Laboratory crystal optics of charged particles
Introduction
History of our lab
Chapter 1. Exotic atoms.
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AISmirnov and O.I.Sumbaev, 1960s.
Today's laboratory crystal optics of charged particles formed in 2012 from the laboratory of mesic atoms
having its history and achievements. Laboratory mesic atoms originated in the late 1970s around a
group of Alexei Smirnov, which originally belonged to the sector x-ray and gamma spectroscopy
O.I.Sumbaeva.
In the 1970s, at the suggestion of A.I.Smirnova on sihrotsiklotrone PINP experiment was performed to
measure the mass of the pi-meson minus using crystal diffraction X-ray spectrometer pionic atoms
[V.I.Marushenko, A.F.Mezentsev, A .A.Petrunin, S.G.Skornyakov and AISmirnov, New measurement of
the mass pion, Fiz, t.23, str.80-83, 1976; recognized as "the best work LINP" 1975]. In this experiment,
the first X-ray source pionic atoms was a target irradiated by the primary beam of high-energy protons,
which led to an increase in the intensity of X-ray radiation pion atoms by several orders of magnitude
compared with the experiments in the secondary beams and made it possible to radically improve the
accuracy of measuring the energy of the x-ray transitions in pion atoms. An experiment developed
approach, previously used successfully for the study of gamma radiation of radionuclides formed near
the core of a nuclear reactor [OISumbaev and AISmirnov, 4-meter Cauchois spectrometer for neutroncapture gamma-radiation research, NIM 22 (1963) 125-137 ].
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AISmirnov, the end of the 1970s.
For the first experiment was followed by a series of new, made in accelerators United States and Europe
as independent groups, and with the participation of our laboratory (abroad method is called "Gatchina
target"), including a series of studies conducted in the 1980s by Swiss meson factory in the framework
of international cooperation LINP - SIN (PSI) and on the study of the strong interaction of light pionic
atoms [W.Beer et al., NIM PR A238 (1985) 365-380; G. De Chambrier et al., Nucl. Phys. A442 (1985) 637666]. The co-authors of these studies were laboratory staff B.V.Grigorev, L.N.Kondurova, L.P.Lapina,
P.M.Levchenko, K.E.Kiryanov, V.N.Marushenko, A.F.Mezentsev, A. A.Petrunin, A.G.Sergeev,
S.G.Skornyakov, AISmirnov, V.M.Suvorov.
In the Soviet Union the experiments developed in two directions. The first was associated with the
measurement of soft X-ray transitions in pionic atoms of hydrogen and deuterium in order to determine
the pion-nucleon scattering lengths, the fundamental constants of the theory of the strong interaction.
Was created installation (focusing Johann spectrometer, AISmirnov, A.G.Sergeev, A.I.Schetkovsky with
employees), developed soft X-ray detector (together with the Department of A.G.Krivshicha), measured
energy calibration of X-ray lines (with the laboratory O.I.Sumbaeva). But it is safe to bring to the
experimental hall Synchrocyclotron PINP required intensity of the proton beam was not possible, all
limited methodological developments. As amended, the draft prepared by the Moscow Meson Factory
(double-crystal spectrometer, A.F.Mezentsev co-workers), but in the end, in an embodiment of the
focusing spectrometer was carried out by Western colleagues at the Swiss meson factory.
Another direction was associated with the study of exotic atoms at higher energies, the primary proton
beam. After measuring the mass of the pi-meson minus LINP, it became apparent that the new
approach is promising for atoms formed heavier mesons and baryons, but their birth need beams with
higher energy. Developing this idea, AISmirnov colleagues proposed an experiment at 70 GeV IHEP
accelerator (Protvino) [A.S.Denisov et al. Study of hadronic atoms and characteristics of elementary
particles through the crystal-diffraction spectrometer at IHEP proton synchrotron (installation "Quartz"),
preprint LINP №459, 1979], which was successfully implemented in the 1980's - early 90's.
