Online Supplemental Material 1: Agricultural Systems by Country Crops-only Crops-livestock Livestock-only All Types Argent Colom Ecuad Urugu Venez All ina Brazil Chile bia or ay uela 153 206 120 115 111 20 61 786 117 377 209 111 73 56 68 1011 91 63 37 61 1 28 48 329 361 646 366 287 185 104 177 2126 Online Supplemental Material 2: Descriptive Statistics by Agricultural System Variables Summer temperature (ºC) Summer precipitation (mm) Winter temperature (ºC) Winter precipitation (mm) Summer CVP (%) Winter CVP (%) Phaeozems (0/1) Lithosols (0/1) Fluvisols (0/1) Luvisols (0/1) Andosols (0/1) Elevation (m) Flat (0/1) Clay (0/1) Household size (n) Age (n) Education (n) Computer (0/1) Privately owned (0/1) Primary occupation (0/1) Argentina (0/1) Chile (0/1) Venezuela (0/1) Ecuador (0/1) Colombia (0/1) Land value ($/ha) All farms 21.99 125.82 16.58 78.28 77.49 96.51 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.16 0.09 642.80 0.08 0.17 4.72 52.30 8.78 0.24 0.65 0.80 0.22 0.17 0.08 0.09 0.14 1840.31 Crops-only 21.65 125.90 16.49 72.14 82.14 98.12 0.09 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.08 791.32 0.06 0.20 4.58 51.02 9.12 0.27 0.75 0.85 0.22 0.15 0.08 0.14 0.15 2387.94 Crops-livestock 22.01 123.07 16.58 87.22 78.07 94.45 0.06 0.13 0.02 0.18 0.11 600.51 0.09 0.18 4.88 52.74 8.02 0.21 0.78 0.82 0.17 0.21 0.07 0.07 0.11 1641.92 Livestock-only 22.87 135.07 16.81 65.34 64.34 99.72 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.15 0.05 395.85 0.12 0.12 4.56 53.72 10.36 0.24 0.03 0.67 0.36 0.11 0.15 0.00 0.19 1074.54