preschool children present-day (adj.) preterm infant prostaglandin A1 pulse-field gel electrophoresis pyrodoxine an infant with gestational age <37 completed weeks change to “pyridoxin” (American spelling) quality of life outcome quality-control (adj.) radioimmunoassay radioimmunodiffusion assay random-effects model randomized controlled intervention trial randomized controlled trial rate-limiting (n.) ready-made repeated-measures analysis retinol-binding protein reversed-phase chromatography right-hand (adj.) Ringer solution risk-factor profile rpm scatter plot Schiff’s base school age school-age children schoolchildren self-report Seventh-day Adventists sex-by-risk factor sex hormone–binding globulin shelf life side effect signal-to-noise ratio single-axial abdominal MRI single-meal study skin test skinfold fat area skinfold fat-area calculation skinfold thickness small-bowel-associated disease small-bowel function small-for-gestational-age small-intestinal disease sociodemographic socioeconomic soft tissue analysis per Stedman’s do not use for centrifugation statements; use  g instead (e.g., XXX × g; XXX min), and query author for g-force and time, if not provided per Stedman’s not simply “skinfold” adjective 106 spin-echo T1-weighted images spoon-feed Sprague-Dawley rats stable-isotope mass spectrometric measurement stable-isotope study stable-isotope-tracer protocol stainless steel stand-alone state of the art (n.) state-of-the-art (adj.) steady state (n. and adj.) stepwise stepwise regression analysis Step I, Step II diet soy foods soy-protein intake subcutaneous-fat distribution supernatant fluid syringe-and-needle method T cell (n. and adj.) T helper lymphocyte T lymphocyte surface antigen term infant tertile test weighing thiamin thin-layer chromatography Third World (n. and adj.) thromboxane A2 time point time course Tolerable Upper Intake Level total body fat total body nitrogen total-body fat content total cholesterol concentration total-iron-binding capacity transition-metal-promoted reaction triceps skinfold thickness triceps-skinfold-thickness measurement TRL-triacylglycerol concentration TRL-esterified-cholesterol concentration twice-weekly supplementation twin A weight change type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes roman numerals do not use “supernatant” alone as a noun an infant with gestational age between 37 and 42 completed weeks not tercile do not change to “thiamine” note capitalization but iron binding capacity reword if possible to avoid hyphens not insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ultrahigh-temperature-treated formula upper-body fat 107 upregulate urinalysis vaginal delivery venoocclusive ventilated-hood system very-low-birth-weight infant very-low-density lipoprotein very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol vitamin-deficient VO2 max waist-to-hip ratio warm-up washout weaning-food viscosity website weighed-food record weight-for-length weight-loss treatment weight-reduction program weight-stable subjects whole-blood spot assay whole-body (adj.) whole-grain (adj.) whole-wheat bread Wilcoxon matched-pairs test wild type (n.) wild-type (adj.) within-subject variation World Wide Web if the overdot is not present, query the author as to whether it is needed change to “whole grain” for noun also “The Web” X-ray z score zinc-binding protein *For articles in which the topic is cardiovascular disease and the author uses the term coronary heart disease in reference to the present study, query for the more specific term (usually coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease). When the term coronary heart disease is used in reference to previous studies (e.g., “In the study by Mellor (35), the incidence of coronary heart disease was studied…”), do not query for the more specific term. 108 Usage additionally Change to in addition. administered/received Use for dosages and treatments; either word is acceptable within this context (e.g., “mice received an i.v. dose” or “were administered an i.v. dose”). affect/effect As a verb, affect means to have bearing or influence on something; effect means to cause something to happen. As a noun, affect refers to emotion; effect is the power to produce a consequence. aliquot although Do not use as a verb. Use instead of though. among Use among when discussing items considered as a group rather than as discrete units (“the British bombs landed among the homes in Dusseldorf”); do not use when discussing relations involving more than 2 items. See also between. analog/analogue An analog computer, but a hormone analogue. as Use only in a temporal sense; otherwise, use because (e.g., “Because the patient did not respond to therapy…”). assure/insure Change to ensure. One should use “assure” only to describe an action between 2 or more people (e.g., “Richard assured John that the project would be completed on time” not “The use of HPLC assured quality results for our study”) average Avoid using for mean, especially when the mean is given. It is acceptable to use average when it is not being used in a statistical context (e.g., “On average, the obese rats were more lethargic…”). between Use between whenever discussing relations involving 2 or more individual items (e.g., “association between smoking and cardiovascular disease” or “associations between food groups, dietary patterns, and cardiorespiratory fitness”). Avoid using between when discussing relations involving 1 individual item and 1 or more sets of multiple items (e.g., change “association between smoking and cardiovascular disease and mortality” to “associations of smoking with cardiovascular disease and mortality”). See also among. biopsy A procedure to obtain a tissue sample. Do not use as a verb (not “The mass was biopsied”). Observations are made on the specimen, not on the biopsy itself (“The biopsy specimen showed fibrosis”). blinded It is acceptable to use the word “blinded” when referring to observers in a study (e.g., “Both technicians were blinded…”). cause/etiology causes. A cause is an agent that brings about disease; etiology refers to the study of disease caused a decrease Avoid overuse of this type of phrasing; change to decreased if used excessively. compare compare to a standard; compare with a peer, but avoid the latter construction if it can be easily replaced with “than” (e.g., “Ghsr/ mice ate small meals more frequently than WT controls”). compose/comprise compose means to make up (“The soup is composed of many ingredients”); comprise means to encompass, to be made up of (“The whole comprises the parts”). 