Chapter 10: Applications of Social Cognitive Theory
1. _____________ is the general term we use to refer to structures of the mind that we use to make sense of the
world around us.
a) “schemas”
b) “goals”
c) “beliefs”
d) “standards”
Ans: a
2. In her reaction time experiment on self-schemas, Hazel Markus found that people who had a self-schema for
independence responded more quickly to traits related to independence than did those who did not possess this
self-schema. This finding illustrates that schemas:
a) guide our information processing
b) cause us to think more quickly
c) differ from person to person
d) both ‘a’ and ‘c’ are correct
Ans: d
3. The very idea that we have a working self-concept suggests that the self-concept is _____________.
a) static
b) dynamic
c) chronic
d) acute
Ans: b
4. The motive for ____________ refers to our desire to maintain a positive self-concept, whereas the motive for
_________ refers to our desire to solicit information that would confirm the self-concept.
a) self-verification; self-esteem
b) self-verification; self-enhancement
c) self-enhancement; self-esteem
d) self-enhancement; self-verification
Ans: d
5. Elliott and Dweck (1988) induced ___________ goals in an experiment by telling participants that how well they
did on a task would be evaluated by experts.
a) learning
b) performance
c) schematic
d) dynamic
Ans: b
6. Children with an entity theory of intelligence tend to adopt ____________ goals, whereas those with an
incremental theory of intelligence tend to adopt ____________ goals.
a) learning; performance
b) learning; dynamic
c) performance; learning
d) performance; dynamic
Ans: c
7. Higgins’s and colleagues’ research on self-discrepancy theory suggests that an individual with an actual-ideal
discrepancy will experience ___________ whereas an individual with an actual-ought discrepancy will
experience _____________.
a) sadness; anxiety
b) sadness; elation
c) anxiety; sadness
d) anxiety; elation
Ans: a
8. We can do experimental research on the influence of ideal or ought standards because they can be _________.
a) primed
b) manipulated
c) made more or less salient
d) all of the above
Ans: d
9. A focus on ought standards tends to make people ____________-focused, whereas a focus on ideal standards
tends to make people ___________-focused.
a) prevention; promotion
b) prevention; performance
c) promotion; prevention
d) promotion; performance
Ans: a
10. According to a ____________ approach to understanding personality, different situations activate different
aspects of knowledge and, in so doing, bring about different emotional and motivational patterns.
a) nomothetic
b) general principles
c) idiographic
d) systematic
Ans: b
11. Whereas perceived inefficacy in relation to threatening events leads to _______, perceived inefficacy in relation
to rewarding outcomes leads to __________.
a) anxiety; depression
b) anxiety; prevention
c) depression; anxiety
d) depression; promotion
Ans: a
12. Research on the role of perceived self-efficacy on health can be summarized as follows:
a) Strong, positive self-efficacy beliefs are good for your health
b) Weak and negative self-efficacy beliefs are bad for your health
c) The data are too inconsistent to draw conclusions.
d) ‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct
Ans: d
13. Bandura exposed snake phobics to one of three conditions: participant modeling, modeling, and control. Those
in the participant modeling group experienced the most success because their treatment resulted in the
greatest gains in ______________.
a) self-esteem
b) desensitization
c) self-efficacy
d) promotion
Ans: c
14. The goal of Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training, like other cognitive therapies, is to change clients’
___________.
a) faulty cognitions
b) unconscious motives
c) id-ego conflicts
d) phobic responses
Ans: a
15. According to Ellis, our emotional responses to a stressor should vary as a function of our __________.
a) beliefs about it
b) physiology
c) conditioning
d) conflicts
Ans: a
16. Research by Hankin, Fraley, and Abela (2005) indicates that depression can, in part, be explained by individual
differences in the tendency to ___________.
a) read Gothic novels
b) think negatively
c) exercise
d) smoke
Ans: b