Supplementary Material
Table 1. Study objects with their translation, frequency, number of syllables and imageability.
List A
brosse
cahier
étiquette
Rat
statuette
cerise
Clou
carton
montre
bulletin
gobelet
Colis
marionnette
aquarium
Divan
Mean
SD
List B
poêle
aiguille
allumette
Bol
pigeon
amande
arc
cadeau
masque
lunette
classeur
tricot
saxophone
baïonnette
filet
Mean
SD
List C
fouet
collier
cendrier
singe
coussin
orange
orgue
casquette
plume
civière
bretelle
balai
parchemin
dictionnaire
drapeau
Mean
SD
Translation
brush
exercise book
label
rat
statuette
cherry
nail
box
watch
bulletin
tumbler
parcel
marionnette
aquarium
divan
Translation
frying pan
needle
match
bowl
pigeon
almond
bow
present
mask
glasses
file
sweater
saxophone
bayonet
net
Translation
whip
necklace
ashtray
monkey
pillow
orange
organ
cap
feather
stretcher
strap
broom
parchment
dictionary
flag
Freq.
16,01
20,07
8,65
20,81
3,45
3,31
10,2
34,8
41,62
5,41
2,16
10,54
2,77
5,2
21,55
13,77
12,06
Freq.
17,84
18,38
9,73
20,07
7,97
3,99
14,05
32,77
28,45
7,43
1,35
11,96
1,22
4,8
26,35
13,76
9,98
Freq.
16,69
14,8
10,95
15
8,45
12,03
5,41
34,39
33,38
4,12
3,72
11,96
3,85
8,11
23,31
13,74
9,82
syllables
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1,93
0,7
syllables
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1,93
0,7
syllables
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1,93
0,7
Imagea.
List D
6,75
cloche
6,68
casserole
6,21
parapluie
6,75
mouche
6,15
pantin
6,71
croissant
6,71
botte
6,39
armoire
6,6
blouse
5,83
micro
6,09
sculpture
6,11
guitare
6,22
chandelier
6,57
projecteur
6,44
carnet
6,41
Mean
0,3
SD
Imagea.
List E
6,73
disque
6,53
maillot
6,78
pistolet
6,67
porc
6,76
couvercle
6,28
banane
6,28
gant
6,53
mouchoir
6,23
cage
6,69
sofa
5,93
harpon
6,46
poubelle
6,49
caméra
5,13
figurine
6,28
crayon
6,38
Mean
0,42
SD
Imagea.
List F
6,67
tente
6,67
horloge
6,6
pyjama
6,82
chèvre
6,5
briquet
6,77
raisin
6,43
colle
6,85
assiette
6,49
corde
6,04
soulier
6,66
guirlande
6,65
sifflet
5,62
clarinette
6,73
chevalet
6,72
serviette
6,55
Mean
0,32
SD
Translation
bell
pan
umbrella
fly
puppet
croissant
boot
cupboard
blouse
microphone
sculpture
guitar
candlestick
beamer
pad
Translation
disk
swimming trunks
pistol
pork
lid
banana
glove
handkerchief
cage
sofa
harpoon
trash can
camera
figurine
pencil
Translation
tent
clock
pyjama
goat
lighter
grapes
glue
plate
rope
shoe
garland
whistle
clarinet
easel
towel
Freq.
18,24
16,22
12,5
18,72
4,19
6,96
8,51
38,58
28,51
6,82
3,78
11,55
1,82
5,14
24,66
13,75
10,49
Freq.
21,49
15,27
14,8
11,15
20,61
4,05
7,97
28,85
34,86
4,73
1,76
10,27
4,39
0,88
25,47
13,77
10,51
Freq.
19,12
13,99
15,07
10,14
12,3
4,86
7,43
36,28
31,76
4,8
2,3
13,31
3,11
4,93
26,62
13,73
10,57
syllables
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1,93
0,7
syllables
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1,93
0,7
syllables
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1,93
0,7
Imagea.
6,68
6,33
6,77
6,7
5,11
6,44
6,68
6,45
6,58
5,77
6,31
6,79
6,56
5,9
6,04
6,34
0,46
Imagea.
6,47
6,48
6,72
6,68
6,23
6,86
6,88
6,44
6,66
6,67
5,67
6,77
6,72
5,78
6,65
6,51
0,36
Imagea.