109 control data When referring to animals, it is acceptable to use control as a noun. The plural form of datum: the latter is rarely used (“the data are” not “the data is”). demonstrate/reveal/show It is acceptable to use “demonstrate,” “reveal,” or “show” as befits the situation when discussing the results of a study (e.g., “These results demonstrate the effects of a high-fat diet on…”; “These tests revealed an increase in…”; “Mice fed the BF diet showed decreased levels of…”) dose/dosage A dose is the amount of medicine administered (e.g., a dose of 10 mg); dosage refers to the frequency of administration (e.g., a dosage of 10 mg/d). downstream/upstream the diet. Acceptable when referring to chemical pathways, but do not use in reference to due to Use only as an adjective (“His errors were due to carelessness”); synonymous with attributable to. Use because of or owing to in adverbial phrases (e.g., “Because of rain, the game was delayed”). effect/affect See affect/effect. e.g./i.e. e.g. means “for example” and introduces a list of examples; i.e. means “that is” and introduces a restatement or definition. employ Change to use. ensure/insure To ensure means to guarantee or make sure; to insure means to assure against loss or to give, take, or procure insurance. etiology/cause See cause/etiology. euthanize Do not use when referring to laboratory experiments in animals; use kill instead. The term euthanize is acceptable only when moribund or suffering animals are killed. fast Humans fast, but animals are deprived of food. Do not routinely substitute starved for fasting, as the former indicates a certain physiologic state. female/male See Usage/Human studies. -fold Use 1-fold, 2-fold and so on; severalfold. Fold-decreases do not make sense; query author to convert to %. A 4-fold increase is 5 times the original value. following Do not use when after is meant. gender/sex Use gender when referring to the social constructs of male and female (e.g., “In peasant societies, gender roles are clearly defined”); use sex when referring to biological constructs (e.g., “The effectiveness of the treatment depends on the sex of the patient”). groups Use precise language to describe changes within a single group over time vs. differences among or between groups at a time [e.g., “X increased from baseline to wk 12 in the C group (P<0.05)” (change in single group over time) and “X was greater in group C than in group T at wk 12 (P<0.05)” not “X was increased in the C group at wk 12 (P<0.05)” (difference between groups)]. Additionally, always state which means differ. impact When used as a verb, change to affect. indexes not indices. insignificant/nonsignificant insure/ensure Do not use insignificant when discussing statistics; use nonsignificant. See ensure/insure. 110 kill Use in place of euthanize when referring to laboratory experiments in animals. less Use only for quantities that cannot be counted, such as liquid; use fewer otherwise (e.g., less liquid, fewer cells). level Use only to refer to relative rank or position on a scale. Do not use to indicate amount or concentration (e.g., “There are different levels of government,” “The cholesterol concentration in the blood can be measured,” and “We determined the amount of RNA in each sample”). Query the author to confirm any edits related to the use of “level.” ♫ NOTE male/female modality It is acceptable to use level when referring to mRNA (“mRNA levels were…”). See Usage/Human studies. Change to method or approach as appropriate. model Do not use to refer to humans (e.g., change “human and animal models” to “humans and animal models”. nonsignificant/insignificant See insignificant/nonsignificant. “on” a diet See Usage/Diets. “on” drugs Do not refer to human subjects as being on a drug; change to taking or receiving (e.g., change “7 subjects on cyanocobalamin” to “7 subjects who were taking cyanocobalamin”). “on” therapy Do not refer to human subjects as being on therapy; change to receiving (e.g., change “on hormone therapy” to “receiving hormone therapy”). parameter Use only in a statistical or mathematical context; use variable or marker otherwise. plasma total concentrations not total plasma concentrations. The purpose of this phrase is to describe the total amount of a compound that appears within plasma (hence plasma modifies total). plateau Do not use as a verb. plural “(s)” presently Do not use “(s)” to suggest a plural form [e.g., diet(s) ]; use either singular or plural. Change to now or currently. prior to Change to before. quantitate Change to measure as appropriate. randomized Use for studies, but change to randomly assigned when discussing subjects. received/administered See administered/received). relation/relationship Use relationship to mean relations between 2 or more persons; use relation to describe a connection between inanimate objects or concepts. respectively Appears at the end of a comparison, not in the middle. reveal/demonstrate/show See demonstrate/reveal/show. risk for Change to risk of (but use “risk factor for [a disease]”). sacrifice Change to kill when referring to laboratory experiments in animals. 