BRAZIL – SOCIOLOGY
[An essay and annotated bibliography summarizing recent developments in sociological
research in Brazil. Forthcoming in Handbook of Latin American Studies. V.63. United
States Library of Congress (2007)]
MARA LOVEMAN, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison
JERONIMO O. MUNIZ, PhD Candidate in Sociology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison
ANA CRISTINA COLLARES, PhD Candidate in Sociology, Univ. of Wisconsin,
Madison
Sociology is thriving in Brazil, as measured both by the sheer volume of published
research and the quality of studies reviewed. Disciplinary boundaries are far from rigid in
Brazilian social sciences. This state of affairs facilitates a regular give-and-take between
sociologists and colleagues in related fields, especially anthropology, history, and public
policy. A healthy dose of interdisciplinary influence contributes to Brazil’s rich
sociological tradition, marked by a diversity of themes and methods [#29, Filho 2005].
Entering the 21st century, Brazilian society remains one of the most unequal in the world
and sociologists continue to play a critical role documenting the severity of Brazil’s
social problems. Focused on exploring the causes and consequences of poverty, violence,
hunger, racial inequality, patriarchy, exploitation of children, rural conditions,
environmental degradation, and inadequacies of housing, health and education, among
other social ills, it is no wonder that Sociology in Brazil has garnered a reputation for
pessimism (see HLAS vol. 61: 643). Yet in the current crop of sociological scholarship
there is also a notable, if tempered, undercurrent of optimism. Or perhaps better put, there
is a tone of determination to make use of the production of knowledge to affect positive
social change. This stance is evident in the heavy emphasis given to policy evaluation
and concrete proposals for political and social reform in many recent works. It is also
evident in the growing number of studies that highlight successful examples of social
programs that aim to expand and deepen the exercise of cidadania (citizenship) by all
Brazilians.
In 2006, Worker’s Party (PT) candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was re-elected to the
country’s presidency in a landslide victory. The “PT-style of government” [#11, Bittar
2003] has created more space (relatively speaking) for experimenting with progressive
social policies and programs [#61, Pochmann and Souza 2002]. Sociologists have drawn
attention to innovative policies at various levels of government, analyzing the conditions
that made reform possible and evaluating gains and limitations of specific social
programs. Porto Alegre’s participatory budgeting process, in particular, is the focus of
numerous recent studies [e.g. #39, Koonings 2004; #77, Silva 2002; #28, Dias 2002]. The
program has become internationally recognized as a model of local-level participatory
democracy.
Violence and poverty stand out as dominant concerns of recent sociological scholarship.
Rates of violent crime in Brazil have reached alarming proportions, with risk of violent
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death in some parts of Brazil’s major cities outpacing the risk in active war zones. In
these conditions, criminology is a booming area of research, with empirical studies
mapping homicide rates to urban geographies [#4, Aidar 2003 bi2006002653], reporting
sociodemographic predictors of homicide [#18, Cano and Santos 2001 bi2005001111]
and analyzing the determinants of “criminality” [#23, Cerqueira and Lobão 2004], among
other concerns. Some authors tackle the issue of public security from a more
institutionalist perspective, seeing rising violence as a symptom of an ailing state. From
this perspective, measures to effectively combat corruption and impunity, and to create
channels for meaningful democratic participation at the grassroots, are seen as crucial
antidotes to escalating violence in Brazilian cities [#90, Viapiana 2002 bi2006002701].
Case studies of programs that reduced violence and increased public safety include [#95,
Zaluar and Oliveira 2002 bi2006002673, and #26, Costa 2003], the latter focused
specifically on the reduction of violence against women. Most work on violence in Brazil
is focused on urban areas. Violence in rural Brazil is a relatively neglected issue by
comparison, though there are a handful of noteworthy exceptions, including an insightful
ethnographic study of the culture of violence and family honor in the northeastern state of
Pernambuco [#46, Marques 2002], and an exploration of the culture of “hit men” in
Piauí, Maranhão and Ceará [#22, Cavalcante 2003 bi2005001118].
The study of poverty and socioeconomic inequality also remains a top priority of
sociological research in Brazil. Some of Brazil’s leading social scientists have turned
their attention to the underlying causes of endemic poverty in this country. Recent
contributions illuminate the relevance of theoretical models and explanatory accounts of
social stratification and social exclusion developed with reference to advanced capitalist
countries for understanding the Brazilian experience. Two books by Simon Schwartzman
[#72, Schwartzman 2004 bi2006002546; #74, Schwartzman 2005], in particular, are
indispensable contributions to discussions of poverty in Brazil, as are Sonia Rocha’s
Pobreza no Brasil [#65, Rocha 2003 bi2006002662], and Marcelo Medeiros’
provocatively titled, O que faz os Ricos ricos [#51, Medeiros 2005]. A contribution by
[#62, Pochmann, Amorim and Guerra 2003 bi2006002651] uses methods of spatial data
analysis to map the distribution of poverty across Brazil by municipality. Bernardo Sorj
examines the ramifications of unequal access to information technology in Brazil [#82,
Sorj 2003]. These works significantly advance understanding of poverty in Brazil, while
pointing to a range – albeit limited – of possible routes to its amelioration.
Complementing these synoptic contributions is a growing number of ethnographic studies
that explore the lived experience of socioeconomic marginalization in contemporary
Brazil. Based largely on interviews, focus-groups, and evaluations of targeted social
programs, these studies probe the subjective meaning of poverty for those who endure it
[#14, Burgos 2002 bi2006002687; #34, Gonçalves 2003 bi2006002661].
Social and economic exclusion are frequently discussed in both social scientific literature
and the popular media using the rubric of cidadania (citizenship). Cidadania has become
an umbrella concept for scholars working on a broad array of substantive issues: from
exploitation of child labor, to the rights of homosexuals, to violence in urban
shantytowns, to racial stereotypes in popular media. Though the broad use of concept of
cidadania may be useful politically to denote the common social exclusion suffered by
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various segments of the Brazilian population, some social scientists suggest the analytical
leverage of the concept of cidadania may end up diluted from its increasingly broad and
all-encompassing use [#16, Neto 2002 bi2006002695; #58, Pinsky and Pinsky 2003
bi2006002538]. On the other hand, future work might focus more attention on general
sociological mechanisms that promote or inhibit the full-exercise of citizenship.
Empirical studies of social networks, for example, could illuminate how much and in
what ways interpersonal connections actually structure individual life chances in Brazil.
Of various forms of social exclusion in Brazil, racial exclusion continues to be a central
focus of sociological research. High profile public debate over the use of affirmative
action in Brazilian universities and government has heightened social scientific attention
to racial dynamics. Sociological findings about racial disparities, in turn, have helped fuel
the ongoing debate. Sociologists, alongside colleagues from other disciplines, have been
vocal participants in public debates over “race quotas.” Numerous MA and PhD students
have written theses on aspects of affirmative action in Brazil, turning out a first wave of
articles and books on the subject. Black movement activists and many social scientists
laud affirmative action as a long overdue state intervention to combat racism and racial
inequality in Brazil [e.g. #75, Sell 2002 bi2006002675]. Others see the quota system as
little more than a symbolic gesture, and one that is distracting attention from the need for
more fundamental reform of public education in Brazil, from elementary through
university levels [# 96, Fry 2005 A persistência da raça]
Amidst these debates, studies of racial inequality [#56, Osorio 2004 bi2004003101],
racial attitudes [#7, Bailey 2002; #8, Bailey 2004], and racial classification [#9 Bailey
and Telles 2004] are increasingly common. A growing number of research groups and
NGOs now issue regular report-card style studies of racial discrimination in distinct
realms of social life. Brazil’s racial dynamics are getting a lot more attention within U.S.
sociology of race as well, which itself has been gradually adopting a more comparative
orientation. Important recent contributions in English such as Edward Telles’ Race in
Another America [#88, Telles 2004], and Livio Sansone’s Blackness without Ethnicity
[#66, Sansone 2003] have bolstered this trend.
