Articles in Refereed Journals 40 S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, and Y.-H. Zhang, Excitation Dependent Photoluminescence Measurements of the Nonradiative Lifetime and Quantum Efficiency in GaAs, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B (Submitted October 2006). 39 D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Intrinsic irreversibility in semiconductor light emission, Physica Status Solidi (C), (in Press). 38 J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Influence of photon recycling on cooling efficiency and cooling power in semiconductor luminescence refrigeration, J. of Appl. Phys. 100, 043502 (2006). 37 N. Samal, S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, A. K. Samal, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, High-Power Single-Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 161108 (2005). 36 J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, S. A. Chaparro, D. Ding, Y. Cao, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y.-H. Zhang, Band Edge Alignment of Pseudomorphic GaAs 1-ySby on GaAs, Phys. Rev. B 70, 195339 (2004). 35 S. R. Johnson, Yu. G. Sadofyev, D. Ding, Y. Cao, S. A. Chaparro, K. Franzreb, Y.-H. Zhang, Sb-Mediated Growth of n and p Type AlGaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22, 1436 (2004). 34 Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, S. A. Chaparro, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, K. Franzreb, Y.-H. Zhang, Sb-Mediated Growth of Si Doped AlGaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3546 (2004). 33 S. R. Johnson, C.-Z. Guo, S. A. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, J.-B. Wang, Y. Cao, N. Samal, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, Y.-H. Zhang, GaAsSb/GaAs Band Alignment Evaluation for Long-Wave Photonic Applications, J. Crystal Growth 251, 521 (2003). 32 Y. C. Zhang, C. J. Huang, X. L. Ye, B. Xu, D. Ding, J. Z. Wang, Y. F. Li, F. Q. Liu, Z. G. Wang, Structure and photoluminescence of InGaAs quantum dots formed on an InAlAs wetting layer, Chinese Phys. Lett. 18, 1411 (2001). 31 H. Y. Liu, B. Xu, Y. Q. Wei, D. Ding, J. J. Qian, Q. Han, J. B. Liang, Wang ZG, High-power and long-lifetime InAs/GaAs quantum-dot laser at 1080 nmr, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2868 (2001). 30 F. Q. Liu, Q. S. Zhang, Y. Z. Zhang, D. Ding, B. Xu, Z. G. Wang, Growth and characterization of InGaAs/InAlAs quantum cascade lasers, Solid-State Electronics 45, 1831 (2001). 29 Y. C. Zhang, C. J. Huang, F. Q. Liu, B. Xu, J. Wu, Y. H. Chen, D. Ding, W. H. Jiang, X. L. Ye, Z. G. Wang, Thermal redistribution of photocarriers between bimodal quantum dots, J. of Appl. Phys. 90, 1973 (2001). 28 H. Y. Liu, B. Xu, J. J. Qian, X. L. Ye, Q. Han, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, X. R. Zhong, Z. G. Wang, Effect of growth temperature on luminescence and structure of self-assembled InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots, J. of Appl. Phys. 90, 2048 (2001). 27 Wei YQ, Liu HY, Chai CL, Xu B, Ding D, Wang ZG, Unusual temperature-dependent optical properties of self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots at high excitation power, Chinese Phys. Lett. 18, 982 (2001). 26 H. Y. Liu, B. Xu, D. Ding, Y. H. Chen, J. F. Zhang, J. Wu, Z. G. Wang, Size and shape evolution of self-assembled coherent InAs/GaAs quantum dots influenced by seed layer, J. of Crystal Growth 227, 1005 (2001). 25 Y. C. Zhang, C. J. Huang, B. Xu, X. L. Ye, D. Ding, J. Z. Wang, Y. F. Li, F. Liu, Z. G. Wang, Optical properties of InGaAs quantum dots formed on InAlAs wetting layer, J. of Crystal Growth 224, 41 (2001). 24 Y. F. Li, F. Lin, B. Xu, F. Q. Liu, W. L. Ye, D. Ding, Z. G. Wang, Influence of growth conditions on self-assembled InAs nanostructures grown on (001)InP substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, J. of Crystal Growth 223, 518 (2001). 23 Y. F. Li, J. Z. Wang, X. L. Ye, B. Xu B, F. Q. Liu, D. Ding, J. F. Zhang, Z. G. Wang, InAs self-assembled quantum dots grown on an InP (311)B substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, J. of Appl. Lett. 89, 4186 (2001). 22 W. H. Jiang, H. Z. Xu, B. Xu, W. Zhou, Q. Gong, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Substrate dependence of InGaAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 19, 197 (2001). 21 F. Q. Liu, D. Ding, B. Xu, Y. Z. Zhang, Q. S. Zhang, Z. G. Wang, D. S. Jiang, B. Q. Sun, Strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature, J. of Crystal Growth 220, 439(2000). 