111 serum total concentrations not total serum concentrations. The purpose of this phrase is to describe the total amount of a compound that appears within serum (hence serum modifies total). sex/gender See gender/sex. show/demonstrate/reveal See demonstrate/reveal/show. significant/significantly The term significantly should be avoided when not used for statistics. Important, substantial, or relevant can often be substituted for significantly, depending on the context. since Use only in a temporal sense (e.g., “Since 1999, many studies have focused…”); otherwise, use because (e.g., “Because the patient did not respond to therapy…”). statistical Do not use to refer in a general sense to degree of difference (e.g., “No significant differences…” not “No statistical differences…”). However, use of statistically is acceptable at first mention until significance is defined (e.g., “these findings were statistically significant”). (Note that there is both biological significance and statistical significance.) that/which Use that to introduce restrictive (essential) clauses and which to introduce nonrestrictive (nonessential) clauses. A which clause can be, but is not always, set off by commas; that clauses never are. treatment Change “treatment for [a disease]” to “treatment of [a disease]”; however, change “treatment of [dosage/substance]” to “treatment with [dosage/substance]”. upstream/downstream See downstream/upstream. using Use using only when there is a clear subject doing the using (e.g., “Measurements were taken by one individual using a calibrated…” ); replace with “with use of” or “through use of” as appropriate. utilize Change utilize to use as necessary, but note that utilize is acceptable if used correctly per Webster’s. vortex Do not use as a verb; substances are “mixed on a vortex” not “vortexed.” which/that See that/which. while Use only in a temporal sense (e.g., “While the coffee brewed, I read the paper”); otherwise use although or whereas as appropriate (e.g., “Although it was raining, I was in a cheery mood”; “I prefer vanilla, whereas my husband prefers chocolate”). _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Animal studies Note that animals are “killed,” not “euthanized” or “sacrificed.” The term “euthanized” is appropriate only when moribund or suffering animals are killed. Change “animals” to the appropriate species name when possible (e.g., dogs, cows, pigs, rats, mice, etc.). Do not use “fast” or “fasted” for animals. Animals are “deprived of food.” The author should always indicate how animals were killed. Avoid phrases such as “in the rat” or “in the human”; change to “in rats” or “in humans.” Exceptions may occur when a specific animal model is described (e.g., "in the fatty Zucker rat."). In the Results section, describe the animals that have been fed a given diet or diets, not just the diets (authors sometimes suggest that changes or differences are in diets rather than in the groups fed those diets). 112 Statements regarding animal studies and the “Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee” (or foreign equivalent) should include the name of the institution (e.g., “approved by the IACUC of The Pennsylvania State University.”) This may seem self-evident if the work is from one institution, but this is not the case when more than one institution is involved, it should always be stated for the sake of consistency. A similar statement is required for human studies for which institutional approval is granted. Query the authors for the institution name if it is not provided. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Diets Commercial diets should be named: (e.g., Wayne Rodent Blox or Purina Rodent Chow #5001). Full listings of diets should be formatted as follows: Purina Rodent Chow #5001 (Ralston-Purina). The generic use of “chow” should be changed to “unpurified diet.” Avoid “on a diet” or “fed with a diet” phrases (i.e., delete “with”); rats are fed, humans consume. Note, however, that animals consume ad libitum rather than being fed ad libitum (e.g., “The adult dams consumed…ad libitum.” not “We fed adult dams…ad libitum.” It is permissible to use either “administered” or “received” for dosages and treatments. However, change “on hormone therapy” to “taking/receiving hormone therapy.” _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Eponyms Eponymous diseases, disorders, and syndromes should appear in nonpossessive form (e.g., Down syndrome not Down’s syndrome; Hodgkin lymphoma not Hodgkin’s lymphoma). _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Human studies In human studies, the persons involved in the study may be referred to as subjects, patients, participants, or individuals as appropriate. When referring to humans, adjectives such as obese, hypertensive, diabetic, and control must be followed by a noun (e.g., diabetic patients, control subjects). Exception: It is acceptable to case-control studies, when cases and controls have been clearly defined Persons should not be called by their disease (e.g., persons with ileostomies not ileostomates). Note, however, that alcoholic and elderly can be used as nouns. If a study population is over 18 years of age, use men, women, or adults instead of female(s) and male(s). If a study population is under 18 years of age and not considered children, use adolescent females/males or adolescents. If the study population is a mix of children and other age groups, it is permissible to use female(s) and male(s). _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Italics Italicize words in text as little as possible. Do not italicize for emphasis, but allow the italicization of terms that (a) have been coined, (b) are being used ironically, or (c) are being used out of their normal context (though in these cases, the term should only be italicized at first mention). 113 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Passive voice Avoid use of the passive voice when possible. Change “It was concluded…” to “We concluded…,” etc. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Possessive form Do not use the possessive form with phrases such as “cow milk” or “human milk”; similarly, do not use the possessive form with eponymous disease names. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Race/ethnicity Follow copy on the use of black, white, African American, and Caucasian, but use these terms consistently throughout a single article. Do not capitalize Black or White. Note that geographical entities such as African American and Latin American should be left open when used as a noun but should be hyphenated when used as an adjective (e.g., “a study cohort of African Americans” but “an African-American patient”). American Indian is preferred to Native American unless Pacific natives are included in the definition. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Slang/jargon Slang and jargon should be avoided (e.g., “lab” vs. “laboratory,” “run” vs. “analyzed” or “assayed,” “spun” vs. “centrifuged,” “evaporated to dryness” vs. “completely evaporated” or “dried completely,” “B-6” vs. “vitamin B-6”). _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Tense Descriptions of and references to the experiments and results of the current study should be presented in the past tense; for example: Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for the association between diet quality and mortality. At baseline, women with higher DASH or lower Western diet scores were older, leaner, more highly educated, and more physically active (Table 1). Reserve the present tense and present perfect tense for prevailing knowledge, overall conclusions, or the work of other researchers in the literature; for example: The strengths of the present study include the large sample size and long duration of follow-up. Diet quality is poorer on average among African Americans than among Caucasian Americans (11, 12), and mortality rates are higher for American Americans than for other racial groups (13). Various measures of high overall diet quality have been inversely associated with all-cause mortality rates in studies of predominantly Caucasian populations (3–10). 114 Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations The abbreviations listed in this appendix are abbreviations commonly used in the ASN titles. Nonstandard abbreviations are marked with a black bullet (•). These abbreviations must be defined at first mention and should be introduced only if they are used at least 3 times in the text. Standard abbreviations are marked with a red bullet (•). These abbreviations do not need to be defined at first mention and should be used in favor of the expanded term whenever possible. Exceptions:    Abbreviations that are followed by a superscript red “A” ([A]) need not be defined in the text but must be defined in the abstract. Abbreviations that are followed by a superscript green “G” ( [G]) must be defined in the text when part of a gene symbol but should not be defined when indicating a protein. Abbreviations that are followed by a superscript black “T” ( [T]) must be abbreviated in the article title; all other abbreviations, even standard abbreviations, should be spelled out in the article title. ♫ NOTE Units of measure are standard and should never be defined when used with a numerical value. Statistical abbreviations are also standard and should never be defined, with or without a numerical value. Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN A AA ACAT • • • • ACE ACN:THF • • • • ACS ADHD ADP AEE • • • • • • •[T] • Ag Ah AHA AI AIDS AIN ALA ALT • • • • • • • • • • • • •[T] • • • Term arachidonic acid (20:4n6) acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (avoid use of; official enzyme name is sterol O-acyltransferase) angiotensin-converting enzyme acetonitrile:tetrahydrofuran (THF can also by itself mean tetrahydrofolate) American Chemical Society attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder adenosine 5'-diphosphate activity-related energy expenditure (or physical activity– related energy expenditure) antigen [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] aryl-hydrocarbon receptor American Heart Association Adequate Intake acquired immunodeficiency syndrome American Institute of Nutrition -linolenic acid (18:3n3) alanine aminotransferase (or alanine transaminase; both 115 Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN AMP AOAC APE • • • •[T] • • apo • •[A] apo A-I ARIC ARS ASN AST • • • • • •[A] • • • • ATBC Study ATCC ATP AUC AUFS • • • •[A] • • • •[T] •[A] • Term OK) adenosine 5′-monophosphate Association of Official Analytical Chemists atom percent excess (98 APE but 98 atom%: query if both are used) apolipoprotein (close up when used as a prefix [e.g., apoC3, apoE]) apolipoprotein A-I (also A-I-1, B-100, C-I) Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Agricultural Research Service American Society for Nutrition aspartate aminotransferase (or aspartate transaminase; both OK) Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study American Type Culture Collection adenosine 5'-triphosphate area under the curve absorbance unit full scale B BAL BCAA BCG BCE %BF BIA bid (b.i.d.) BHNRC BHT BMC BMD BMI BOLD bp BPD BSA • • • • • • • • • • • •[A] •[A] • • • • •[A] • • • • • • •[A] • • •[A] •[A] • • •[A] British anti-Lewisite (or 2,3-dimercaptopropanol) branched-chain amino acid bacille Calmette-Guérin bone collagen equivalents percentage of body fat bioelectrical impedance analysis twice daily Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center butylated hydroxytoluene bone mineral content bone mineral density body mass index blood oxygen level–dependent base pair bronchopulmonary dysplasia bovine serum albumin C CAD • • cADP cAMP CARDIA CARET cATP CD CDC CDK cDNA CDP CETP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[T] • coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of coronary arteries) cyclic ADP (adenosine 3′:5′-diphosphate) cyclic AMP Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial cyclic ATP (adenosine 3′:5′-triphosphate) clusters of differentiation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cyclin-dependent kinase complementary DNA cytidine 5′-diphosphate cholesteryl ester transfer protein 116 Abbreviation CFU cGMP CHD AJCN •[A] • • AN/JN •[A] • • Term colony-forming unit cyclic guanosine-5'-monophosphate coronary heart disease [ischemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) is