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Yu.P.Platonov
Since its implementation in the laboratory associated with the appearance of a new group, has played
and continues to play an important role in the ongoing research. In 1985 the laboratory was invited
Yu.P.Platonov, one of the leading experts in Leningrad precision mechanics and optical technologies,
they came for him excellent engineers M.P.Gurev, V.V.Skorobogatov originated lens group. Very quickly
in the laboratory has been established pilot production wafers, bending devices, interferometers, thus
improving the aperture ratio and precision crystal diffraction facilities.
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M.P.Gurev and Yu.M.Ivanov,
installation of "Quartz", 1989.
An important result of this great work done in a short time was a significant improvement in
performance of the experimental setup "Quartz" in IHEP. At the same time it was made the
modernization of the IHEP accelerator, which has led to a significant increase in the intensity of the
extracted proton beam. All together, it is possible to perform accurate measurements of the K-meson
and minus sigma minus hyperon, remaining to this day the best in the world [JETP Letters, give a list of
authors, first prize at the competition of the best works PINP 1993]. In the case of the mass of the Kmeson minus the measured value is very different from its earlier .further research on the "Quartz" in
IHEP were stopped due to the reduction of expenditure on research since 1991. The problem with massto-minus-meson is still unsolved. [Review of Particle Physics, 2012].
Chapter 2: Methodological developments in the field of gas detectors
and X-ray crystal diffraction techniques.
Gained in the laboratory experience with crystal diffraction instruments and the development of gas
position-sensitive X-ray detectors have found an interesting application in experiments at very high
energies, when A.I.Smirnovym et al proposed an original method for spatial calibration of the collider
detectors at the SSC GEM and ATLAS at the LHC . Unfortunately, the project was closed SSC, in the case
of ATLAS work was brought to the working prototype (link in the NIM). Employee participation in
laboratory work for CERN, continued in other areas and contributed to the formation of a group under
the leadership of ATLAS O.L.Fedina, and further facilitate the entry of our laboratory in the draft CMS.
Chapter 3. of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.
From the late 1990s to the present laboratory staff (S.A.Vavilov, A.S.Denisov, Yu.M.Ivanov,
P.M.Levchenko, V.V.Sulimov, L.A.Schipunov et al.) actively participate in the CMS experiment at the LHC
at CERN. Group PINP in CMS, led A.A.Vorobevym, contributed greatly to the development of cathodeStrip Chambers End of the Muon system, assembly and testing cameras, installation at CERN, and the
launch of the service in the course of the experiment
The discovery of the Higgs boson.
Picture with the collapse of boson through our cameras.
Chapter 4. Application of work.
V.D.Malahov and A.S.Denisov,
return from the North Pole, 1986.
The laboratory staff V.M.Suvorov, A.S.Denisov, P.M.Levchenko, V.D.Malahov, S.A.Vavilov other took an
active part not only in the fundamental, but also applied research. In 1980, together with the Institute of
Okeangeologiya, they created GRAND - software-controlled electronic complex collecting and recording
geophysical data for the aviation laboratory GAL, which successfully embodied gained in the laboratory
experience in developing electronics for High Energy Physics. The complex has been installed on a
research aircraft IL-18D and tested over Soviet territory from the Baltic to Sakhalin and from the North
Pole to the Caspian Sea, and then used for mineral exploration in the 31st and 32nd Antarctic
expeditions. This development was awarded the Silver Medal at the Exhibition of Economic
Achievements in 1987.
Other large-scale "applied" work, which had a great public outcry, was performed Yu.P.Platonovym with
employees. In 1988, while visiting the monastery Ferapontovskii Yuri Petrovich found preserved, but
much damaged by time, clock tower bell of the first half of the XVII century and set about trying to
restore them (clockworks were his second, after the optics profession). He managed to inspire this idea
many people draw support (patronage) of many organizations, including the Cultural Foundation, and
two years later the clock tower and belfry in the 19 bells were revived (bell searched throughout the
area missing to re-cast). This was followed by a revival under the leadership of Yu.P.Platonova clock
tower of the Gatchina Palace, Suzdal Kremlin, the Marble Palace, the Winter Palace, after which he was
asked to create a laboratory in the Hermitage restoration time and musical arrangements. In 1994 he
began to organize a laboratory in the Hermitage, combining work in PINP. The first were restored
famous grandfather clock "Mechanical Orchestra" Strasser, followed by an even more famous clock
"Peacock". Platonov's story about the revival of hours there in the movie Igor Shadkhan "Russia, what
time is it." In 2010, a series of works on the restoration of "Peacock" and other rare mechanisms that
are stored in the Hermitage, was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. One of the winners
- Mikhail Petrovich Guriev, student Platonov, who did much for the development of experimental
facilities of our laboratory. Yuri Petrovich did not live up to this point, he passed away in 1997.
Chapter5. Channeling.
By the early 90's in the lab has developed a new line of research related to the study of channeling of
high-energy particles in bent crystals, which eventually led to a change in the name of the laboratory.
The impetus for new research was the invention A.I.Smirnovym in the mid-80s the focus method
particles using curved wafers special form. These crystals were produced under the direction of
Yu.P.Platonova and studied in detail in collaboration with a group of V.I.Kotova (IHEP), the extracted
proton beam with an energy of 70 GeV IHEP [JETP Letters, 1991]. These experiments included a series of
works, marked by the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1995, the winner of which was
posthumously AISmirnov (Alexey died in January 1996).
Despite leaving A.I.Smirnova cooperation IHEP-PINP continued, and in 1996 began a new cycle of
investigations of the radical increase in efficiency crystalline O proton beam from the accelerator. By
that time, and it was the middle of the 1990s, almost all the major accelerator centers (JINR, IHEP,
Fermilab, CERN) have been delivered to the experiments on the conclusion by using crystals of high
energy beams of circular accelerators. Their analysis led to the discovery of the effect of repeated
passage of particles circulating beam through the crystal and the hypothesis of a substantial increase in
the efficiency of extraction with a decrease in the length of the curved crystal. Lacked supporting
experiments, the implementation of which it was necessary to devise ways of obtaining short (a few
mm) bent crystals.
V.V.Skorobogatov
It is these crucial experiments were prepared and carried out by staff at the IHEP-PINP U-70 accelerator
at IHEP [JETP Letters, 1997, 1998]. For their implementation have been developed and implemented
two ways to get short bent crystals: crystals and crystal strips O-shaped. Short curved crystals allowed to
increase the efficiency of the order of 4 crystal display on the IHEP accelerator and almost catch up with
the traditional methods.
The third method of obtaining short bent crystals was developed later, it is based on the use of
uprugokvazimozaichnogo effect in silicon crystals, which allows to obtain the bending angles of the
crystallographic (111) plane from zero to about 400 micro radians, regardless of the thickness of the
plate, and dates back to the early works O.I.Sumbaeva with staff on elastic quasi-mosaicity quartz. Effect
in silicon crystals was first discovered and studied in experiments with X-rays [JETP Letters, 2005]. Then
it was confirmed at the proton beam energy of 70 GeV IHEP.
Experienced crystals were produced V.V.Skorobogatovym had submillimeter length along the proton
beam, the bending angle of the (111) surpassed 400 mkradian. At these thicknesses, multiple Coulomb
scattering of protons becomes significantly less than the critical angle for channeling.
This led to the observation of the effect of volume reflection
[PRL, 2006, the best job PINP 2006].
A new experiment was carried out at 1 GeV sihrotsiklotrone PINP [Fiz].
Since 2006, the program began H8-RD22 extracted beams SPS at CERN.
Since 2008 began to experiment UA9 SPS.
Since 2011 the project LUA9 at the LHC.