20 H. Y. Liu, X. D. Wang, Y. Q. Wei, B. Xu, D. Ding, Z. G. Wang, Effects of interdiffusion on the luminescence of InAs/GaAs quantum dots covered by InGaAs overgrowth layer, J. of Crystal Growth 220, 216 (2000). 19 Y. C. Zhang, C. J. Huang, F. Q. Liu, B. Xu, D. Ding, W. H. Jiang, Y. F. Li, X. L. Ye, J. Wu, Y. H. Chen, Z. G. Wang, Temperature dependence of electron redistribution in modulation-doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots, J. of Crystal Growth 219, 199 (2000). 18 H. Y. Liu, B. Xu, Y. H. Chen, D. Ding, Wang ZG, Effects of seed layer on the realization of larger self-assembled coherent InAs/GaAs quantum dots, J. of Appl. Lett. 88, 5433 (2000). 17 Z. Z. Sun, J. Wu, Y. H. Chen, F. Q. Liu, D. Ding, Y. F. Li, B. Xu, Z. G. Wang, The effect of substrate orientation on the morphology of InAs nanostructures on (001) and (11n)A/B(n=1-5) InP substrates, J. of Crystal Growth 218, 203 (2000). 16 Y. F. Li, X. L. Ye, B. Xu, F. Q. Liu, D. Ding, W. H. Jiang, Z. Z. Sun, Y. C. Zhang, H. Y. Liu, Z. G. Wang, Room temperature 1.55 mu m emission from InAs quantum dots grown on (001)InP substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, J. of Crystal Growth 218, 451 (2000). 15 Y. F. Li, F. Q. Liu, B. Xu, X. L. Ye, D. Ding, Z. Z. Sun, W. H. Jiang, H. Y. Liu, Y. C. Zhang, Z. G. Wang, Two-dimensional ordering of self-assembled InAs quantum dots grown on (311)B InP substrate, J. of Crystal Growth 219, 17 (2000). 14 Y. F. Li, X. L. Ye, F. Q. Liu, B. Xu, D. Ding, W. H. Jiang, Z. Z. Sun, Y. C. Zhang, H. Y. Liu, Z. G. Wang, Structural and optical characterization of InAs nanostructures grown on (001) and high index InP substrates, Applied Surface Science 167, 191 (2000). 13 H. Y. Liu, X. D. Wang, J. Wu, B. Xu, Y. Q. Wei, W. H. Jiang, D. Ding, X. L. Ye, F. Lin, J. F. Zhang, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Structural and optical properties of self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots covered by InxGa1-xAs (0 <= x <= 0.3), J. of Appl. Phys. 88, 3392 (2000). 12 W. H. Jiang, X. L. Ye, B. Xu, H. Z. Xu, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Anomalous temperature dependence of photoluminescence from InAs quantum dots, J. of Appl. Phys. 88, 2529 (2000). 11 W. H. Jiang, H. Z. Xu, B. Xu, X. L. Ye, W. Zhou, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Influence of substrate orientation on In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy, Physica E 8, 134 (2000). 10 Z. Z. Sun, F. Q. Liu, J. Wu, X. L. Ye, D. Ding, B. Xu, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Optical properties of self-assembled ternary In(GA/Al)As quantum dots on (100) and (N 1 1)B InP substrates, Physica E 8, 164 (2000). 09 H. Y. Liu, W. Zhou, D. Ding, W. H. Jiang, B. Xu, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Self-organized type-II In0.55Al0.45As/Al0.50Ga0.50As quantum dots realized on GaAs(311)A, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3741 (2000). 08 H. Y. Liu, X. D. Wang, B. Xu, D. Ding, W. H. Jiang, J. Wu, Z. G. Wang, Effect of In-mole-fraction in InGaAs overgrowth layer on self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots, J. of Crystal Growth 213, 193 (2000). 07 W. H. Jiang, H. Z. Xu, B. Xu, X. L. Ye, J. Wu, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Annealing effect on the surface morphology and photoluminescence of InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy, J. of Crystal Growth 212, 356 (2000). 06 H. Y. Liu, B. Xu, Q. Gong, D. Ding, F. Q. Liu, Y. H. Chen, W. H. Jiang, X. L. Ye, Y. F. Li, Z. Z. Sun, J. F. Zhang, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Temperature and excitation power dependence of the optical properties of InAs self-assembled quantum dots grown between two Al0.5Ga0.5As confining layers, J. of Crystal Growth 210, 451 (2000). 05 W. Zhou, B. Xu, H. Z. Xu, W. H. Jiang, F. Q. Liu, Q. Gong, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Z. M. Zhu, G. H. Li, Photoluminescence study of InAlAs quantum dots grown on differently oriented surfaces, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 18, 21 (2000). 04 Z. Z. Sun, D. Ding, Q. Gong, W. Zhou, B. Xu, Z. G. Wang, Quantum-dot superluminescent diode: A proposal for an ultra-wide output spectrum, Optical and Quantum Electronics 31, 1235 (1999). 03 W. H. Jiang, H. Z. Xu, B. Xu, W. Zhou, Q. Gong, D. Ding, J. B. Liang, Z. G. Wang, Indium composition dependence of the size uniformity of InGaAs quantum dots on (311)B GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy, J. of Materials Science & Technology 15, 523 (1999). 02 Z. Z. Sun, F. Q. Liu, D. Ding, B. Xu, Z. G. Wang, Self-assembled InAs and In0.9Al0.1As quantum dots on (001)InP substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), J. of Crystal Growth 204, 24 (1999). 