The sociology of education is a very active area of research in Brazil. The debates over
affirmative action have resonated strongly in this subfield, where studies of racial
disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes are on the rise [#13, Brandão,
Teixeira and Oliveira 2003; #87, Teixeira 2003 bi2006002545]. Systematic and reliable
data on Brazil’s educational system are now available (including SAEB Sistema Nacional
de Avaliação da Educação Básica; the ENEM Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio; and the
ENADE Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes or National Examination of
Student Achievement for higher education). A small but growing number of sociologists
are making use of these nationally representative surveys to examine predictors of student
achievement in Brazil [#79, Silva and Hasenbalg 2002]. A key reference on
contemporary sociology of education in Brazil is The Challenges of Education in Brazil,
edited by Colin Brock and Simon Schwartzman [#97]. For an overview of the current
situation of higher education in Brazil, see item [#73, Schwartzman 2004]. Recent
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scholarship in this area also illuminates the negative effects of violence on education [#2,
Abramovay and Rua 2002 bi2006002692].
The theme of exclusion from full citizenship is also central to recent work in the
sociology of labor. The consequences of neoliberal economic reform and the
restructuring of industrial production on the lives of workers continues to be a focus of
scholarship in this area [#67, Santana 2003 bi2006002494; #63, Pochmann 2004; #40,
Leite bi2006002510]. A number of recent studies bring the gendered nature of work in
Brazil into clear focus, through studies of female assembly-line workers [#91, Vieira,
2002; #64, Porto 2002] and women migrants to urban areas [#44, Lisboa 2003]. There is
also a growing concern about child labor and its long term consequences for children and
their families [#77, Silva 2003; #47, Marques 2002]. Relatively less attention has been
devoted to informal labor [#1, Abramo 2003 bi2006002529], agricultural and rural work
[#36, Hébette, Magalhães and Maneschy 2002 bi2006002745], and issues surrounding
migrant workers and their families.
The sociology of gender remains an important subfield in Brazilian sociology, focused on
various dimensions and sources of gender inequality. The intersection of gender and
labor market dynamics is an especially active area of research. Most work in this area
explores the experiences of working class women; future studies might fruitfully examine
gender dynamics amongst white collar workers and in the professions. Recent studies
have also focused attention on the gendered assumptions and implications of specific
social policies at different levels of government [#32, Goldani 2002 bi2003006889; #81,
Soares 2003].
Environmental sociology in Brazil has been growing rapidly as a subfield, responding to
the heightened international concerns about global climate change, environmental
degradation and sustainability. Brazil participated in the Global Environmental Survey
(GOES), a cross-national study that examined how publics and decision makers in
developed and developing countries frame environmental problems and solutions. The
main findings of the survey were published in [#98, Ester et al. 2003]. Other topics that
continue to receive attention include agricultural policy and agrarian reform, sustainable
development strategies in the Amazon region, and studies of rural livelihoods [#83, Soto
2002 bi2005001102; #76, Silva 2002 bi2006002674; #36, Hébette, Magalhães and
Maneschy 2002 bi2006002745; #12, Born and Talocchi 2002 bi2006002725]. The public
policy orientation of scholarship in this area is clearly evident.
Demography and family studies in Brazil also aim to contribute to public policy
decisions. Most demographic studies are produced by scholars affiliated with one of three
centers: the Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional or Center for
Development and Regional Planning (CEDEPLAR), at the Federal Univ. of Minas
Gerais, the Núcleo de Estudos Populacionais (NEPO), at the Univ. of Campinas, and the
Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada or Institute of Applied Economic Research
(IPEA), in Rio de Janeiro and Brasília. The paucity of reliable longitudinal data is a
serious constraint to scholars working in this area. Panel surveys are expensive and
funding is vulnerable to shifts in political winds. As a result, a broad range of important
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questions about the relationship of life cycle events to future outcomes in Brazil have yet
to be explored. Notwithstanding this limitation, recent contributions in this subfield
include a fertility study that describes period- and cohort-fertility trends since the 1920s
[#21, Carvalho, Wajnman and Horta 2003 bi2005004418], a study of factors associated
with fertility decline [#33, Goldani 2003 bi2003006723], and studies of internal
migration [#35, Guimarães 2002 bi2003006469] and the “brain drain” of Brazilian
scientists moving abroad [#60, Pires et al 2004 bi2005003109]. In the subfield of family
sociology, recent work has emphasized the importance of family arrangements and
gender relations to the provision of public policies [#32, Goldani 2002 bi2003006889],
financial exchange between generations [#17, Camarano 2004 bi2003005745] and the
importance of family events in women’s participation in the labor force [#37, Itaboraí
2003 bi2005004417].
1. Abramo, Pedro and Taschner, Suzana Pasternak. A cidade da informalidade : o
desafio das cidades latino-americanas. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Sette Letras: FAPERJ;
2003. 328 p. bi2006002529
A study of informal labor markets in urban Brazil, Mexico and Argentina.
Discusses origins and legal challenges of informal employment and evaluates several
existing programs to address problems of informal urban economies. Organized by the
Institute of Policy and Urban and Regional Planning of the Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro.
2. Abramovay, Miriam and Rua, Maria das Graças. Violências nas escolas. Brasília,
DF, Brasil: UNESCO; 2002. 400 p. bi2006002692
Examines the problem of violence in schools in Brasília. Both symbolic and
institutional dimensions of violence are discussed. Authors advocate cooperation between
parents, schools, communities and governmental institutions to address the problem of
school violence, rather than repressive measures such as metal detectors, walls, fences, or
private security services.
3. Agencia de noticias dos direitos da infancia. Crianças invisíveis.: o enfoque da
imprensa sobre o trabalho infantil doméstico e outras formas de exploração. 2003.
A critical study conducted by a media watchdog group on how the issue of
exploitation of child labor is handled in Brazilian media. The study cites neglect of race
and gender as themes of journalistic accounts. Reports from focus groups provide child
and adult domestic workers’ views of media. This agency also published reports on
Brazilian media’s treatment of issue of sexual and other forms of violence against
children, and on smoking, alcohol and adolescence in Brazilian media.
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Agência de Notícias dos Direitos da Infância. O grito dos inocentes : os
meios de comunicação e a violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes.
Brasília, DF :, São Paulo, SP : Agência de Notícias dos Direitos da
Infância ; Cortez Editora; 2003. 158 p. : (Série Mídia e mobilização social
; vol. 5).Notes: LC Control Number: 2004341042O
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Agência de Notícias dos Direitos da Infância.Balas Perdidas: Um Olhar
sobre o comportamento da imprensa brasileira quando a ciranca e o
adolescente estao na pauta da Violencia. ANDI. (Agencia de Noticias dos
Direitos da Infancia. DATE? Concerned with the quality of media
coverage of violence againt children in Brazilian media.
Agência de Notícias dos Direitos da Infância Equilibrio Distante:
tabaco, alcool e adolescenciqa no jornalismo brasileiro. 2003.
4. Aidar, Tirza; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, and Núcleo de Estudos de
Populaçăo. A face perversa da cidade : configuraçăo sócio-espacial das mortes violentas
em Campinas nos anos 90. Campinas, SP, Brasil : Núcleo de Estudos de Populaçăo,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2003? 118, xiv p. : (Textos NEPO; 44).
bi2006002653
Analyzes mortality trends in Campinas by external causes of death (homicides, car
accidents, etc.) from a demographic and spatial perspective. The study is enriched by
detailed graphs, tables and maps.
5. Alvim, Maria R. B., Ferreira Junior, Edísio and Queiroz, Tereza.
(Re)construções da juventude : cultura e representações contemporâneas, 2004.
Twelve essays written by researchers from the Federal University of Pernambuco
on the social construction of the concept of youth. Case studies highlight several aspects
of the cultural representation of youth in contemporary Brazil.
6. Ataíde, Yara Dulce Bandeira de. Clamor do presente: história oral de famílias em
busca da cidadania / Yara Dulce Bandeira de Ataide. São Paulo, SP : Edições Loyola,
c2002. 277 p. bi2006002682
Oral history of sixteen street families in Salvador, Bahia, with a focus on their
affective relations and expectations. Classifies the families into five models, and
discusses the aggravated situation faced by the second generation of children born in the
streets. The inaccessibility of education for these children is highlighted as a central
concern.
7. Bailey, Stanley R. “The Race Construct and Public Opinion: Understanding
Brazilian Beliefs about Racial Inequality and Their Determinants” American Journal of
Sociology 108 (2) (Sept. 2002): 406-39.
