Table S1. Studies included in the meta-analysis. A “—“ indicates missing data (not reported). GUD study indicates whether the study was included in the separate
analyses of giving-up-density experiments. Studies were divided into “part 1” and “part 2” if separate experiments were reported within the same publication.
Study
ID
Study
N
species
2
3
Bearder et al. 2002
Bearder et al. 2006
1
3
63
Beier and McCullough 1990
1
66
Berger-Tal et al. 2010
1
4
Bouskila 1995
2
5
Bowers 1988
1
6
Bowers and Dooley 1993
2
7
Brown et al. 1988
3
10
Colquhoun 1988
11
Country
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
4
no
Asia
tropical forest
savanna
temperate
forest
desert
Study
duration
(years)
0.8
1.5
moonlight
0.25
yes
N. America
desert
moonlight
2
yes
N. America
desert
moonlight
0.25
yes
N. America
temperate
forest
moonlight
0.17
yes
N. America
desert
lights
2
yes
Africa
moonlight
1.25
no
moonlight
1
no
Europe
Africa
tropical forest
temperate
forest
grassland
tropical forest
moonlight
moonlight
6
0.8
no
no
N. America
desert
moonlight
10
no
Europe
Australia
Africa
Africa
Asia
S. America
S. America
S. America
scrub
scrub
tropical forest
tropical forest
tropical forest
tropical forest
savanna
tropical forest
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
1
2.5
1
0.33
0.25
1.5
1
1.5
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
Continent
Asia
Africa
1
India
South Africa
United
States
Israel
United
States
United
States
United
States
United
States
Madagascar
Corsini et al. 1995
1
Italy
Europe
12
13
Cresswell and Harris 1988
Curtis et al. 1999
1
2
14
Daly et al. 1992
1
15
16
17
18
19
21
23
68
Diaz et al. 2005
Dickman 1992
Donati and Borgognini-Tarli 2006
Donati et al. 2001
Elangovan and Marimuthu 2001
Erkert 1974
Fernandez-Duque and Rotundo 2003
Fernandez-Duque et al. 2010
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
England
Madagascar
United
States
Spain
Australia
Madagascar
Madagascar
India
Columbia
Argentina
Argentina
N. America
Biome
Illumination
type
GUD
study?
no
no
Study
ID
Study
N
species
24
Gilbert and Boutin 1991
1
26
Griffin et al. 2005
1
69
74
Gutman et al. 2011
Hemani et al. 2010
1
1
28
Jahoda 1973
1
31
Kelt et al. 2004
2
32
Kotler 1984
6
33
34
35
Kotler et al. 1991
Kotler et al. 1993
Lang et al. 2006
2
2
1
36
Lockard and Owings 1974a, part 1
2
37
Lockard and Owings 1974a, part 2
1
38
Lockard and Owings 1974b
1
39
Longland and Price 1991
4
40
Mandelik et al 2003
1
41
Manson and Stiles 1998
1
70
43
Michaelski and Norris 2011
Nash 2000
1
2
47
Orrock and Danielson 2004
1
48
49
71
Overdorff and Rasmussen 1995
Packer 1965
Packer et al. 2011
72
50
Country
moonlight
moonlight
3
no
Asia
Asia
boreal forest
temperate
forest
desert
desert
Study
duration
(years)
0.42
moonlight
moonlight
0.17
0.58
yes
no
N. America
grassland
moonlight
0.08
no
S. America
scrub
moonlight
3
no
N. America
desert
lights
0.17
no
Asia
Asia
N. America
desert
desert
tropical forest
lights
moonlight
moonlight
0.25
1.17
6
yes
no
no
N. America
desert
lights
0.2
no
N. America
desert
moonlight
0.27
no
N. America
desert
moonlight
0.33
no
N. America
desert
lights
1.67
no
Asia
desert
temperate
forest
tropical forest
tropical forest
temperate
forest
tropical forest
scrub
savanna
temperate
forest
moonlight
0.17
yes
moonlight
0.67
yes
moonlight
moonlight
1.58
0.67
no
no
moonlight
0.21
yes
moonlight
moonlight
moonlight
1
1
44
no
no
no
moonlight
0.33
yes
desert
moonlight
0.08
no
Continent
N. America
2
1
1
Canada
United
States
Israel
Iran
United
States
Chile
United
States
Israel
Israel
Panama
United
States
United
States
United
States
United
States
Israel
United
States
Brazil
Madagascar
United
States
Madagascar
Australia
Tanzania
Perea 2011
1
Spain
Europe
Price et al. 1984
5
United
States
N. America
N. America
N. America
S. America
Africa
N. America
Africa
Australia
Africa
Biome
Illumination
type
GUD
study?
no
Study
ID
Study
N
species
Country
67
Prugh and Brashares 2010
1
52
53
Schnell et al. 2008
Shapira et al. 2008
Sutherland and Predavec 1999, part
1
Sutherland and Predavec 1999, part
2
1
2
United
States
Mexico
Israel
1
1
56
Trent et al. 1977
1
75
Upham and Haffner 2013
4
57
58
Vasquez 1994
Vasquez 1996
1
3
59
Wolfe and Tan Summerlin 1989
1
60
61
Wright 1989
Yunger et al. 2002
1
2
62
Zahratka and Shenk 2008
1
65
55
Continent
Biome
Illumination
type
Study
duration
(years)
GUD
study?
N. America
desert
moonlight
3
yes
N. America
Asia
tropical forest
desert
moonlight
moonlight
5
0.17
no
yes
Australia
Australia
tropical forest
lights
0.01
no
Australia
Australia
tropical forest
moonlight
0.42
no
N. America
tropical forest
lights
0.17
no
N. America
desert
moonlight
0.19
no
S. America
S. America
scrub
scrub
lights
lights
---
yes
yes
N. America
scrub
moonlight
0.5
no
S. America
S. America
tropical forest
scrub
temperate
forest
moonlight
moonlight
1.25
0.08
no
yes
moonlight
2
no
United
States
United
States
Chile
Chile
United
States
Peru
Chile
United
States
N. America