01 Q. Gong, J. B. Liang, B. Xu, D. Ding, H. X. Li, C. Jiang, W. Zhou, F. Q. Liu, Z. G. Wang, X. H. Qiu, G. Y. Shang, C. L. Bai, Analysis of atomic force microscopic results of InAs islands formed by molecular beam epitaxy, J. of Crystal Growth 192, 376 (1998). Articles and Abstracts in Conference Proceedings 28 S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, Y.-H. Zhang, Optimal bandgap energy for optical refrigeration in semiconductors, Accepted for SPIE Photonics West (2007). 27 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Experimental determination of internal quantum efficiency for semiconductor luminescence refrigeration, Accepted for SPIE Photonics West (2007). 26 N. Rider, S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Highly Reflective Non-Alloyed Ohmic Contacts on n-type GaAs, Accepted for SPIE Photonics West (2007). 25 S.-Q. Yu, N. Rider, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, High extraction efficiency light emitting diodes for electroluminescence refrigeration, Accepted for SPIE Photonics West (2007). 24 S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu and Y.-H. Zhang, Temperature Dependent Measurements of the Nonradiative Coefficients in MBE Grown GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructures using Excitation Dependent Photoluminescence, 24th North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2006). 23 S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu and Y.-H. Zhang, Influence of Bandgap and Quantum Efficiency on Optical Refrigeration, International symposium of compound semiconductor, 2006-ISCS, Vancouver, CA. 22 D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, and Y.-H. Zhang, Intrinsic Irreversibility in Light Emission Processes in Semiconductors, International symposium of compound semiconductor, 2006-ISCS, Vancouver, CA. 21 S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, N. Samal, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Gain-Peak Cavity-Mode Tuning in 1.3 μm GaAsSb VCSELs, International symposium of compound semiconductor, 2006-ISCS, Vancouver, CA. 20 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Electroluminescence Refrigeration in Semiconductors, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2006-CLEO/IQEC. 19. Y.-H. Zhang, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Theoretical Limits of Electro-luminescence Refrigeration in Semiconductors, SPIE Photonics West (2006). 18 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, R. Gupta, X. Jin, Shane Johnson, J. Gu, Y.-H. Zhang, VCSEL structure embedded in metal heat sink for optimal thermal management, SPIE Photonics West (2006). 17 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Photoluminescence refrigeration in semiconductors, SPIE Photonics West (2006). 16 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, D. Vasileska, Y.-H. Zhang, Electroluminescence refrigeration in semiconductor light emission diodes, SPIE Photonics West (2006). 15 S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Interplay of thermoelectric Cooling and Electroluminescence Refrigeration in LEDs, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, ITC 2005 (2005). 14 D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Optimal Bandgap Energy for Optical Refrigeration in Semiconductors, SPIE 50th Annual Meeting/Optics & Photonics (2005). 13 D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Thermodynamic Analysis of Optical Refrigeration in Semiconductors, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2005-CLEO/IQEC Technical Digest (2005). 12 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Electroluminescence Cooling in Semiconductors, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2005-CLEO/IQEC Technical Digest (2005). 11 N. Samal, S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, A. K. Samal, Y.-H. Zhang, Novel VCSEL Design with Tailored Spatial Current Injection for High-Power Single-Mode Operation, SPIE Photonics West (2005). 10 S. R. Johnson, Y. Cao, Yu. G. Sadofyev, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, Y.-H. Zhang, Surfactant-Mediated Molecular-Beam-Epitaxy Growth for Device Applications, 22nd North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2004). 09 J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, S. A. Chaparro, J. A. Gupta, Yu. G. Sadofyev, D. Ding, Y.-H. Zhang, Temperature dependent bandgap energy and conduction band offset of GaAsSb on GaAs, Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (2004). 08 S.-Q. Yu, X. Jin, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, P. Dowd, M. Adamcyk, S. A. Chaparro, Above Room Temperature CW Edge-Emitting Lasers with GaAsP/GaAs/GaAsSb Active Regions, Optical Society of America, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2004-CLEO/IQEC Technical Digest (2004). 07 X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, N. Samal, Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, 1.3 µm GaAsSb Resonant-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes Grown on GaAs Substrate, Proceedings of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 16th Annual Meeting, 69 (2003). 06 S. R. Johnson, Yu. G. Sadofyev, K. Franzreb, Y. Cao, D. Ding, N. Samal, S. A. Chaparro, J.-B. Wang, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Sb-Mediated Growth of Si and Be Doped AlGaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, 21st North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2003). 05 J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, C. Z. Guo, S. A. Chaparro, J. A. Gupta, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y. Cao, N. Samal, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, Y.-H. Zhang, Determination of GaAs/GaAsSb Heterojunction Conduction Band Offset, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, IEEE Catalog Number: 03TH8675, 217 (2003). 04 N. Samal, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, X. Jin, S. A. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Room Temperature CW Operation of Long Wavelength GaAsSb/GaAs VCSELs Grown on GaAs, SPIE Photonics West (2003). 03 S. R. Johnson, C.-Z. Guo, S. A. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, J.-B. Wang, Y. Cao, N. Samal, C. Navarro, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, Y.-H. Zhang, Band Alignment Determination of MBE Grown GaAsSb on GaAs with 1300 nm Emission, 12th International Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy, MBE XII (2002). 02 Y.-H. Zhang, S. R. Johnson, C.-Z. Guo, N. Samal, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, Y. Cao, D. Ding, S. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, X. Jin, C. Navarro, D. J. Smith, Room Temperature CW Operation of 1.3 µm Strain-Compensated GaAsP/GaAs/GaAsSb MQW VCSELs Grown on GaAs, Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications Conference, APOC-2002 Proceedings (2002). 01 S. R. Johnson, S. Wu, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y. Cao, S. A. Chaparro, J.-B. Wang, N. Samal, S.-Q. Yu, C. Navarro, X. Jin, Z.-B. Chen, D. Ding, N. Newman, Y.-H. Zhang, Nitrogen Plasma Ion and Neutral Energy Spectra and Dilute Nitride Growth, 20th North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2001). Patents 02 S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, D. Ding, Longer Life-time Integrated Solar Cells and Thermoelectric Power Generator for Space Applications, ASU invention disclosure, case number M5-018. 01 Y.-H. Zhang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, Semiconductor Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Upconversion Refrigeration, US provisional filed April 2004. Invited Talks 04 Y.-H. Zhang, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Theoretical Limits of Electro-luminescence Refrigeration in Semiconductors, SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA, January 2006. 03 S. R. Johnson, P. Dowd, S. A. Chaparro, S. A. Feld, M. Adamcyk, N. Samal, X. Jin, M. P. Horning, J.-B. Wang, S. Q. Yu, D. Ding, Y. Cao, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y.-H. Zhang, Long Wavelength 1.3 µm GaAsSb/GaAs VCSELs on GaAs Substrates, 21st North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy: Workshop, Keystone CO, September 2003. 02 Y.-H. Zhang, S. R. Johnson, C.-Z. Guo, N. Samal, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, Y. Cao, D. Ding, S. A. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, X. Jin, C. Navarro, D. J. Smith, Room Temperature CW Operation of 1.3 µm Strain-Compensated GaAsP/GaAs/GaAsSb MQW VCSELs Grown on GaAs, Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications Conference (APOC-2002), Shanghai China, October 2002. 01 S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, C.-Z. Guo, S. A. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, N. Samal, P. Dowd, C. Navarro, J. Xu, S.-Q. Yu, D. J. Smith, GaAsP/GaAs/GaAsSb Long Wavelength VCSELs Grown by MBE, Fourteenth American Conference on Crystal Growth & Epitaxy, Seattle WA, August 2002. Conference Presentations 38 S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu and Y.