preferred (do not change, but query author)] carbohydrate (allowed only in tables and figure legends) conjugated linoleic acid cytidine 5′-monophosphate central nervous system coenzyme A concanavalin A cAMP response element binding protein certified reference material C-reactive protein Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals computed tomography or computed axial tomography cytidine 5'-triphosphate cardiovascular disease CHO CLA CMP CNS CoA ConA CREBP CRM CRP CSFII CT CTP CVD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A][T] •[T] • •[A] • • • • • • •[T] • D DASH DDT DE DHA DHEAS DLW DMEM DMH DMSO DNA dNTP DP DPA DRI DTT DXA • • • •[A] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A] • • •[A] • •[A] • • • • •[A] •[A] •[A] Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane dextrose equivalent docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n–3) dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate doubly labeled water Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus dimethylsulfoxide deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribonucleate deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate degree of polymerization docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n3) Dietary Reference Intake dithiothreitol dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (not dual X-ray absorptiometry) [NOTE: do not use DEXA] E EC • •[A] ECNCI-MS • • EDTA EE EGTA EI ELISA Em Emol EMSA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Enzyme Commission nomenclature number [NOTE: do not use E.C.] electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid energy expenditure ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid energy intake enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay emission (wavelength) molar extinction coefficient electrophoretic mobility shift assay 117 Abbreviation EPA ESADDI Ex Expt. EURAMIC AJCN •[A] • • • • AN/JN •[A] • • • • EURATOM • • F F • •[A] FA FACS FAD FADH2 FAME FAO FAO/UNU/WHO • • • • • • • •[A] • •[T] • •[A] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A] • • • • •[A] • •[A] • •[A] • • • • • • • • •[A] • • • • G GABA GalNAc GAPDH GC GC-MS GC-CIRMS • • • • • • • • •[A] • • • GDP GFR GGT GI GIRMS • • • • • • • • • • FBS FDA FFA FFM FFQ FGF fHcy FIGLU FITC FITR FIXa FM FMN fMRI FQ FSR FVII:Ag FVII:c Term eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n–3) estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake excitation (wavelength) experiment European Community Multicenter Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer European Atomic Energy Commission female(s) (in tables only; use only when the context of the abbreviation is clear) fatty acid fluorescence-activated cell sorting flavin adenine dinucleotide flavin-adenine dinucleotide, fully reduced form fatty acid methyl esters Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization/United National University/World Health Organization fetal bovine serum Food and Drug Administration free fatty acid fat-free mass food-frequency questionnaire fibroblast growth factor (fibroblast growth hormone) free homocysteine formiminoglutamic acid fluorescein isothiocyanate fast Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy activated FVII fat mass flavin mononucleotide functional magnetic resonance imaging food quotient fractional synthetic rate FVII antigen factor VII coagulant activity -aminobutyric acid N-acetylgalactosamine glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gas chromatography gas chromatography–mass spectrometry gas chromatography–combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry guanosine 5′-diphosphate glomerular filtration rate -glutamyltransferase glycemic index gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry 118 Abbreviation GL GLC GlcNAc GLM GLP-1 GMP GRAS GSH GSSG GST AJCN • • • • • • • • • • AN/JN • • • • • • • • • • • • H HbA1c HBSS HCl HDL • • •[A] •[A] • •[A] • •[T] HEPES HHANES HIV HMG-CoA HOMA-IR HPLC • • • • •[A] •[A] • • •[T] • •[A] • HPT HRP HRT HSV-1 • • • • • •[A] • • I IARC ICAM ICD ICP-AE ICP-MS ID (i.d.) IDA IDDM IDL IFN Ig i.g. IGF IGF-I IL i.m. INCAP i.p. • • • • • • • • • • •[A] • • • •[A] • • • • • • • • • • • GTP •[A][T] •[A][G] •[A] • • • •[A] • • • Term glycemic load gas-liquid chromatography N-acetylglucosamine general linear model glucagon-like peptide 1 guanosine 5′-monophosphate generally recognized as safe reduced glutathione oxidized glutathione glutathione S-transferase (official EC name = glutathione transferase) guanosine 5′-triphosphate glycated hemoglobin Hanks’ balanced salt solution hydrochloric acid high-density lipoprotein [NOTE: do not use HDL-C (HDL cholesterol), except in figures or tables when space is limited] 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey human immunodeficiency virus -hydroxy--methylglutaryl coenzyme A (per Stedman’s) homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance high-pressure liquid chromatography; high-performance liquid chromatography Hypertension Prevention Trial horseradish peroxidase hormone replacement therapy herpes simplex virus type 1 International Agency for Research on Cancer intercellular adhesion molecule International Classification of Diseases inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry inside diameter iron deficiency anemia do not use; change to type 1 diabetes (see also NIDDM) intermediate density lipoprotein interferon immunoglobulin intragastric(ally) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] insulin-like growth factor insulin-like growth factor I interleukin intramuscular(ly) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] Institute de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama intraperitoneal(ly) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] 119 Abbreviation i.v. IVACG AJCN • • AN/JN • • J JAK-STAT • • Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription K ka ke Km KIU • • • • • • • • absorption rate constant (can also be in upper case) elimination