Unit 3: Regional Civilizations / Unit 4: Europe Undergoes Changes
Chapter 9: The Americas
Section I: Early Civilizations of the Americas
(Pages 198-204)
1. How did Latin America get its name?
2. What are two of the main geographical features of Latin America?
3. What are two characteristics of America allow us to settle the way we do? (in towns and cities and
not living as nomads)
4. What are 2 common characteristics of the earliest civilizations of the Americas?
5. Why would the Maya create a writing system? (What is progress and is progress inevitable?)
6. What’s different about the Mayan calendar than most of the other ancient calendars we’ve seen?
Why would they use this method instead?
7. What does the belief in Quetzacoatl suggest about Aztec and Toltec society?
8. How did the Aztec civilization become so powerful?
9. What kind of empire and rule did the Aztec people develop?
There are colored pictures of these
on the last slide in section “A”
1. How did you find the object?
2. Where was the location of the ruin?
3. What does it look like? (Describe it in great detail).
4. How did you feel when you made this discovery?
5. How do you feel it may impact what people know about this place.
6. What information do you need to draw a conclusion about something?
Unit 3: Regional Civilizations / Unit 4: Europe Undergoes Changes
Chapter 9: The Americas
Section II: Peru and the Incan Empire
(Pages 206-211)
1. What were the major accomplishments of the earliest people of Peru?
2. How was Moche art different from most ancient artwork?
3. How did the Incas develop a strong and powerful empire?
4. What were the purposes of an allyu?
5. What’s a connection between the strength of the Incan Empire and the quality of it’s roads?
(What is the best way to make and distribute things we need?)
6. Communication was important for the Incas. List 5 different ways that you could communicate with
other people.
7. What advantage was there in dividing up the Incas into 4 “quarters?”
8. How could the Incas change their social class?
9. What’s an advantage of the Incan system of government?
10. What’s a disadvantage of the Incan system of government?
This is on pages 206-211in your textbook
Unit 3: Regional Civilizations / Unit 4: Europe Undergoes Changes
Chapter 9: The Americas
Section III: North American Groups
(Pages 212-217)
1. What effect did the climates and environments of North America have on early American groups?
(Why is “where” important?)
2. Why did many Native Americans survive as hunters and gatherers?
3. How did early peoples of western regions survive the hash climates?
4. What function did the rivers of North America serve?
5. What’s one of the main materials your house is made out of? Why that?
6. Why did the Apaches become hunters?
7. Describe 1 achievement of the early peoples of the eastern regions of the Americas.
8. What made the Iroquois Confederacy successful?
9. How is the Iroquois system of government like the United States government?
10. The Iroquois people (and others) used masks. Why?
This is on pages 212-217 in your textbook
Context Clues
Types of Context Clues
Definition: a statement giving the meaning of a word
Synonym: a word that means almost the same thing as another
Antonym: word or words of opposite meaning
Examples
Explanation
Experience
Knowledge of Subject
Learning new words when reading
The first way to figure out the meaning of a word is from its context. The context is the other words and
sentences that are around the new word. When you figure out the meaning of a word from context, you are
making a guess about what the word means. To do this, you use the hints and clues of the other words and
sentences. You won't always be right, but many times you will be. You might not be able to guess the exact
meaning of a word, but you may be close enough to get the meaning of the sentence it is in. A basic strategy for
unlocking the meaning of an unfamiliar word is to search the context of the sentence in which a new word
appears for clues.
For example, read the following sentence: "Don't think of words as separate, discrete items, or entities." What
is the meaning of the word entities? The definition is right there - separate, discrete items. But what is the
meaning of discrete? The meaning of that word is right there too--separate.
When in doubt about the meaning of an unfamiliar word, look around in the sentence; check to see if there is a
definition or synonym clue to help you unlock meaning.
Another kind of context clue (in addition to definitions and synonyms embedded in sentences) is a word or
words of opposite meaning (antonym) set somewhere near a word that is unfamiliar. If you find a word or
words of opposite meaning and you recognize it or them, you are "home free." You can unlock the meaning of
the unfamiliar word.
For example, read the following sentence: "I was not exactly enamored of the travel plans my agent made for
me; my lack of enthusiasm was triggered by the eight-hour layover required between flights." What is the
meaning of the word enamored? You can use the context of the sentence to reason in this way: Enamored of
means just the opposite of lacking in enthusiasm for.
Strategy
Step 1: Check for synonyms or definitions embedded right there. If you find a synonym or definition, reread
the sentence with the new term keeping that synonym or definition in mind.
Step 2: Check for an antonym clue. If you find one, think about its meaning, actually telling yourself the
opposite meaning. Then reread the sentence and rephrase it in your own mind.
Context Clues: Substitution
At times, rereading a sentence that contains an unfamiliar term and substituting a word or phrase for it that
makes sense can help you to unlock the meaning of the unfamiliar word. To understand the substitution
strategy, read the following sentence:
"When we stayed at the military base, each Saturday we went to the commissary to buy the food and
supplies we would need for the next week."
Although you may never have visited a commissary, given the use of the word in this sentence, you
immediately can substitute the word store for the word commissary. You probably can wrestle an even more
complete meaning for commissary from the overall context of the sentence: a store for food and supplies that is
located on a military base.
Steps in the substitution strategy are as follows:
Step 1: When you read a sentence that you have trouble understanding because of an unfamiliar word in it,
reread the sentence and substitute a word that seems to make sense in the context.
Step 2: Read on. If the word you substituted does not make sense in the context of the rest of the paragraph, try
again.
Step 3: If the sentence still does not make sense to you and you do not understand the main point the author is
making in the paragraph, look for synonym, definition, and antonym clues. If you are still uncertain, check a
dictionary.
Context Clues: Multiple Meanings
As you have learned, a basic strategy for unlocking the meaning of an unfamiliar word is to search the context
of the sentence in which a new word appears for clues. This is especially important when a word has multiple
meanings that you already know and you must decide the particular one that applies. Try using the following
strategy:
Step 1: Check the context for clues: definitions and synonyms given "right there" as well as words of opposite
meaning - antonyms.
Step 2: Substitute each meaning you know in the context of the sentence until you find one that makes good
sense there.
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