Shifts in natural enemy assemblages resulting from landscape simplification account
for biocontrol loss in wheat fields
Zi-Hua Zhao1,*, Hardev Sandhub, Feng Gaoa, Da-Han Hec
a Department
of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China
Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China;
b Everglades
Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida
33430, USA;
c College
of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
* 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
Corresponding author: zhzhao@cau.edu.cn (Z. Zhao)
Supplement Table S1 Coefficients for best-fit GLMM testing the effect of landscape simplification,
year and wheat fields on abundance of cereal aphids and their natural enemies.
Response variables and fixed
effects
Estimate
SE
Z-value
P-value
Intercept
6.576
11.789
5.582
< 0.001
Landscape simplification
4.825
0.873
5.566
< 0.001
−32.633
−3.816
5.869
8.142
−5.562
−0.471
< 0.001
0.636
Intercept
11.221
30.132
3.727
< 0.001
Landscape simplification
Year
Wheat field
0.322
−5.516
2.547
0.224
1.493
2.082
1.433
−3.679
1.225
0.162
< 0.001
0.223
Abundance of cereal aphids
Year
Wheat field
Abundance of natural enemies
Supplement Table S2 Coefficients for best-fit GLMM testing the effect of landscape simplification,
year and wheat fields on three natural enemy modules.
Response variables and
fixed effects
Estimate
SE
F-value
P-value
Intercept
60.134
20.182
2.993
0.003
Landscape simplification
Year
Wheat field
1.383
−2.994
1.608
0.156
1.018
1.398
9.298
−2.985
1.158
< 0.001
0.003
0.252
Abundance of parasitic wasps
Abundance of leaf-dwelling predators
Intercept
16.832
5.228
3.314
0.002
Landscape simplification
year
Wheat field
−0.188
−0.817
0.084
0.044
0.255
0.363
−4.909
−3.152
0.219
< 0.001
0.002
0.826
5.321
1.932
2.747
0.007
−0.132
−0.249
0.022
0.011
0.092
0.128
−9.102
−2.666
0.178
< 0.001
0.012
0.849
Intercept
27.413
9.955
2.754
0.007
Landscape simplification
Year
Wheat field
0.006
−0.013
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.006
−9.116
−2.668
0.182
< 0.001
0.009
0.851
Abundance of ground-dwelling predators
Intercept
Landscape simplification
Year
Wheat field
Species diversity of parasitic wasps
Species diversity of leaf-dwelling predators
Intercept
46.031
14.337
3.213
0.002
Landscape simplification
year
Wheat field
−0.005
−0.021
0.002
0.001
0.007
0.009
−4.908
−3.146
0.223
< 0.001
0.002
0.823
Species diversity of ground-dwelling predators
Intercept
36.504
8.918
4.139
<0.001
Landscape simplification
year
Wheat field
−0.001
−0.182
0.005
0.001
0.004
0.006
−0.968
−4072
0.900
0.343
<0.001
0.371