rate constant Michaelis constant Kallikrein inhibiting unit L LA LBM LC LCAT • • • • • • • • •[A] •[T] LEC LOH LOOH LPL LPS • • • • • • • • • •[A] linoleic acid (18:2n6) lean body mass liquid chromatography lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC preferred: phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase) low density lipoprotein [NOTE: do not use LDL-C (LDL cholesterol), except in figures or tables when space is limited] Long-Evans Cinnamon rat lipid alcohol lipid hydroperoxide lipoprotein lipase lipopolysaccharide M M • •[A] MAMC MAPK MCH MCHC MDA • • • • • • •[A] • • • ME MEM MHC MI MMA MMLV MMSE MOPS Mr MRDR MRFIT MRI mRNA MS MTD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A] • • • • • •[A] • • • • •[T] •[A] • LDL Term intravenous(ly) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] International Vitamin A Consultative Group male(s) (in tables only; use only when the context of the abbreviation is clear) midarm muscle circumference mitogen-activated protein kinase mean corpuscular hemoglobin mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration malondialdehyde [NOTE: use only in tables/figures or if used with a value] metabolizable energy Eagle's minimum essential medium major histocompatibility complex myocardial infarction methylmalonic acid Moloney murine leukemia virus Mini-Mental State Examination (3-N-morpholino propansulfanic acid) relative molecular mass (molecular weight) modified relative dose response Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectrometry maximum tolerated dose 120 Abbreviation MTHFR MUAC MUFA m/z AJCN • • •[A] • AN/JN • • •[A][T] • N NAD NAD+ NAD(H) NAD(P) NAD(P)+ • • • • • • • •[T] •[T] •[T] NAD(P)H • •[T] NCC NCEP NCHS NCI NEFA NEI NFCS NF NF-B NHANES NHLBI NHIS NHS NIA NIAAA NIAID NICHD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A][G] • • • • • • • • NIDDK • • NIDDM NIEHS NIGMS NIH NIMH NINCDS • • • • • • • • • • • • NIST NK cell NLEA NMR NO NPY NRC nt • • • • • • • • • •[A] • •[A] •[A] • • • Term 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase midupper arm circumference monounsaturated fatty acid [NOTE: do not use MFA] mass-to-charge ratio nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), oxidized form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), reduced form Nutrition Coordinating Center (Minneapolis) National Cholesterol Education Program National Center for Health Statistics National Cancer Institute nonesterified fatty acid National Eye Institute Nationwide Food Consumption Survey nuclear factor nuclear transcription factor B National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Health Interview Survey Nurses’ Health Study National Institute on Aging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases do not use; change to type 2 diabetes (see also IDDM) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke National Institute of Standards and Technology natural killer cell Nutrition Labeling and Education Act nuclear magnetic resonance nitric oxide neuropeptide Y National Research Council nucleotide O 121 Abbreviation 25(OH)D o.d. OD ODS OGTT 1RM AJCN • • • • • • AN/JN • • • • • • P PAI PAL PBMC PBS PCB PCO2 PCR PDB PG PGE PGE2 PO2 PDGF PEM PFGE PFU p.i. PIVKA-II • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A] • • •[A] • •[A][G] •[A] •[A] • • • • • • • pKa pK PLP PMA • • • • • • • • PMSF PO (po) PN • • • •[A] • • • • • • • • •[A] • • •[A][G][T] • • • • •[A][T] • • • • • •[A] •[A] POOH PPAR PPRE PRESS statistic P:S PTH PUFA PVDF Q Q qPCR qRT-PCR Term 25-hydroxyvitamin D outside diameter optical density (absorbance is the preferred term) octadecylsilane [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] oral-glucose-tolerance test one-repetition maximum plasminogen activator inhibitor physical activity level peripheral blood mononuclear cell phosphate-buffered saline polychlorinated biphenyl partial pressure of carbon dioxide polymerase chain reaction Pee Dee Belemnite prostaglandin prostaglandin E prostaglandin E2 partial pressure of oxygen platelet-derived growth factor protein-energy malnutrition pulsed-field gel electrophoresis plaque forming unit post infection undercarboxylated prothrombin (proteins induced by vitamin K absence) pK for association negative logarithm of equilibrium constant pyridoxal-P phorbol myristate acetate (also phenylmercury acetate) (note also that phorbol myristate acetate diester = tPA) phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride orally (by mouth) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] pyridoxine [NOTE: use only in tables/figures or if used with a value] phospholipid hydroperoxide peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor peroxisome proliferator response element predicted residual sum of squares polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio parathyroid hormone polyunsaturated fatty acid [NOTE: do not use PFA] polyvinylidene difluoride quartile [NOTE: use only in tables/figures] quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction R 122 Abbreviation RANTES AJCN • AN/JN • RBC RBP RDA RDW REE RER RFLP rhGH RIA rRNA RMR RMSE RNA RPMI RQ RT-PCR RXRa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •[A] • • • • • • •[A] • S Sf • • Sof • • SCFA SDA SDS-PAGE SENECA • • •[A] • •[A] • • • SF SFA SFFQ SHBG Si SOD SSC sTfR • •[A] • • • • • • • •[A][T] • • • • •[A] • T tt1/2 TBAR TBK TCA cycle • • • • • • • •[A] • • TDP TDS TEE TEF TfR • • • • • •[T] • • • • Term regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted red blood cell retinol-binding protein Recommended Dietary (Daily) Allowance red blood cell distribution width resting energy expenditure rough endoplasmic reticulum restriction fragment length polymorphism recombinant human growth hormone radioimmunoassay ribosomal RNA resting metabolic rate root mean squared error ribonucleic acid; ribonucleate Roswell Park Memorial Institute respiratory quotient reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction retinoid receptor X Svedberg flotation unit (used