-H. Zhang, Temperature Dependent Measurements of the Nonradiative Coefficients in MBE Grown GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructures using Excitation Dependent Photoluminescence, 24th North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2006). 37 Y.-H. Zhang, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, Latest Progresses in the Study of Electroluminescence Refrigeration, 5th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2006. 36 S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Performance of semiconductor optical refrigerators in terms of bandgap energy and conversion efficiency, 5th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2006. 35 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Determination of internal quantum efficiency in semiconductors suitable for luminescence refrigeration, 5th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2006. 34 S.-Q. Yu, N. Rider, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, A general device platform for semiconductor optical refrigeration, 5th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2006. 33 S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, and Y.-H. Zhang, Influence of Bandgap and Quantum Efficiency on Optical Refrigeration, International symposium of compound semiconductor, 2006-ISCS, Vancouver, CA. 32 D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, and Y.-H. Zhang, Intrinsic Irreversibility in Light Emission Processes in Semiconductors, International symposium of compound semiconductor, 2006-ISCS, Vancouver, CA. 31 S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, N. Samal, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Gain-Peak Cavity-Mode Tuning in 1.3 μm GaAsSb VCSELs, International symposium of compound semiconductor, 2006-ISCS, Vancouver, CA. 30 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Electroluminescence Refrigeration in Semiconductors, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2006-CLEO/IQEC. 29 S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Device fabrication and characterization challenges for electroluminescence refrigeration in semiconductors, WOCSEMMAD, Scottsdale, AZ, February, 2006. 28 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Photon recycling in luminescence refrigeration, WOCSEMMAD, Scottsdale, AZ, February, 2006. 27 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, R. Gupta, X. Jin, Shane Johnson, J. Gu, Y.-H. Zhang, VCSEL structure embedded in metal heat sink for optimal thermal management, SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA, January 2006. 26 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Photoluminescence refrigeration in semiconductors, SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA, January 2006. 25 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, D. Vasileska, Y.-H. Zhang, Electroluminescence refrigeration in semiconductor light emission diodes, SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA, January 2006. 24 D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Optimal Bandgap Energy for Optical Refrigeration in Semiconductors, SPIE 50th Annual Meeting/Optics & Photonics 2005, San Diego CA, August 2005. 23 S.-Q. Yu, J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Interplay of thermoelectric Cooling and Electroluminescence Refrigeration in LEDs, 24th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, ITC 2005, Clemson SC, June 2005. 22 S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Optical Refrigeration Window in Terms of Bandgap Energy and Optical Thickness, 4th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2005. 21 D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Thermodynamics of Optical Refrigeration in Semiconductors, 4th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2005. 20 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Cooling Efficiency and Cooling Power of Semiconductor Electroluminescence Refrigeration, 4th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2005. 19 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Impact of Photon Recycling on Photoluminescence Refrigeration in Semiconductors, 4th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2005. 18 S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Interplay of Thermoelectric Cooling and Electric Luminescence Cooling in LEDs, 4th Annual Workshop on Laser Cooling of Solids, Albuquerque NM, June 2005. 17 D. Ding, S. R. Johnson, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Thermodynamics of Optical Refrigeration in Semiconductors, Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, 2005 CLEO/IQEC, Baltimore MD, May 2005. 16 J.-B. Wang, D. Ding, S.