A significant empirical study of contemporary Brazilian racial attitudes which finds
that Brazilians explicitly acknowledge racism and discrimination in their society. This
finding challenges the view that most Brazilians deny or do not recognize the prevalence
of racism due to their belief in the ideal of racial democracy. Includes a comparison of
Brazilian and U.S.racial attitudes and explanations for contemporary racial inequality.
8. Bailey, Stanley R. “Group Dominance and the Myth of Racial Democracy:
Antiracism Attitudes in Brazil” American Sociological Review 69 (October): 728-747,
2004.
Presents data from a racial attitudes survey conducted in Rio de Janeiro state in the
year 2000 which reveals that the majority of the states’ residents support affirmative
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action and antiracism organizations as a means to address racial discrimination in society.
Analyzes individual characteristics associated with support for affirmative action and
compares supporters of affirmative action in Brazil and the United States.
9. Bailey, Stanley and Telles, Edward. “Multiracial versus Collective Black
Categories: Examining Census Classification Debates in Brazil. Ethnicities. 6(1): 74-101,
2004.
Analyzes current debates over the racial categories used in the Brazilian census. A
useful synthesis of the contending positions and the stakes of opting for one classificatory
schema over another. Includes an empirical analysis of characteristics that shape
Brazilians’ classificatory preferences.
10. Barros, Ricardo Paes de and Mirela de Carvalho. Desafios para a política social
brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2003. 17 p.:.
appendix, bibl., graphs, tables. (Texto para discussão;) (985) bi2003005727
Analyzes why Brazilian social policies have failed to eradicate extreme poverty and
reduce inequality. Calls for more careful targeting of social policy to prioritize the poor,
and cites need to engage families in cooperation to escape poverty.
11. Bittar, Jorge. Governos estaduais--desafios e avanços : reflexões e relatos de
experiências petistas / Jorge Bittar ... [et al.] ; organizador, Jorge Bittar ; com a
colaboração de Regina Toscano ... [et al.]. 1a. ed. São Paulo : Editora Fundação Perseu
Abramo, 2003. 366 p. :. map ;. 23 cm.
The chapters in this edited volume describe and analyze the initial experience of
Worker’s Party (PT) governments at the state level. A useful synthetic essay by Jorge
Bittar and Antônio Lassance characterizes “PT-style governance.” Empirical chapters
highlight challenges confronted by PT governments in different states and arenas of
social policy. The volume identifies constraints and opportunities for achieving social
change through the apparatus of state (vs. federal) -level government.
12. Born, Rubens Harry and Talocchi, Sergio. Proteçăo do capital social e ecológico:
por meio de Compensaçőes por Serviços Ambientais (CSA). Săo Paulo, SP: Săo
Lourenço da Serra, SP: Editora Fundaçăo Peirópolis; Vitae Civilis, Instituto para o
Desenvolvimento, Meio Ambiente e Paz; 2002. 150 p. bi2006002725
Four case studies of Brazilian rural communities reveal how members of these
communities could benefit from public policies that promote sustainable development of
their regions. Authors propose that traditionally marginalized social actors could be
included in benefits of development projects through programs that compensate rural
community members for “environmental services.”
13. Brandão, André A., Teixeira, Moema d. P. and de Oliveira, Iolanda. Censo
étnico-racial da Universidade Federal Fluminense e da Universidade Federal de
Mato Grosso : dados preliminares 2003.
Describe preliminary data resulting from a census of the student body of the Federal
Universities of Mato Grosso and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The census collected data on
the race and ethnicity of the students, their academic trajectory, income, and background
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characteristics. It includes the students’ opinions about the implementation of affirmative
action policies in Brazil.
14. Burgos, Marcelo Baumann; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro,
and Departamento de Sociologia e Política. A utopia da comunidade: Rio das Pedras,
uma favela carioca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ :, Săo Paulo, SP : Editora PUC-Rio ; Ediçőes
Loyola; 2002. 249 p. : (Coleçăo Cięncias sociais ;: Coleçăo Cięncias sociais (Pontifícia
Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro) ; 5) bi2006002687
Collection of essays about a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro that has been
characterized by high levels of community organization, supporting institutions of
commerce, housing, child care and others that survive without depending on the
government or paying taxes. Local violence is discussed, and absence of drug traffic is
highlighted.
15. (*) Burgos, Marcelo Baumann. City, territories, and citizenship. Dados. [online].
2005, vol. 48, no. 1 [cited 2006-11-27], pp. 189-222. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S001152582005000100007&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0011-5258. doi: 10.1590/S001152582005000100007.
Article brings into focus how the urban geography of Rio de Janeiro constrains the
full exercise of citizenship by those who reside in the favelas.
16. Callage Neto, Roque. A cidadania sempre adiada: da crise de Vargas em 54 à era
Fernando Henrique / Roque Callage Neto ; [apresentação de José Murilo de Carvalho].
Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil : Editora UNIJUI, 2002. 445 p.; (Coleção Ciências
sociais). bi2006002695
Analyzes political alliances that have conditioned the Brazilian model of economic
development, and undermined the full exercise of citizenship by Brazilians, from the
second government of Getulio Vargas in the 1950s through the first government of
Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
17. Camarano, Ana Amélia. Jovens e idosos nordestinos: exemplos de trocas
intergeracionais. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2004. 24 p.:.
bibl., graphs, tables. (Texto para discussão;) (1031) bi2003005745
Uses data from the 2000 Brazilian Census to analyze the living conditions of the
young and elderly population in the Northeastern region. Concludes that those above 60
are doing better than those between 15 and 24 years old. Emphasizes the role of the
elderly population as providers of financial support and shows that a significant
proportion of the Northeastern living arrangements are characterized by three
generations, usually headed by the oldest member.
18. Cano, Ignacio and Santos, Nilton. Violęncia letal, renda e desigualdade no Brasil.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 7 Letras; 2001. 94 p. bi2005001111
Analyzes the influence of poverty and inequality on homicide rates and evaluates
the quality of two sources of data on violence (Subsistema de Informacao sobre
Mortalidade, or SIM, and the Registro de Ocorrencia Policial). The authors use the SIM
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to calculate homicide rates in Brazilian states and to build contingency tables by income
and urbanization level. They conclude that the relationship between income and social
inequality depends on the level of geographical aggregation and that urbanization is a
strong predictor for homicides.
19. Cardoso, Marcos Antônio. O movimento negro em Belo Horizonte: 1978-1998 /
Marcos Antônio Cardoso. Belo Horizonte: Mazza Edições, c2002. 232 p. bi2006002684
Traces the development of the Black Movement in the city of Belo Horizonte from
1978 to 1988, emphasizing the historical role of the Movement in challenging the myth
of racial democracy in Brazil. Includes discussion of the violence and discrimination
suffered by black women.
20. Carvalho, Alysson Massote. Políticas públicas. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG;
2002. 142 p. : (Coleçăo Infância e adolescęncia ; 1). bi2006002681
Five essays provide an overview of the domain of public policy in Brazil under the
Constitution of 1988. The essays are oriented to social workers who work with children
and adolescents.
21. Carvalho, José Alberto Magno de; Simone Wajnman; and Cláudia Júlia
Guimarães Horta. Construindo uma medida do total de anos vividos pelas diferentes
coortes de mulheres brasileiras com filhos menores de 7 anos de idade. (Revista
Brasileira de Estudos de População, Rev. Bras. Estud. Popul., 20:2, julho/dez. 2003, p.
177-205, bibl., graphs, tables 0102-3098 ) bi2005004418
Presents period- and cohort-fertility rates by single age of mothers from the 1920s
to the 1980s using data from the 1970, 1980 and 1991 Brazilian Censuses, and the 1977,
1992 and 1998 PNADs. They also estimate how much of a woman’s life cycle is spent in
bearing and rearing children considering the spacing between births and the probability
that children will survive to school-age.
22. Cavalcante, Peregrina. Como se fabrica um pistoleiro. 1. ed ed. Săo Paulo, SP: A
Girafa; 2003. 254 p. bi2005001118
Ethnographic study investigating the historical, social and cultural factors
surrounding the world of hit men (“pistoleiros”). During two years of field work in Piauí,
Maranhão and Ceará, Cavalcante observed and interviewed hit men and a heterogeneous
sample of community members in order to capture their perceptions and understand the
roots of this violent social phenomenon.
23. (*) Cerqueira, Daniel and Lobão, Waldir. Determinantes da criminalidade:
arcabouços teóricos e resultados empíricos. Dados, 2004, vol.47, no.2, p.233-269..
This theoretical paper reviews the national and international literature on the
determinants of crime and suggests a general causal model that combines structural,
institutional, interpersonal and individual factors to explain the causes of crime.
24. Congresso Brasileiro de Pesquisadores Negros (2nd : 2002 : São Carlos, São
Paulo, Brazil) De preto a afro-descendente: trajetos de pesquisa sobre o negro, cultura
negra e relações étnico-raciais no Brasil / Lúcia Maria de Assunção Barbosa, Petronilha
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Beatriz Gonçalves e Silva, Valter Roberto Silvério, organizadores. São Carlos:
EdUFSCar, 2003. 345 p. bi2006002710
Twenty essays from the Second Brazilian Congress of Black Researchers. Includes
works on history, social identity, culture, work relations, education and political
movements of “afro-descendants” in Brazil.
25. Corossacz, Valeria Ribeiro. Identité nationale et procréation au Brésil : sexe,
classe, race et stérilisation féminine / Valeria Ribeiro Corossacz. Paris : Harmattan,
c2004. 180 p. ;. 22 cm.. ( Bibliothèque du féminisme)
Based on interviews with women at a maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, the
author analyzes how class, color, and national identity shape the “conditions of choice”
for women who choose to be sterilized. The analysis focuses on women’s silence around
issues of color in their explanations of what led them to opt for sterilization.
26. Costa, Delaine M., Instituto Brasileiro de Administração Municipal, Instituto de
Estudos da Religião and United Nations Development Fund for Women. Escritório
Regional para o Brasil e o Cone Sul. Gênero e mercocidades brasileiras : violência
contra a mulher, 2003
Presents the results of projects funded by the U.N. Development Fund for Women
to address the problem of violence against women in merco-cities (cities that belong to
the common market of South America). Includes case studies of cities that implemented
successful programs for the prevention of violence against women.
27. Costa, Sergio. As cores de Ercília : esfera pública, democracia, configurações
pós-nacionais, 2002
Theoretical discussion about the history and characteristics of the “public sphere” in
Brazil. The author discusses the constitution of the Brazilian public sphere as a space
divided into “primary communicative spaces” and the “civil arena”. Highlights the
inherent contradictions in the constitution of democracy in Brazil.
28. Dias, Marcia Ribeiro. Sob o signo da vontade popular : o orçamento participativo
e o dilema da Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre / Marcia Ribeiro Dias. Belo Horizonte :
Editora UFMG ; Rio de Janeiro : IUPERJ, 2002. 305 p. :. ill.. 20 cm.. ( Coleção Origem ;
6)
A critical analysis of the participatory budgeting process in Porto Alegre, Brazil,
which has become a model case in discussions of participatory democracy in other
contexts. The author argues that the participatory budget strengthened the executive
branch of the municipal government at the expense of the legislative branch. Divested of
its control over the budget, the legislative branch lost a crucial resource for the exercise
of power and for effective representation of constituencies. The fact that the participatory
budget process is not institutionalized is highlighted as problematic because it makes the
process vulnerable to changes in personnel in the executive branch.
29. (*) Filho, Enno D. Liedke. A Sociologia no Brasil: historia, teorias e desafios
(Sociologias, Porto Alegre, 2005, 14: 376-437)
10
A useful introduction to the historical development and current status of the
discipline of sociology in Brazil. Discusses the influence of European and American
sociological traditions on Brazilian sociology and characterizes stages in the development
of sociology in Brazil. Provides an overview of the institutionalization of sociology as an
academic-scientific discipline in Brazil and identifies the main traditions of Brazilian
sociological research. Assesses the contemporary field of Brazilian sociology,
highlighting the discipline’s contributions to understanding Brazil’s social situation.
30. Freitas, Maria do Carmo de. Agonia da fome / Maria do Carmo de Freitas.
Salvador : EDUFBA ; Rio de Janeiro : Editora Fiocruz, 2003. 275 p. Notes: LC Control
Number: 2003339109
A study of hunger in Brazil that includes an "ethnography of the famished" – the
voices of the hungry make this an emotional, disturbing book.
31. Frigerio, Alejandro and Ribeiro, Gustavo Lins. Argentinos e brasileiros:
encontros, imagens e estereótipos. Petrópolis: Vozes; 2002. 271 p.; (Coleção Sociedade e
cultura no Mercosul). bi2006002700
An original study that employs interviews and observational analysis to discuss how
Brazilians and Argentines perceive each other in three different circumstances: sporadic
contacts (tourists); relationships based on mutual interests (political, cultural and
economic); and relationships between bordering populations. The epilogue helps to
deconstruct stereotypes by discussing historical and anthropological sources of difference
between Brazilians and Argentines.
32. Goldani, Ana Maria. Familia, gênero e políticas: famílias brasileiras nos anos 90 e
seus desafios como fator de proteção. (Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, Rev.
Bras. Estud. Popul., 19:1, jan./junho 2002, p. 29-48, bibl., tables 0102-3098)
bi2003006889
Shows the relationship between economic restructuring and Brazil’s welfare state
and points to the consequences for families. The Appendix presents the living
arrangements prevalent in Brazil in 1993 and in 1996 using data from PNAD.
33. Goldani, Ana Maria. Replanteamiento del descenso de la fecundidad en
Brasil. (Estudios Sociológicos, Estud. Sociol./México, 20:60, sept./dic. 2002, p. 583-624,
bibl. 0185-4186) bi2003006723
Discusses the historical and structural factors associated with the decline of fertility
in Brazil. Contextualizes the debate with empirical data and provides a literature review
covering methodological and ideological issues involved in the measurement of fertility.
34. Gonçalves, Maria Alice Rezende. A Vila Olímpica da Verde-e-Rosa. 1a. ed. Rio de
Janeiro : Editora FGV; 2003. 266 p. (Coleçăo Violência, Cultural e Poder)
bi2006002661
Ethnography of the Vila Olímpica of Mangueira, a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro.
Well known for its Samba School that participates in Rio’s Carnaval, the Mangueira
community built an Olympic villa that includes sports facilities, a health station and
middle and high schools. The author analyzes how this facility prevents youngsters from
11
joining drug traffic gangs. Belongs to the series Violência, Cultural e Poder, and includes
introduction by Alba Zaluar.
35. Guimarães, Reinaldo. A diáspora: um estudo exploratório sobre o deslocamento
geográfico de pesquisadores brasileiros na década de 90. (Dados, Dados/Rio de Janeiro,
45: 4, 2002, p. 705-750, bibl., tables 0011-5258) bi2003006469
Investigates the national and international migratory patterns of Brazilian scientists
during the 1990s. Concludes that short distance movements (inside the same state or
region) motivated by better jobs and wages were the main cause of scientists’ permanent
emigration between 1993 and 1999. The desire to pursue advanced training (in most
cases to get doctoral degrees) was an important motivation for permanent relocation to
the Southeast and Southern regions. The data also suggests that there was an appreciable
brain drain out of the country.
36. Hébette, Jean; Magalhăes, Sônia Barbosa, and Maneschy, Maria Cristina. No
mar, nos rios e na fronteira: faces do campesinato no Pará. Belém, Pará, Brasil: Editora
Universitária UFPA; 2002. 359 p. bi2006002745
A collection of ethnographic studies discuss the social and economic impacts of
modernization on gender relations and on the agricultural organization of families and
individuals living in the Eastern Amazon. The collected oral narratives describe the
experiences and adjustments of agricultural workers in the face of urbanization and
mechanization in Pará state.
37. Itaboraí, Nathalie Reis. Trabalho feminino e mudanças na família no Brasil, 19841996: explorando relações. (Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, Rev. Bras.
Estud. Popul., 20:2, julho/dez. 2003, p. 157-176, bibl., tables 0102-3098) bi2005004417
Focuses on the relationship between family events (union formation and
dissolution, the birth of children, and contraception) and women’s participation in the
labor force. Analysis is enriched with multiple cross tabulations using data from
representative household and demographic surveys (1984 and 1996 Pesquisa Nacional
por Amostra de Domicilos, PNAD; 1996 Pesquisa sobre Padroes de Vida, PPV; and 1996
Demographic Health Survey, DHS).
38. Justo, Carmem Sílvia Sanches. Os meninos fotógrafos e os educadores : viver na
rua e no Projeto Casa / Carmem Sílvia Sanches Justo. 1a. ed. São Paulo : Editora
UNESP, 2003. 237 p.
A study of a municipal social program for street children in Marília, SP, in which
children were given cameras to create photoessays of their lives. Written by a
psychologist and of interest to sociologists and social policy makers for insights into the
challenges and potential benefits of developing public initiatives to incorporate Brazil’s
youngest marginalized members into society.
39. (*) Koonings, Kees. Strengthening Citizenship in Brazil's Democracy: Local
Participatory Governance in Porto Alegre. Bulletin of Latin American
Research 23 (1), 79-99, 2004.
12
Evaluates the participatory budget process in Porto Alegre and concludes that its
implementation has helped to reduce social exclusion, improve local governance, and
strengthen people’s sense of citizenship.
40. Leite, Márcia de Paula. Trabalho e sociedade em transformaçăo: mudanças
produtivas e atores sociais. 1a ed. Săo Paulo: Fundaçăo Perseu Abramo; 2003. 223 p.
bi2006002510
A study of neoliberal economic reform and its consequences for industrial workers
in Brazil. Empirical focus is the transformation of relations of production in the
automobile industry in the ABC paulista. Evaluates the public policy response by the
local government, the Regional Câmara of the Grande ABC, which focused on worker
training and education. Contains a foreword by Nadya Araujo Guimarães on the new
paradigms of production viewed through the lens of the sociology of labor.
41. Lestienne, Bernard, Rosita Milesi, and Thierry Linard de Guertechin. 2003.
Populacao e Pobreza. Brasilia, DF : IMDH :Centro Cultural de Brasilia; Sao Paulo, SP:
Cias/ibrades; Edicoes Loyola.
Conference papers from a meeting of the International Union for the Scientific
Study of Population, held in Salvador-BA in 2001. Includes essays on population,
poverty, urbanization, and migration in Brazil.
42. Lima, Antônia Jesuíta de. As multifaces da pobreza: formas de vida e
representações simbólicas dos pobres urbanos / Antônia Jesuíta de Lima. Teresina,
Piauí : [s.n.], 2003 ([Brazil] : Halley S.A. Gráfica e Editora) 395 p.
An ethnographic study of poverty, as objective condition and lived experience,
based on ethnographic research conducted in the 1990s in Teresina, São Paulo. The study
complicates the dichotomous opposition of “rich” and “poor”, documenting the
heterogeneous ways that those who live in poverty understand and confront their
situation.
43. Lira, Tercalia Suassuna Vaz. Exclusão Social e Trabalho Precoce. O cotidiano
dos adolescentes trabalhadores na cata do lixo, 2003.
The author analyzes the experiences of children and adolescents who work
collecting garbage in the landfill of João Pessoa, Paraiba. Based on a survey of 185
families that collect garbage at the landfill and interviews of adolescents who scavenge at
the landfill to make a living. Includes a theoretical discussion of labor in capitalist society
from a Marxist perspective.
44. Lisboa, Teresa Kleba. 2003. Genero, Classe e Etnia : Trajetorias De Vida De
Mulheres Migrantes. Florianopolis Brazil; Chapeco Brazil: Editora da UFSC; Argos
Editora Universitaria.
A study of rural migrant women who were expelled from their land and resettled in
a shanty town of Florianopolis. Emphasizes the gendered experience of migration and
explores how gender, class and ethnicity intersect in shaping migrants’ forms of
economic and political participation. Uses oral history and includes extensive quotations.
13
45. Mariano, Benedito Domingos; Freitas, Isabel; Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil);
Secretaria da Administraçăo e dos Recursos Humanos; Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil),
and Secretaria da Justiça e da Segurança. Polícia: desafio da democracia brasileira.
Porto Alegre: CORAG; 2002. 196 p.: (Coleçăo Estado e sociedade). bi2006002699
Twelve essays on the Brazilian police and the challenge of creating mechanisms of
public safety that are simultaneously efficacious and democratic. Includes analysis by
police chiefs, military and civilian policemen, sociologists and other participants of the
system of national safety with suggestions and proposals to improve Brazilian policing.
46. Marques, Ana Claudia Intrigas e questőes : vingança de família e tramas sociais no
sertăo de Pernambuco. Rio de Janeiro : Relume Dumará : Núcleo de Antropologia da
Política. 2002.
An intriguing ethnographic study of family feuds in northeastern Brazil that does
not take the familial unit as predefined, but instead focuses on how the boundaries of
"blood" get drawn, how codes of honor and forms of violence regulate the symbolic
boundary between friends and enemies. A relational analysis of intra- and inter- familial
violence and its place in the social structure of the sertão.
47. Marques, Maria Elizabeth, Neves, Magda de Almeida and Neto, Antonio
Carvalho (orgs) Trabalho Infantil: a infancia roubada, 2002.
Result of a partnership between the Ministry of Labor and the Catholic University
of Minas Gerais, this book aims to help in the eradication of child labor. The first part
presents multiple dimensions of child labor, from a discussion of informal labor to a
description of the related legislation. The second part describes the results of a study of
child labor in a high poverty area of Minas Gerais state, based on interviews with 847
child workers and 129 guardian adults.
48. Marques, Rosa Maria and Fundaçăo Perseu Abramo. Seminário A Reforma da
Previdência: A previdência social no Brasil. 1a ed. Săo Paulo : Editora Fundaçăo Perseu
Abramo; 2003. 167 p.: (Cadernos da Fundaçăo Perseu Abramo ; 2). bi2006002493
Edited collection of papers from a conference on social welfare reform organized
by the National Directorate of the PT and the Perseu Abramo Foundation. Includes
comparative chapters on analogous policies in Europe and Latin America; historical
antecedents to the reform movement in Brazil; and analysis of the situation that set the
stage for the 2003 reform under Lula.
49. Da Matta, Roberto. O Que E O Brasil?
ISBN: 8532517846
Editora: ROCCO
Número de páginas: 74
Encadernação: Brochura
Edição: 2004
50. (*) Matta, Roberto da. Tocquevilleanas: notícias da América: crônicas e
observaçőes sobre os Estados Unidos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Rocco; 2005. 435 p.
14
A wonderful collection of critical articles and essays written by one of Brazil’s most
well known social scientists. The essays, originally published in major São Paulo
newspapers between 1993 and 2004, present a Brazilian’s reflections on aspects of
contemporary U.S. society ranging from arts and popular culture to post-9/11 foreign
policy. Da Matta’s “outsider’s” view elucidates and denaturalizes particularities of daily
life and culture in both the U.S. and Brazil.
.
51. (*) Medeiros, Marcelo. O que faz os Ricos ricos: o outro lado da desigualdade
brasileira. São Paulo: Hucitec; 2005
Investigates the factors contributing to poverty and inequality in Brazil focusing on
the rich. Using data from the 1996-1997 Pesquisa sobre Padroes de Vida (PPV) and
1997-1999 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD, Medeiros shows that
about 75% of the income of wealthy Brazilians comes from employment, while the
remaining 25% comes mainly from financial profits and government transfers. After
controlling for differences in socio-demographic characteristics, he concludes that
personal networks and cultural capital are the most important variables contributing to the
formation and self-reproduction of a rich elite in Brazil.
52. Monteiro, Rodrigo de Araujo. Torcer, lutar, ao inimigo massacrar : Raça RubroNegra!: uma etnografia sobre futebol, masculinidade e violência. 1a. ed. Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brasil: FGV Editora; 2003. 117 p. (Coleçăo Violência, Cultural e Poder)
bi2006002507
A look at violence and soccer in Brazil through an ethnographic account of an
organized group of soccer fans in Rio de Janeiro. The concept of masculinity is
highlighted in a discussion of the development of a “warrior ethos”. Belongs to the series
Violência Cultura e Poder, and includes introduction by Alba Zaluar, outlining the
history of organized crime in Brazil, and making a parallel with the Italian mafia.
53. Nunes, Brasilmar Ferreira. Sociedade e infância no Brasil / Brasilmar Ferreira
Nunes. Brasília, DF: Editora UnB, c2003. 174 p. bi2006002474
Analyzes collective prejudices and representations of the phenomenon of street
children, criticizing the naturalization of social inequalities in the media. The continued
present of street children in Brazil is linked to failures of the Family and the State.
54. Oliveira, Elda Rizzo de. Da cidade planejada à cidade espoliada / Elda Rizzo de
Oliveira. 1a ed. Araraquara, SP : FCL Laboratório Editorial, UNESP/Araraquara ; [São
Paulo, Brazil?] : Cultura Acadêmica Editora, 2002. 298 p. (Coleção Ciências sociais;)
(4). bi2006002688
An ethnography of a marginalized community in the city of Curitiba – Pr, in which
the acclaimed planned development of the city is contrasted with the fight of a low social
class community to get a health center installed in their neighborhood. The interplay
between the official administration, the community organization and the social
movements involved in the process is described and the meaning and goals of urban
planning in Curitiba is called into question for focusing on some social groups while
marginalizing others.
15
55. (*) Ortiz, Renato. Social sciences and the English language. Rev. bras. Ci. Soc.
[online]. 2004, vol. 19, no. 54 [cited 2006-11-27], pp. 5-22. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010269092004000100001&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0102-6909. doi: 10.1590/S010269092004000100001.
Examines the increasing dominance of the English language in the social and
natural sciences. Links the growing prevalence of publication in English to global power
hierarchies in the systems of academic publishing, status, and recognition.
56. Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro. A mobilidade social dos negros brasileiros. Rio de
Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2004. 24 p.: bibl. (Texto para
discussão;) (1033) bi2004003101
Provides a literature review on race inequalities and social mobility in Brazil since
the 1940s, and suggests that recent empirical studies concur in the finding that the status
of Blacks in Brazil has not improved despite economic development and the social
mobility brought by it.
57. (*) Patarra, Neide Lopes; Baeninger, Rosana. Spatial mobility of population at
Mercosul: metropolises and frontiers. Rev. bras. Ci. Soc., São Paulo, v. 21, n. 60,
2006. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010269092006000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Access on: 27 Nov 2006. doi:
10.1590/S0102-69092006000100005.
An analysis of international migration to and from Brazil, divided into three
sections: (1) a discussion of recent trends in international migration from Brazil to more
developed countries and a description of the main trends within South America; (2) an
investigation of the causes and consequences of migratory flows in a macro-structural
context using data from the 2000 Census; (3) an analysis of the selectivity of immigrants
to Brazil. Tables and empirical data outline the demographic profile of the social groups
involved.
58. Pinsky, Jaime and Pinsky, Carla Bassanezi. História da cidadania. Săo Paulo, SP :
Contexto; 2003. 591 p. bi2006002538
This anthology presents a comprehensive historical discussion of citizenship
(cidadania) from prehistory to the present. Most authors are eminent Brazilian historians;
the book may be a useful reference for sociologists on the historical development of
cidadania as a social and political concept.
59. Pinto, Luiz Fernando da Silva. Gestão-cidadã : açoes estratégicas para a
participação social no Brasil / Luiz Fernando da Silva Pinto. 1a. ed. Rio de Janeiro,
Brasil : FGV Editora, 2002. 435 p. :. ill. ;. 25 cm
Describes the introduction and spread of organizational strategies that aim to
improve social participation in diverse domains of Brazilian society. Catalogs numerous
specific examples of social budgeting, corporate ethics codes, and efforts to
institutionalize the idea of corporate social responsibility. Includes a synthetic history of
government social assistance programs in Brazil leading up to the 1990s.
16
60. Pires, Elson L.S. et al. Dinâmicas territoriais e novas formas das emigrações
brasileiras no início do século XXI. ( Studi Emigrazione, Studi Emigr./Rome, 41:154,
giugno 2004, p. 415-428, bibl., table 0039-2936 ) bi2005003109
An empirical study of Brazilian migration in the last ten years. Points to the
increase in remittances and emigration flows to Europe. Highlights push and pull factors
that spur migration, paying particular attention to the role of social networks.
61. Pochmann, Marcio, de Sousa, Aleto J. Desenvolvimento, trabalho e
solidariedade : novos caminhos para a inclusão social, 2002
A report produced by the government of the state of São Paulo during the
worker’s party mandate of 2000 – 2004. Describes four programs on social inclusion,
income distribution, local development and “social emancipation” implemented by this
government.
62. Pochmann, Marcio; Amorim, Ricardo, and Guerra, Alexandre. Atlas da exclusăo
social no Brasil. 2a ed ed. Săo Paulo, SP: Cortez Editora; 2003. 221, [2] p. bi2006002651
Useful collection of maps and tables describing the physiognomy of inequality,
poverty, violence, social exclusion, education and employment levels in all Brazilian
municipalities in 2000. Emphasizes evident socioeconomic discrepancies between
regions and demonstrates that the most violent areas are not necessarily the poorest or
most unequal. Maps of municipalities using a constructed index of social exclusion
provide a startling visualization of the geography of social exclusion within each
Brazilian state.
63. Pochmann, Marcio Reestruturacao Produtiva. Perspectivas de desenvolvimento
local com inclusao social, 2004.
Four essays analyze transformations of the Brazilian economy during the decades of
1980 and 1990 from a Marxist perspective. The effects of neoliberal policies on the
division of labor and economic structure of the São Paulo metropolitan region are
assessed. The book concludes with a discussion of current economic trends and
possibilities for change through policy interventions in the economic and social spheres.
Suggests that public policies should target specific geographic regions.
64. Porto, Maria de Fátima Silva. De batom e salto alto: experiências de emancipação
de mulheres empresárias, Patos de Minas, 1980-1990. 1a ed ed. São Paulo, SP, Brasil :
Annablume; 2002. 314 p. : (Selo universidade ;: História: Selo universidade ;: Selo
universidade; 221).Notes: LC Control Number: 2002370509 Includes bibliographical
references (p. [305]-313)
A study of working class women in Patos de Minas. Based on twenty-four oral
history interviews and ethnographic observations, the author analyzes how gender
inequality is constructed through quotidian social interactions.
65. Rocha, Sonia. Pobreza no Brasil : afinal, de que se trata? 1a. ed. Rio de Janeiro :
FGV; 2003. 244 p. bi2006002662
Written by a leading scholar of poverty in Brazil, this book is at once an
indispensable introduction to the topic for students of the social sciences, and an
17
important source of systematized empirical data on Brazilian poverty for a broader public
policy audience. Includes careful discussion of issues in the conceptualization and
measurement of poverty, followed by an empirical account of poverty in Brazil from the
1970s through the end of the 1990s. Particular attention to analysis of Bra zilian poverty
in the 1990s, including the effects of the Plano Real on the reduction of poverty in the
short and longer term. A useful final chapter synthesizes ten “points of consensus about
the question of poverty in Brazil”.
66. Sansone, Livio. Blackness Without Ethnicity. Constructing Race in Brazil.
Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
A study of the meanings of blackness in contemporary Brazil based on over 15
years of ethnographic fieldwork. This book stands out for its focus on diasporic
dimensions of black identity, and its attention to generational divisions in how Brazilians
understand and construct racial identities. Includes a discussion of the need to analyze
Brazilian racial dynamics in their own terms rather than through the lens of U.S.
understandings of race.
67. Santana, Marco Aurélio and Ramalho, José Ricardo Garcia Pereira. Além da
fábrica: trabalhadores, sindicatos e a nova questăo social. 1a. ed. Săo Paulo: Boitempo
Editorial; 2003. 333 p.: (Coleçăo Mundo do trabalho: Coleçăo Mundo do trabalho
(Boitempo Editorial). bi2006002494
Excellent collection of theoretical and empirical essays on the consequences of
economic restructuring for organized labor, placing Brazil in a broad comparative
perspective. Part I evaluates national and international challenges of the new economic
order for the organization of labor; Part II assesses the present conditions of the working
classes. Includes chapters by leading Brazilian and non-Brazilian social scientists.
68. Santos, José Alcides Figueiredo. Estrutura de posições de classe no Brasil :
mapeamento, mudanças e efeitos na renda / José Alcides Figueiredo Santos. Belo
Horizonte : Editora UFMG ; Rio de Janeiro : IUPERJ, 2002. 362 p. ;. 20 cm.. ( Coleção
Origem ; 7)
A rigorous empirical examination of Brazil’s contemporary class structure using the
analytical Marxist framework developed by U.S. sociologist Erik Olin Wright. Uses data
from PNADS 1981 and 1996 to map changes in Brazil’s socio-economic distribution
since the 1980s. Includes a refutation of human capital explanations for the association
between educational level and income in Brazil, and a nuanced discussion of the
heterogeneity of the category of “self-employed” in the Brazilian context.
69. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (ed). Reconhecer para Libertar. Os caminhos do
cosmopolitismo multicultural. Rio de Janeiro. Civilização brasileira. 2003.
An edited volume with case studies on movements for collective recognition by
diverse groups in several countries. This is the third volume of seven that present results
from a massive comparative study, directed by Boa Santos, of forms of “alternative
globalization” in Brazil, South Africa, Colombia, India, Mozambique and Portugal.
18
70. Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. O Fórum Social Mundial: Manual de Uso. São Paulo:
Cortez Editora, 2005.
A useful introduction to the World Social Forum by a well-known sociologist.
Traces the development of the FSM since 2001, and highlights its many innovations as a
form of counter-hegemonic struggle against the neo-liberal status quo in diverse arenas of
social life.
71. Schaun, Angela. Práticas educomunicativas: grupos afro-descendentes, Salvador,
Bahia: Ara Ketu, Ilê Aiyê, Olodum, Pracatum / Angela Schaun. Rio de Janeiro :
MAUAD, c2002. 167 p. bi2006002678
Four “ethnic organizations” in Salvador – BA are examined as sites of
empowerment and affirmation of black identity. The groups share a focus on the creation
of educational spaces through cultural expression.
72. Schwartzman, Simon. As causas da pobreza. 1a. ed. Rio de Janeiro : FGV, 2004.
207 p. bi2006002546
Reviews conceptual definitions of poverty and social exclusion, drawing attention
to issues of measurement and historical causes. Discusses the influence of race and child
labor on poverty, and concludes that investments in education are the best means to
promote social mobility. The discussion is illustrated with descriptive data from Brazilian
household surveys produced by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
(IBGE) during the 1990s.
73. (*) Schwartzman, Simon. Equity, quality and relevance in higher education in
Brazil. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. [online]. 2004, vol. 76, no. 1 [citado 2006-11-27], pp. 173188. Disponible en: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S000137652004000100015&lng=es&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0001-3765. doi: 10.1590/S000137652004000100015.
Portrays the situation of higher education in Brazil and debates whether the
expansion of access has had consequences for the quality of higher education. Suggests
public policies that could be implemented to foster the values of social equity and
relevance and shows that the educational credentials offered by public and private
institutions offer similar income returns to individuals.
74. (*) Schwartzman, Simon. Pobreza, exclusão social e modernidade: uma introducão
ao mundo contemporâneo. São Paulo: Augurium; 2005. 239p.
A synthetic discussion of poverty and social exclusion as fundamental challenges of
modernity, written by one of Brazil’s leading social scientists. Considers the
contributions of classical thinkers from Adam Smith to Polanyi, Marx, Weber and
Durkheim, to contemporary dialogues about social inequality. Offers an assessment of
possibilities for confronting poverty in the current context.
75. Sell, Sandro Cesar. Açăo afirmativa e democracia racial : uma introduçăo ao debate
no Brasil. Florianópolis : Fundaçăo Boiteux; 2002. 86 p. bi2006002675
Provides an overview of the legal, philosophical and cultural dimensions of the
affirmative action debate in Brazil. Evaluates the potential effects of these initiatives on
19
social inequality and social mobility, and argues that public policies based on the
provision of quotas at universities and firms may not work in the Brazilian context.
76. Silva, José Francisco Graziano da. O novo rural brasileiro. 2. ed. rev., 1. reimpr ed.
Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia; 2002. xvi, 151 p.;
(Coleçăo Pesquisas ;: Coleçăo Pesquisas (Instituto de Economia da UNICAMP) ; 1).
bi2006002674
Uses data from Brazilian household surveys (PNAD) in 1981 and 1990 to
characterize “new rural” areas and describe how industrialization and urban spillovers
have affected the separation between rural and agricultural areas. The author makes the
point that areas can be rural without depending on agriculture. The last chapters discuss
why non-agricultural policies may be preferred to agricultural ones to promote economic
and social development, and why agrarian reform does not have to presuppose the
production of agricultural goods.
77. Silva, Marcelo Kunrath. Cidadania e exclusão: os movimentos sociais urbanos e a
experiência da participação na gestão municipal de Porto Alegre / Marcelo Kunrath Silva.
1a ed. Porto Alegre : UFRGS Editora : IFCH, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2002. 156 p. ; ( Coleção Academia. Série
Humanas). bi2006002706
Study of the emergence and trajectory of an urban social movement (MSU) in the
periphery of Porto Alegre, from the 1970s through the 1990s. Focuses on the movement’s
involvement in Porto Alegre’s participatory budget process.
78. Silva, Maurício Roberto da. Trama doce-amarga: (exploração do) trabalho infantil e
cultura lúdica / Maurício Roberto da Silva. São Paulo : Editora Hucitec ; [Ijuí, Brazil] :
Editora UNIJUI, 2003. 356 p. :. ill. ;. 21 cm.. (Paidéia ;) (8.) (Lazer)
Documents and decries the capitalist exploitation of child labor in the sugar
industry in contemporary Pernambuco. Analyzes the peculiar form of alienation suffered
by children deprived of adequate space to develop through a culture of play. Includes
photographs.
79. (*) Silva, Nelson do Valle and Hasenbalg, Carlos. Family resources and
educational transitions. Cad. Saúde Pública. [online]. 2002, vol. 18 suppl. [cited 200611-21], pp. S67-S76. Available from:
<http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102311X2002000700008&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0102-311X.
Explores the effect of socioeconomic determinants on the educational mobility of
children between the first and eighth grade using data from a Brazilian national
household survey (1999 PNAD). Concludes that the effects of "head of household's
schooling" declines over the process, while the effect of "per capita family income" and
"skin color" tends to increase over the course of educational transitions.
80. Siqueira, Deis e Ricardo Barbosa de Lima (Orgs.) Sociologia das adesões: novas
religiosidades e a busca místico-esotérica na capital do Brasil / Deis Siqueira, Ricardo
Barbosa de Lima, orgs. ; [prefácio, Luiz Eduardo Soares]. Goiânia, Goiás : Editora
20
Vieira ; [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil] : Garamond, c2003. 322 p. :. ill. ;. 23 cm.. ( Garamond
universitária)
Edited collection of articles and essays dealing with esoteric religious movements
and organizations and their presence in daily life in the Brazilian capital city of Brasilia.
81. Soares, Laura Tavares Ribeiro//=Centro Feminista de Estudos e Assessoria
(Brazil)//=Instituto Latino-Americano de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. As
mulheres na reforma da previdęncia : o desafio da inclusăo social. Brasília: São Paulo.
CFEMEA; FES/ILDES. 2003.
A feminist critique of Brazil’s system of social welfare (previdência social). An
essay by Tavares arguing the need for a system of universal social policies that guarantee
rights of citizenship to all is preceded by a “Women’s proposal for reform of the
Previdência” signed by 37 different groups. The proposal was written in response to
Lula’s call for reform of the Previdencia Social to recognize issues of gender and racial
inequality.
82. Sorj, Bernardo. 2003. Brasil@povo.Com : A Luta Contra a Desigualdade Na
Sociedade Da Informaðcäao. Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Brasâilia, DF, Brasil: J. Zahar Editor;
Unesco.
An important reference for understanding the social and sociological consequences
of Brazil’s unfolding transformation into an “information society”. This book is a concise
and useful primer on the key attributes of an “information society”, the particularities of
the telecommunications industry in Brazil, and the potential implications of “digital
exclusion” for already marginalized segments of the Brazilian population. Sorj argues
that the introduction of new communication technologies in Brazil is likely to exacerbate
existing social inequalities, but also points to the potential for such technologies to create
new means of social inclusion. The e-citizenship initiatives developed by the NGO Viva
Rio are provided as positive examples of the inclusionary potential of new information
technologies. Contains a list of useful websites and bibliographic references.
See also, on this subject:
(*) Sorj, Bernardo, and Unesco Brasil. 2003. Brazil@digitaldivide.Com : Confronting
Inequality in the Information Society. Brasâilia, DF, Brasil: Unesco Brasil.
83. Soto, William Héctor Gómez. A produçăo do conhecimento sobre o "mundo rural"
no Brasil : as contribuiçőes de José de Souza Martins e José Graziano da Silva. 1a ed.
Santa Cruz do Sul: EDUNISC; 2002. 324 p. bi2005001102
Evaluates the production of knowledge in rural sociology since 1970 using as
reference the works of the sociologist José de Souza Martins and the economist José
Graziano da Silva. Compares the theoretical influences and analytical perspectives of
these two authors.
84. Sousa, Jessie Jane Vieira de. Círculos operários : a Igreja Católica e o mundo do
trabalho no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro : Editora UFRJ : Faperj; 2002. 317 p. .Notes: LC
Control Number: 2003337204 Includes bibliographical references (p. [281]-317)
Written by a former political prisoner, tortured under Brazil’s military regime. An
institutional history of the development and organizational structure of workers circles
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within the Catholic Church. A contribution to the sociology of Church-State relations
under the military regime.
85. Souza Neto, João Clemente de. Crianças e adolescentes abandonados: estratégias de
sobrevivência / João Clemente de Souza Neto. 2a. ed., rev. e atualizada. São Paulo, SP:
Expressão & Arte Editora: Centro Universitário Fieo, 2002. 191 p. bi2006002715
A study of abandoned and abused children that combines discussion of childrens’
perceptions of their situation with an evaluation of the effects of Brazil’s Statute on
Children and Adolescents (ECA).
86. Takagi, Maya, Silva,José Francisco Graziano da, Belik, Walter and
Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Combate à fome e à pobreza rural, 2002.
Collection of essays presented in a seminar on the policies of the Workers’ Party
(PT) for Food and Nutrition prior to the 2002 elections. Essays map the situation of
hunger in Brazil and propose new policies to reduce hunger.
87. Teixeira, Moema de Poli. Negros na universidade : identidade e trajetórias de
ascensăo social no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas : Ford Foundation; 2003? 267 p.
bi2006002545
Combines a literature review, descriptive statistics and in depth interviews to show
how choices and values interact with the educational and life trajectories of black
professors and students in a public university of Rio de Janeiro. Concludes that social
mobility is strongly conditioned by racial status and network influences.
88. Telles, Edward E. Race in Another America. The Significance of Skin Color in
Brazil. Princeton University Press, 2004.
A major contribution to the sociology of racial inequality in Brazil. Combines an
overview of previous scholarship on race in Brazil with empirical studies of racial
classification, residential segregation, intermarriage and inequality. Includes a chapter on
policy prescriptions for ameliorating the effects of racial discrimination in Brazil.
89. (*) Trindade, Helgio. Social sciences in Brazil in perspective: foundation,
consolidation and diversification (Social Science Information, 2005, 44: 283-357)
A synthetic account of the historical formation of the social sciences in Brazil since
the 1930s, focusing on the fields of sociology, anthropology and political science. A
useful source on the historical roots and institutional development of the discipline of
sociology in Brazil.
90. Viapiana, Luiz Tadeu. Brasil acossado pelo crime. Porto Alegre, Brasil: Diálogo
Editorial; 2002. 254 p. bi2006002701
A state-centered analysis of crime and impunity in Brazil. The erosion of state
legitimacy is identified as the underlying cause of rising criminality and failure to insure
public safety. Sees the invigoration of participatory democracy as a means to ameliorate
the problem of crime in Brazil.
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91. Vieira, Epitácio Fragoso. O senso antropológico em Gilberto Freyre. Recife:
COMUNIGRAF; 2002. 174 p. bi2006002526
Evaluates the anthropological and sociological contributions of Gilberto Freyre
(1900-1987). Pays particular attention to the biographical factors that influenced Freyre’s
ideas and the development of his “anthropological sense”. Distinguishes between
Freyre’s use of anthropological and sociological ethnographic methods.
92. Vieira, Ivânia Maria Carneiro. O discurso operário e o espaço da fala da mulher:
um estudo sobre o Linha de montagem / Ivânia Maria Carneiro Viera. Manaus, AM:
Editora Valer: Edições Governo do Estado, 2002. 90 p.: ill. ;. 23 cm.. ( Série Em busca da
identidade regional) bi2006002676
Through analysis of a worker’s newsletter, this study explores the status and
identity of female assembly-line workers in an industrial factory. Highlight’s women’s
exclusion from political and social participation in the factory.
93. Wacquant, Loïc. “Toward a Dictatorship Over the Poor? Notes on the Penalization
of Poverty in Brazil” Punishment and Society 5(2): 197-205, 2003.
94. Werthein, Jorge; Noleto, Marlova Jovchelovitch; Sané, Pierre, and Unesco.
Seminário Internacional Pobreza e Desigualdade no Brasil: Traçando Caminhos para a
Inclusăo Social: Brasília : Unesco; 2003. 289 p. bi2006002498
Gathers articles written by well known national and international government
representatives and researchers in the area of social aid and human rights. Contributions
come from a seminar organized to stimulate new ideas, reflections and possibilities to
combat poverty and inequality in Brazil.
95. Zaluar, Alba and Oliveira, Nilson Vieira. Insegurança pública: reflexőes sobre a
criminalidade e a violência urbana. Săo Paulo, SP: Instituto Braudel: Nova Alexandria;
2002. 247 p. bi2006002673
Compares two public policies for the reduction of crime, one in New York and the
other in Diadema city, in Sao Paulo state, which used to be one of the most violent cities
in Brazil.Includes chapters on the history of urban violence and efforts to control violent
crime.
96. Fry, Peter. 2005. A persistência da raça: ensaios antropológicos sobre a o Brasil e a
África Austral. Rio de Janeiro. Civilização Brasileira.
- [If not reviewed in Anthropology, should be included here]
97. Brock, Colin and Simon Schwartzman (eds). The Challenges of Education in
Brazil. Oxford Studies in Comparative Education. Series Editor, David Phillips.
Oxford, Symposium Books, 2004.
An important contribution to the comparative sociology of education, this collection of
eleven essays covers key issues in contemporary education politics in Brazil. An
introductory essay by Schwartzman places current challenges for achieving quality and
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equity in Brazil’s education system in historical context. Essays analyze Brazil’s
secondary education system, technical education, teacher training, the role of private
education, and graduate training in Brazil, among other issues.
98. ESTER, P.; VINKEN, H..; SIMÕES, S. & AOYAGI-USUI, M. Culture and
Sustainability: a Cross-national Study of Cultural diversity and Environmental
Priorities Among Mass Publics and Decision Makers. Amsterdam. Dutch University
Press, 2003).
Presents the findings from a major cross-national survey on public attitudes about
environmental issues. The study found systematic differences in how decision-makers
and broader publics in different countries frame environmental problems and their
solutions.
99. VIOLA, Eduardo. Brazil in the context of global governance politics and climate
change, 1989-2003. Ambient. soc. [online]. 2004, vol. 7, no. 1 [cited 2007-01-24], pp.
27-46. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414753X2004000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 1414-753X. doi: 10.1590/S1414753X2004000100003.
Discusses the evolution of Brazil’s standing in the arena of “global governance” during
the last decade, focused on Brazil’s position in negotiations of the Kyoto protocol.
Depicts Brazil as moving from a more nationalist toward a more liberal and globalist
standing in relation to environmental issues like climate change.
100. Beato Filho, C.C. “O problema dos Homicidios em Belo Horizonte” Revista
Brasileira de Ciencias Criminais, V. 42, p. 345. 2003).
Discusses the patterns and trends in homicides in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais, based on the victimization survey realized in this city in 2002, in which a
representative sample of 4000 citizens were interviewed.
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