to describe sedimentation coefficients of lipoproteins); unit = 10-13 s peak sedimentation rate (o and f are directly above and below each other) short-chain fatty acid Seventh-day Adventist sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action serum ferritin saturated fatty acid semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire sex hormone–binding globulin insulin sensitivity (or insulin sensitivity index) superoxide dismutase sodium chloride/sodium citrate serum soluble transferrin receptor trans (not tr-) half-life thiobarbituric acid–reactive material (or substance) total body potassium tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle) ribosylthymine 5′-diphosphate Total Diet Study total energy expenditure thermic effect of food transferrin receptor 123 Abbreviation TG TGF tHcy TMP TLC TNF TOBEC TOHP TOR TRL tRNA tPA Tris TSF TSH TTP U UDP UMP UN UNICEF UNU USDA USP UTP UV UV-VIS V V vs. VLDL VO2 max vol:vol vol:wt VSMOW W WHO WHR wt wt:vol wt:wt AJCN • • • • • •[A] • • • • • • • • • • AN/JN •[A] •[A][G] • •[T] • •[A][G] • • • • • • • • • •[T] • • •[A] • • • • • •[A] • •[T] •[T] •[A] • • • • •[T] • • • • • • •[A] • • • • •[T] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Term triglyceride (triacylglycerol) transforming growth factor total homocysteine ribosylthymine 5′-monophosphate thin layer chromatography tumor necrosis factor total-body electrical conductivity Trials of Hypertension Prevention target of rapamycin triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein transfer RNA tissue-type plasminogen activator tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane (buffer) triceps skinfold thickness thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) ribosylthymine 5′-triphosphate uridine 5′-diphosphate uridine 5′-monophosphate United Nations United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations University US Department of Agriculture US Pharmacopoeia uridine 5′-triphosphate ultraviolet ultraviolet-visible gas volume versus (exception: spell out in terms such as concentrationversus-time curve, graft-versus-host disease) very low density lipoprotein maximal oxygen uptake (dot over V). volume:volume volume:weight Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water World Health Organization waist-to-hip ratio (or waist-hip ratio) weight weight:volume weight:weight 124 Appendix 2: Sample Tables This appendix provides various examples of correctly and incorrectly formatted tables. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Column headings Units Example 1 When a unit of measure applies to an entire column, and there are no straddle heads in the table, the units should appear directly after each table column heading, even if this necessitates repeating a unit. Incorrect: g/d Trial 1 2 3 Diet MTD1 MTD2 MTD3 Energy, MJ/d 12.1 ± 1.5 13.4 ± 1.6 13.1 ± 1.4 Protein 89 ± 11 105 ± 12 115 ± 13 Sugar 132 ± 15 195 ± 22 215 ± 26 Vitamin C, mg/d 143 ± 49 238 ± 33 215 ± 27 Diet MTD1 MTD2 MTD3 Energy, MJ/d 12.1 ± 1.5 13.4 ± 1.6 13.1 ± 1.4 Protein, g/d 89 ± 11 105 ± 12 115 ± 13 Sugar, g/d 132 ± 15 195 ± 22 215 ± 26 Vitamin C, mg/d 143 ± 49 238 ± 33 215 ± 27 Correct: Trial 1 2 3 Example 2 Units should appear in the straddle head of a span of column headings; do not repeat them in each column heading. Incorrect: Study Smith et al. (18) Li et al. (34) Jones et al. (46) n 59 60 17 Age 46.3 ± 12.6 41.5 ± 10.0 49.3 ± 9.7 Sex, n (M/F) 23/36 12/48 1/16 Measured 25(OH)D Basal, nmol/L Seasonal, nmol/L 57.7 NA 46.8 7.90 65.0 NA n 59 60 17 Age 46.3 ± 12.6 41.5 ± 10.0 49.3 ± 9.7 Sex, n (M/F) 23/36 12/48 1/16 Measured 25(OH)D, nmol/L Basal Seasonal 57.7 NA 46.8 7.90 65.0 NA Correct: Study Smith et al. (18) Li et al. (34) Jones et al. (46) 125 126 Example 3 If more than one unit is listed in a span of headings, repeat the units. Incorrect: Study Smith et al. (18) Li et al. (34) Jones et al. (46) n 59 60 17 Age, y 46.3 ± 12.6 41.5 ± 10.0 49.3 ± 9.7 Sex, n (M/F) 23/36 12/48 1/16 nmol · μg−1 · d−1 Response Slope 0.539 0.986 0.631 Age, y 46.3 ± 12.6 41.5 ± 10.0 49.3 ± 9.7 Sex, n (M/F) 23/36 12/48 1/16 Response Slope, nmol · μg−1 · d−1 0.539 0.986 0.631 Measured 25(OH)D nmol/L Basal Seasonal 57.7 NA 46.8 7.90 65.0 NA Correct: Measured 25(OH)D Study Smith et al. (18) Li et al. (34) Jones et al. (46) n 59 60 17 Basal, nmol/L 57.7 46.8 65.0 Example 4 Avoid “floating” heads in the table body. Incorrect: Compound Minor compounds α-Tocoherol Squalene β-Sitosterol Fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids Saturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids Refined Olive Oil Virgin Olive Oil mg/L 229 2754 1438 228 3671 16,112 % 80.4 14.5 5.2 81.8 14.0 3.9 Refined Olive Oil Virgin Olive Oil 229 2754 1438 228 3671 16,112 80.4 14.5 5.2 81.8 14.0 3.9 Correct: Compound Minor compounds, mg/L α-Tocoherol Squalene β-Sitosterol Fatty acids, % Monounsaturated fatty acids Saturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids 127 Seasonal, nmol/L NA 7.90 NA Example 5 In certain situations, the removal of “floating” heads in the table body may require transposition of the column and row headings. Incorrect: TABLE 1 HRs and 95% CIs of BMI history for men and women at ages 18 and 35 y BMI at 18 y of age <18.5 >18.5 and <22.5 >22.5 Cases, n/person-years 188/380,405 652/1,429,772 59/90,518 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.00 (referent) 1.62 (1.24, 2.12) MV HR (95% CI) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.00 (referent) 1.56 (1.19, 2.03) BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 MV HR (95% CI) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) Cases, n/person-years Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) MV HR (95% CI) BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 MV HR (95% CI) P-trend 0.0009 0.005 <18.5 34/75,215 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) 1.00 (referent) BMI at 35 y of age >18.5 and <22.5 405/926,741 1.00 (referent) 0.02 >22.5 350/730,737 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) P-trend 