-Q. Yu, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Electroluminescence Cooling in Semiconductors, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, 2005 CLEO/IQEC, Baltimore MD, May 2005. 15 N. Samal, S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, A. K. Samal, Y.-H. Zhang, Novel VCSEL Design with Tailored Spatial Current Injection for High-Power Single-Mode Operation, SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA, January 2005. 14 S. R. Johnson, Y. Cao, Yu. G. Sadofyev, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, Y.-H. Zhang, J. A Gupta, Mediated MBE for Device Applications, 22nd North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Banff AB, October 2004. 13 J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, S. A. Chaparro, J. A. Gupta, Yu. G. Sadofyev, D. Ding, Y.-H. Zhang, Temperature dependent bandgap energy and conduction band offset of GaAsSb on GaAs, 27th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, ICPS-27, Flagstaff AZ, July 2004. 12 N. Samal, S. R. Johnson, D. Ding, A. Samal, Y.-H. Zhang, Gain Guided High-Power Single-Mode VCSELs, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Semiconductor Laser Workshop, San Francisco CA, May 2004. 11 S.-Q. Yu, X. Jin, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, P. Dowd, M. Adamcyk, S. A. Chaparro, Above Room Temperature CW Edge-Emitting Lasers with GaAsP/GaAs/GaAsSb Active Regions, Optical Society of America, Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, 2004 CLEO/IQEC, San Francisco CA, May 2004. 10 Y. Cao, S.-Q. Yu, X. Jin, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Tunable MWIR Diode Lasers Gas Sensing Applications, Transportation and Homeland Security, 3rd Micro Sensor Workshop, Scottsdale AZ, April 2004. 09 X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, N. Samal, Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, 1.3 µm GaAsSb Resonant-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes Grown on GaAs Substrate, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 16th Annual Meeting, Tucson AZ, October 2003. 08 Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, S. A. Chaparro, Y. Cao, D. Ding, N. Samal, K. Franzreb, Y.-H. Zhang, Sb-Mediated Growth of Si and Be Doped AlGaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, 2003 Lawrence Symposium on Critical Issues in Epitaxy, Tempe AZ, October 2003. 07 Y. Cao, S.-Q. Yu, X. Jin, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Room Temperature CW Operation of 2.1 µm Quantum Well Lasers Grown on GaSb, 21st North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy: Workshop, Keystone CO, September 2003. 06 S. R. Johnson, Yu. G. Sadofyev, K. Franzreb, Y. Cao, D. Ding, N. Samal, S. A. Chaparro, J.-B. Wang, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, Y.-H. Zhang, Sb-Mediated Growth of Si and Be Doped AlGaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, 21st North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Keystone CO, September 2003. 05 J.-B. Wang, S. R. Johnson, C. Z. Guo, S. A. Chaparro, J. A. Gupta, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y. Cao, N. Samal, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, D. Ding, Y.-H. Zhang, Determination of GaAs/GaAsSb Heterojunction Conduction Band Offset, 2003 International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, San Diego CA, August 2003. 04 Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, S. Chaparro, Y. Cao, D. Ding, N. Samal, K. Franzreb, Y.-H. Zhang, Sb-Mediated Growth of Si and Be Doped AlGaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, 11th International Symposium Nanostructures: Physics and Technology, St Petersburg, Russia, June 2003. 03 N. Samal, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, S.-Q. Yu, X. Jin, S. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, S. R. Johnson, Y.-H. Zhang, Room Temperature CW Operation of Long Wavelength GaAsSb/GaAs VCSELs Grown on GaAs, SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA, January 2003. 02 S. R. Johnson, C.-Z. Guo, S. Chaparro, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y. Cao, D. Ding, J.-B. Wang, N. Samal, X. Jin, S.-Q. Yu, D. J. Smith, Y.-H. Zhang, Evaluating the Band Alignment of MBE Grown GaAsSb on GaAs, 12th International Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy, MBE XII, San Francisco CA, September 2002. 01 S. R. Johnson, S. Wu, Yu. G. Sadofyev, Y. Cao, S. Chaparro, J.-B. Wang, N. Samal, S.-Q. Yu, C. Navarro, X. Jin, Z.-B. Chen, D. Ding, C.-Z. Guo, N. Newman, Y.-H. Zhang, Ion and Neutral Energy Spectra for Dilute Nitride Growth, 20th North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Providence RI, October 2001.