6,76
6,82
6,71
6,6
6,67
6,77
6,14
6,85
6,54
6,77
6,27
6,5
6,56
4,97
6,57
6,5
0,47
1
Note: “Imagea.” corresponds to the words imageability from the Canadian database Omnilex (Desrochers
& Bergeron, 2000). “Freq.” corresponds to the words frequency from French database Lexique 3.71 (New
et al., 2004)
Table 2. Results of Linear Mixed-Effects Model Comparison comprising six variables: Serial
Position, Chunking, Delay, Presentation Rate, Working Memory Span and Personalization.
Fixed effect
Χ2
df
p
1
Serial Position
128.34
2
<0.0001
2
Chunking
25.02
1
<0.0001
3
Delay
21.41
1
<0.0001
4
Presentation Rate
16.86
1
<0.0001
5
WM Span
10.29
1
<0.005
6
Personalization
2.78
1
0.1
Model
0
7
Serial Position x WM Span
27.7
2
<0.0001
8
Serial Position x Presentation Rate
18.44
2
<0.0005
9
Serial Position x Personalization
15.51
2
<0.0005
10
Presentation Rate x Delay
10.97
1
<0.001
11
WM Span x Delay
4.12
1
<0.05
12
WM Span x Presentation Rate
4.29
1
<0.05
13
WM Span x Chunking
3.85
1
<0.05
14
Serial Position x Chunking
2.18
2
0.34
15
Serial Position x Delay
2.11
2
0.35
16
Chunking x Delay
1.57
1
0.21
17
Presentation Rate x Chunking
1.79
1
0.18
18
Personalization x Presentation Rate
1.21
1
0.27
19
Personalization x Delay
1.23
1
0.27
20
WM Span x Personalization
0.4
1
0.53
21
Personalization x Chunking
0.01
1
0.92
22
Serial Position x Presentation Rate x Delay
17.76
2
<0.0005
23
Serial Position x WM Span x Presentation Rate
11.9
2
<0.005
24
Personalization x Presentation Rate x Delay
8.4
1
<0.005
25
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization
4.41
2
0.11
26
Serial Position x Personalization x Chunking
5.41
2
0.07
27
Serial Position x WM Span x Chunking
4.4
2
0.11
28
WM Span x Personalization x Chunking
3.18
1
0.07
29
Serial Position x WM Span x Delay
1.69
2
0.43
30
Serial Position x Personalization x Delay
3.59
2
0.17
31
Serial Position x Personalization x Presentation Rate
3.15
2
0.21
32
Serial Position x Presentation Rate x Chunking
2.51
2
0.29
33
Serial Position x Delay x Chunking
1.59
2
0.45
34
Presentation Rate x Delay x Chunking
1.46
1
0.23
35
Personalization x Delay x Chunking
0.97
1
0.32
36
WM Span x Delay x Chunking
0.84
1
0.36
37
Personalization x Presentation Rate x Chunking
0.89
1
0.34
38
WM Span x Presentation Rate x Delay
0.19
1
0.66
39
WM Span x Presentation Rate x Chunking
0.13
1
0.72
40
WM Span x Persona x Presentation Rate
0.06
1
0.81
41
WM Span x Persona x Delay
0.03
1
0.86
42
WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Chunking
12.64
1
<0.0005
43
Personalization x Presentation Rate x Delay x Chunking
5.05
1
<0.05
2
44
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate
6.45
2
<0.05
45
WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Delay
3.53
1
0.06
46
WM Span x Presentation Rate x Delay x Chunking
3.1
1
0.08
47
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Delay
3.4
2
0.18
48
WM Span x Personalization x Chunking x Delay
1.91
1
0.17
49
Serial Position x Presentation Rate x Chunking x Delay
2.66
2
0.26
50
Serial Position x WM Span x Chunking x Delay
2.09
2
0.35
51
Serial Position x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Chunking
0.85
2
0.65
52
Serial Position x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Delay
0.35
2
0.84
53
Serial Position x Personalization x Chunking x Delay
0.74
2
0.69
54
Serial Position x WM Span x Presentation Rate x Chunking
0.3
2
0.86
55
Serial Position x WM Span x Presentation Rate x Delay
0.52
2
0.77
56
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Chunking
0.04
2
0.98
57
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Chunking
8.17
2
<0.05
58
Serial Position x WM Span x Presentation Rate x Chunking x Delay
5.39
2
0.07
59
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Chunking x Delay
4.25
2
0.12
60
Serial Position x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Chunking x Delay
1.66
2
0.44
61
WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Chunking x Delay
0.02
1
0.89
62
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Delay
0.44
2
0.8
63
Serial Position x WM Span x Personalization x Presentation Rate x Delay x Chunking
0.99
2
0.61
3