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) 1.09 (0.94 1.26) 0.001 0.002 0.0002 Correct: TABLE 1 HRs and 95% CIs of BMI history for men and women at ages 18 and 35 y BMI at 18 y of age <18.5 >18.5 and <22.5 >22.5 P-trend BMI at 35 y of age <18.5 >18.5 and <22.5 >22.5 P-trend Cases, n/personyears Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) MV HR (95% CI) 188/380,405 652/1,429,772 59/90,518 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.00 (referent) 1.62 (1.24, 2.12) 0.0009 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.00 (referent) 1.56 (1.19, 2.03) 0.005 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.00 (referent) 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) 1.00 (referent) 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) 0.0002 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) 1.00 (referent) 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) 0.001 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) 1.00 (referent) 1.08 (0.94, 1.26) 0.002 34/75,215 405/926,741 350/730,737 128 BMI > 25 kg/m2 MV HR (95% CI) 0.02 Units vs. statistical designators Include statistical data designators as column headings when prudent/appropriate; use straddle headings as necessary to avoid repetition. Example 1 Incorrect: Characteristic Mother’s age Mother as head of household Number of children <5 y Bangladesh, OR (95% CI) 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) 0.56 (0.34, 0.92) 0.70 (0.51, 0.05) Vietnam, OR (95% CI) 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) 0.69 (0.46, 1.06) Ethiopia, OR (95% CI) 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) 1.17 (0.34, 4.00) 1.21 (0.66, 2.21) Bangladesh 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) 0.56 (0.34, 0.92) 0.70 (0.51, 0.05) OR (95% CI) Vietnam 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) 0.69 (0.46, 1.06) Ethiopia 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) 1.17 (0.34, 4.00) 1.21 (0.66, 2.21) Correct: Characteristic Mother’s age Mother as head of household Number of children <5 y If the statistical designator is provided in addition to a column heading, offset it with a comma. Example 2 Incorrect: Retinol Lycopene Vitamin E MetS+ vs. MetS− [OR (95% CI)] 2001–2006 (n = 1339) 2003–2006 (n = 782) 2.08 (1.44, 3.01) 2.46 (1.19, 5.09) 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) 2.08 (0.45, 1.87) 2.37 (1.62, 3.49) 2.08 (1.76, 4.10) Correct: Retinol Lycopene Vitamin E MetS+ vs. MetS−, OR (95% CI) 2001–2006 (n = 1339) 2003–2006 (n = 782) 2.08 (1.44, 3.01) 2.46 (1.19, 5.09) 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) 2.08 (0.45, 1.87) 2.37 (1.62, 3.49) 2.08 (1.76, 4.10) 129 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Row headings Units Example 1 When a unit of measure applies to an entire row, the unit should appear at the end of the row heading, offset with a comma, regardless of whether the values in that row are expressed in that unit. Incorrect: Diet DNA concentration Bacteria (mg/g) Anaerobic fungi (μg/g) Methanogens (107 copies/g) High-protein Fiber-rich Starch-rich 2.93 2.95 0.71 0.47 1.70 1.40 Low-protein Fiber-rich Starch-rich 2.59 2.53 0.54 0.44 1.58 0.66 Correct: Diet DNA concentration Bacteria, mg/g Anaerobic fungi, μg/g Methanogens, 107 copies/g High-protein Fiber-rich Starch-rich 2.93 2.95 0.71 0.47 1.70 1.40 Low-protein Fiber-rich Starch-rich 2.59 2.53 0.54 0.44 1.58 0.66 Example 2 If a unit applies to all subheadings below a primary heading, list the unit only in the primary heading. Incorrect: Dietary intake Total carbohydrate Fiber, g/d Free sugars, g/d Total fat Saturated fat, g/d Monounsaturated fat, g/d Polyunsaturated fat, g/d Correct: Value 314 30 134 71 23 26 14 Dietary intake Total carbohydrate, g/d Fiber Free sugars Total fat, g/d Saturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat 130 Value 314 30 134 71 23 26 2.29 Units vs. statistical designators Include statistical data designators as row headings when prudent/appropriate. Example 1 Incorrect: n Cases/n total Male Female Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Q1 (Ref) 30/188 45/251 1 1 1 1 Ferritin quartiles, RR (95% CI) Q2 Q3 37/189 53/189 58/250 70/252 1.81 (1.30–2.52) 1.28 (0.91–1.81) 1.73 (1.24–2.42) 1.21 (0.85–1.70) 1.74 (1.24–2.45) 1.22 (0.85–1.73) 1.73 (1.23–2.43) 1.21 (0.85–1.72) Q1 (Ref) Ferritin quartiles Q2 Q3 Q4 62/189 59/250 1.82 (1.31–2.53) 1.62 (1.13–2.27) 1.68 (1.19–2.36) 1.66 (1.18–2.34) P-trend <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 Correct: n Cases/n total Male Female RR (95% CI) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 30/188 45/251 37/189 58/250 1 1 1 1 1.28 (0.91–1.81) 1.21 (0.85–1.70) 1.22 (0.85–1.73) 1.21 (0.85–1.72) 53/189 70/252 1.81 (1.30–2.52) 1.73 (1.24–2.42) 1.74 (1.24–2.45) 1.73 (1.23–2.43) Q4 P-trend 62/189 59/250 1.82 (1.31–2.53) 1.62 (1.13–2.27) 1.68 (1.19–2.36) 1.66 (1.18–2.34) <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002 Value consistency Example 1 If row headings include values that overlap or contain gaps, consult the article text for clarification or query the author to clarify. Incorrect: Characteristics Sex, % female Age, y, % 14–19 20–39 40–60 ≥60 BMI, kg/m2, % <18.5 ≥18.5 and ≤25 >25 and <30 >30 Complete sample, n = 68 49 Hair subset, n = 30 70 16 32 40 12 17 37 37 10 1 44 24 31 3 40 27 30 131 Correct: Correct: Characteristics Sex, % female Age, y, % 14–19 20–39 40–59 ≥60 BMI, kg/m2, % <18.5 ≥18.5 and ≤25 >25 and ≤30 >30 Complete sample (n = 68) 33/35 Hair subset (n = 30) 21/9 16 32 40 12 17 37 37 10 1 44 24 31 3 40 27 30 Characteristics Sex, % female Age, y, % 14–19 20–39 40–60 >60 BMI, kg/m2, % <18.5 ≥18.5 and ≤25 >25 and <30 ≥30 ♫ NOTE Complete sample (n = 68) 33/35 Hair subset (n = 30) 21/9 16 32 40 12 17 37 37 10 1 44 24 31 3 40 27 30 Either of the above situations may be correct, so it is imperative that the text be checked and/or the author queried to confirm the correct value breakdown. 132

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN)

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib